symptom [ 'simptəm] n.症状，征候，征兆
symptom ['simptəm] 症状
The first symptom of true love in a man is timidity, in a girl it is boldness.
真正的爱情的首要征候，在男子是胆怯，在女子是大胆。
Calls for import control are a symptom of the country’s present economic problem.
要求限制进口表明这个国家目前在经济上出了问题。
The lower production levels are a symptom of dissatisfaction among the workers.
生产水平低下表明了工人们的不满情绪。
The symptoms don’t appear until a few days later after you are infected.
症状要在你感染几天以后才出现。
You should consult a doctor if the symptoms get worse.
如果病情恶化，你该问问医生。
是什么症状?
What are your symptoms? *symptom“症状”。
One of the symptoms of approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that one's .work is terribly important, and that to take a holiday would bring all kinds of disaster, If I were a medical man , I should precribe a holiday to many patient who consicered his work important.
Bernard Russell, British philosopher
神经即将崩溃的症状之一是相信自己的工作极端重要，休假将会带来种种灾难。如果我是医生，我给这样的病人开的药方是：休假。
英国哲学家罗素.B.
His symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, excessive fatigue, fever and chills.
他的症状包括没有食欲、体重减轻、非常疲倦、发烧和发冷。
病象 symptom
病状 pathology; symptom
标本 [biāo běn] /specimen/sample/the root cause and symptoms of a disease/
病象 [bìng xiàng] /symptom (of a disease)/
病征 [bìng zhēng] /symptom (of a disease)/
病状 [bìng zhuàng] /symptom (of a disease)/
症状 [zhèng zhuàng] /symptom (of an illness)/
Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。
{adj: asymptomatic, symptomless} having no symptoms of illness or disease
{adj: battered} exhibiting symptoms resulting from repeated physical and emotional injury
"a battered child"
"the battered woman syndrome"
{adj: bodily, corporal, corporeal, somatic} affecting or characteristic of the body as opposed to the mind or spirit
"bodily needs"
"a corporal defect"
"corporeal suffering"
"a somatic symptom or somatic illness"
{adj: cachectic} relating to or having the symptoms of cachexia
{adj: general} affecting the entire body
"a general anesthetic"
"general symptoms"
<-> local
{adj: late, later} at or toward an end or late period or stage of development
"the late phase of feudalism"
"a later symptom of the disease"
"later medical science could have saved the child"
<-> early
{adj: neurotic} characteristic of or affected by neurosis
"neurotic disorder"
"neurotic symptoms"
{adj: paralytic, paralytical} relating to or of the nature of paralysis
"paralytic symptoms"
{adj: preclinical, presymptomatic} of or relating to the early phases of a disease when accurate diagnosis is not possible because symptoms of the disease have not yet appeared
{adj: psychosomatic} used of illness or symptoms resulting from neurosis
{adj: quiescent} causing no symptoms
"a quiescent tumor"
{adj: recognizable} easily perceived; easy to become aware of
"this situation produces recognizable stress symptoms"
{adj: scorbutic} of or relating to or having or resembling scurvy
"scorbutic symptoms"
{adj: subacute} less than acute; relating to a disease present in a person with no symptoms of it
{adj: subclinical} relating to the stage in the development of a disease before the symptoms are observed
{adj: symptomatic} relating to or according to or affecting a symptom or symptoms
"symptomatic relief"
"symptomatic treatment"
"a symptomatic classification of diseases"
{adj: syphilitic} of or relating to or infected with syphilis
"syphilitic symptoms"
{adj: tardive} late-occurring (especially with reference to symptoms of a disease)
"tardive dyskinesia"
{adj: tertian} relating to symptoms (especially malarial fever) that appear every other day
"tertian fever"
{adj: unaccompanied} (of a state or an event) taking place without something specified occurring at the same time
"a headache unaccompanied by other symptoms"
{adv: symptomatically} by symptoms
{n: Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer's, Alzheimers} a progressive form of presenile dementia that is similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or 50s; first symptoms are impaired memory which is followed by impaired thought and speech and finally complete helplessness
{n: Conn's syndrome} disturbances in saltwater balance and symptoms of weakness and muscular cramps and twitching and convulsions and sometimes paralysis; usually caused by a benign tumor of the cortex of the adrenal gland that leads to excess secretion of aldosterone
{n: Cox-2 inhibitor} an anti-inflammatory drug that blocks Cox-2 activity without impeding the activity of Cox-1
"Cox-2 inhibitors reduce the symptoms of arthritis without endangering the stomach and kidneys"
{n: Horner's syndrome} a pattern of symptoms occurring as a result of damage to nerves in the cervical region of the spine (drooping eyelids and constricted pupils and absence of facial sweating)
{n: Kayser-Fleischer ring} a pigmented ring at the outer edge of the cornea of the eye; a symptom of Wilson's disease
{n: Kernig's sign} symptom of meningitis; patient cannot extend the leg at the knee when the thigh is flexed because of stiffness in the hamstrings
{n: Koplik's spots} small red spots with white centers found on the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue; symptom of measles that appears one or two days before the measles rash appears
{n: abscess} symptom consisting of a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
{n: acupressure, G-Jo, shiatsu} treatment of symptoms by applying pressure with the fingers to specific pressure points on the body
{n: acyclovir, Zovirax} an oral antiviral drug (trade name Zovirax) used to treat genital herpes; does not cure the disease but relieves the symptoms
{n: addict} someone who is physiologically dependent on a substance; abrupt deprivation of the substance produces withdrawal symptoms
{n: aggravation, exacerbation} action that makes a problem or a disease (or its symptoms) worse
"the aggravation of her condition resulted from lack of care"
{n: ague, chills and fever} successive stages of chills and fever that is a symptom of malaria
{n: albuminuria, proteinuria} the presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine; usually a symptom of kidney disorder
{n: alcoholism, alcohol addiction, inebriation, drunkenness} habitual intoxication; prolonged and excessive intake of alcoholic drinks leading to a breakdown in health and an addiction to alcohol such that abrupt deprivation leads to severe withdrawal symptoms
{n: allergy, allergic reaction} hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen; symptoms can vary greatly in intensity
{n: aminoaciduria} abnormal presence of amino acids in the urine; usually a symptom of metabolic defects
{n: anxiety disorder} a cover term for a variety of mental disorders in which severe anxiety is a salient symptom
{n: borderline schizophrenia, latent schizophrenia} schizophrenia characterized by mild symptoms or by some preexisting tendency to schizophrenia
{n: catatonia} extreme tonus; muscular rigidity; a common symptom in catatonic schizophrenia
{n: celiac disease} a disorder in children and adults; inability to tolerate wheat protein (gluten); symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation; often accompanied by lactose intolerance
{n: chemical terrorism} terrorism using the chemical agents of chemical warfare; can undermine the personal security of citizens
"a good agent for chemical terrorism should be colorless and odorless and inexpensive and readily available and not detectable until symptoms are experienced"
{n: cholera infantum} often fatal form of gastroenteritis occurring in children; not true cholera but having similar symptoms
{n: chronic gastritis} persistent gastritis can be a symptom of a gastric ulcer or pernicious anemia or stomach cancer or other disorders
{n: clubbing} a condition in which the ends of toes and fingers become wide and thick; a symptom of heart or lung disease
{n: cold medicine} medicine intended to relieve the symptoms of the common cold
{n: colon cancer} a malignant tumor of the colon; early symptom is bloody stools
{n: constipation, irregularity} irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels; can be a symptom of intestinal obstruction or diverticulitis
{n: conversion} (psychiatry) a defense mechanism represses emotional conflicts which are then converted into physical symptoms that have no organic basis
{n: coprophagy, coprophagia} eating feces; in human a symptom of some kinds of insanity
{n: cough, coughing} sudden expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages; a common symptom of upper respiratory infection or bronchitis or pneumonia or tuberculosis
{n: cutaneous anthrax, malignant pustule} a form of anthrax infection that begins as papule that becomes a vesicle and breaks with a discharge of toxins; symptoms of septicemia are severe with vomiting and high fever and profuse sweating; the infection is often fatal
{n: deterioration, impairment} a symptom of reduced quality or strength
{n: diabetic diet} a diet designed to help control the symptoms of diabetes
{n: diarrhea, diarrhoea, looseness of the bowels, looseness} frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor
{n: differential diagnosis} a systematic method of diagnosing a disorder (e.g., headache) that lacks unique symptoms or signs
{n: diuresis} increased secretion of urine; if not due to increased liquid intake or to the action of a diuretic drug it can be a symptom of diabetes mellitus
{n: effect} a symptom caused by an illness or a drug
"the effects of sleep loss"
"the effect of the anesthetic"
{n: enanthem, enanthema} eruption on a mucous membrane (as the inside of the mouth) occurring as a symptom of a disease
{n: encephalitis, cephalitis, phrenitis} inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis' is no longer in scientific use)
{n: eosinophilia} a symptom of allergic states; increased eosinophils in the blood
{n: eruption} symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible
{n: exanthem, exanthema, skin eruption} eruption on the skin occurring as a symptom of a disease
{n: false pregnancy, pseudocyesis} physiological state in which a woman exhibits symptoms of pregnancy but is not pregnant
{n: fever, febrility, febricity, pyrexia, feverishness} a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection
{n: flare} a sudden recurrence or worsening of symptoms
"a colitis flare"
"infection can cause a lupus flare"
{n: focal infection} bacterial infection limited to a specific organ or region especially one causing symptoms elsewhere
{n: folie a deux} the simultaneous occurrence of symptoms of a mental disorder (as delusions) in two persons who are closely related (as siblings or man and wife)
{n: functional disorder} disorder showing symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
<-> organic disorder
{n: generalized anxiety disorder, GAD, anxiety reaction} an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling of lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months
{n: gonorrhea, gonorrhoea, clap} a common venereal disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae; symptoms are painful urination and pain around the urethra
{n: hallucination} illusory perception; a common symptom of severe mental disorder
{n: hematuria, haematuria} the presence of blood in the urine; often a symptom of urinary tract disease
{n: hemorrhagic fever, haemorrhagic fever, viral hemorrhagic fever, viral haemorrhagic fever, VHF} a group of illnesses caused by a viral infection (usually restricted to a specific geographic area); fever and gastrointestinal symptoms are followed by capillary hemorrhage
{n: hemosiderosis, haemosiderosis} abnormal deposit of hemosiderin; often a symptom of thalassemia or hemochromatosis
{n: hexestrol} estrogen compound used to treat menstrual irregularities and menopausal symptoms and to prevent pregnancy
{n: hiccup, hiccough, singultus} (usually plural) the state of having reflex spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by a rapid closure of the glottis producing an audible sound; sometimes a symptom of indigestion
"how do you cure the hiccups?"
{n: homeopathy, homoeopathy} a method of treating disease with small amounts of remedies that, in large amounts in healthy people, produce symptoms similar to those being treated
<-> allopathy
{n: hydrocephalus, hydrocephaly} an abnormal condition in which cerebrospinal fluid collects in the ventricles of the brain; in infants it can cause abnormally rapid growth of the head and bulging fontanelles and a small face; in adults the symptoms are primarily neurological
{n: hydrophobia} a symptom of rabies in humans consisting of an aversion to swallowing liquids
{n: hypochondria, hypochondriasis} chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments
{n: hypochondriac} a patient with imaginary symptoms and ailments
{n: hysterocatalepsy} hysteria with cataleptic symptoms
{n: imminent abortion, threatened abortion} the appearance of symptoms that signal the impending loss of the products of conception
{n: incubation period} the period between infection and the appearance of symptoms of the disease
{n: incubation} (pathology) the phase in the development of an infection between the time a pathogen enters the body and the time the first symptoms appear
{n: indication, indicant} something that serves to indicate or suggest
"an indication of foul play"
"indications of strain"
"symptoms are the prime indicants of disease"
{n: jaundice, icterus} yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood; can be a symptom of gallstones or liver infection or anemia
{n: keratomalacia} softening and drying and ulceration of the cornea resulting from vitamin A deficiency; symptom of cystic fibrosis or sprue
{n: kuru} a progressive disease of the central nervous system marked by increasing lack of coordination and advancing to paralysis and death within a year of the appearance of symptoms; thought to have been transmitted by cannibalistic consumption of diseased brain tissue since the disease virtually disappeared when cannibalism was abandoned
{n: late blight} blight in which symptoms appear late in the growing season especially a disease of solanaceous plants caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans
{n: latent diabetes, chemical diabetes} a mild form of diabetes mellitus in which there are no overt symptoms but there are abnormal responses to some diagnostic procedures
{n: latent period} the time that elapses before the presence of a disease is manifested by symptoms
{n: lead colic, painter's colic} symptom of chronic lead poisoning and associated with obstinate constipation
{n: listeriosis, listeria meningitis} an infectious disease of animals and humans (especially newborn or immunosuppressed persons) caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes; in sheep and cattle the infection frequently involves the central nervous system and causes various neurological symptoms
{n: liver cancer, cancer of the liver} malignant neoplastic disease of the liver usually occurring as a metastasis from another cancer; symptoms include loss of appetite and weakness and bloating and jaundice and upper abdominal discomfort
{n: lysis} recuperation in which the symptoms of an acute disease gradually subside
{n: major depressive episode} (psychiatry) a state of depression with all the classic symptoms (anhedonia and lethargy and sleep disturbance and despondency and morbid thoughts and feelings of worthlessness and sometimes attempted suicide) but with no known organic dysfunction
{n: malabsorption syndrome} a pattern of symptoms including loss of appetite and bloating and weight loss and muscle pain and steatorrhea; associated with celiac disease and sprue and cystic fibrosis
{n: medical diagnosis} identification a disease from its symptoms
{n: medicine, medication, medicament, medicinal drug} (medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease
{n: meningism} symptoms that mimic those of meningitis but without inflammation of the meninges
{n: meningitis} infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection; symptoms include headache and stiff neck and fever and nausea
{n: menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea} abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged
{n: mimesis} any disease that shows symptoms characteristic of another disease
{n: monocytosis} increase in the number of monocytes in the blood; symptom of monocytic leukemia
{n: morning sickness} nausea early in the day; a characteristic symptom in the early months of pregnancy
{n: naphazoline, Privine, Sudafed} vasoconstrictor (trade names Privine and Sudafed) used in nasal sprays to treat symptoms of nasal congestion and in eyedrops to treat eye irritation
{n: naprapathy} a drugless method of treatment based on the belief that disease symptoms arise from problems with ligaments and connective tissues
{n: nasal decongestant} a decongestant that provides temporary relief of nasal symptoms of the common cold and rhinitis and upper respiratory infections
{n: numbness} partial or total lack of sensation in a part of the body; a symptom of nerve damage or dysfunction
{n: ochronosis} an accumulation of dark pigment in cartilage and other connective tissue; usually a symptom of alkaptonuria or phenol poisoning
{n: oliguria} abnormally small production of urine; can be a symptom of kidney disease or obstruction of the urinary tract or edema or an imbalance of fluids and electrolytes in the body
{n: pain, hurting} a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder
"the patient developed severe pain and distension"
{n: paranoid schizophrenia, paranoic type schizophrenia, paraphrenic schizophrenia, paraphrenia} a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions (of persecution or grandeur or jealousy); symptoms may include anger and anxiety and aloofness and doubts about gender identity; unlike other types of schizophrenia the patients are usually presentable and (if delusions are not acted on) may function in an apparently normal manner
{n: pelvic inflammatory disease, PID} inflammation of the female pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms (chiefly gonococci and chlamydia); symptoms are abdominal pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge
{n: pimple, hickey, zit} a small inflamed elevation of the skin; a pustule or papule; common symptom in acne
{n: posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD} an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images
{n: prodrome, prodroma} an early symptom that a disease is developing or that an attack is about to occur
{n: psychosomatic disorder} a mental disorder that causes somatic symptoms
{n: pulmonary anthrax, inhalation anthrax, anthrax pneumonia, ragpicker's disease, ragsorter's disease, woolsorter's pneumonia, woolsorter's disease} a form of anthrax infection acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; initial symptoms (chill and cough and dyspnea and rapid pulse) are followed by extreme cardiovascular collapse
{n: purulence, purulency} symptom of being purulent (containing or forming pus)
{n: pyuria} presence of white blood cells in the urine; symptom of urinary tract infection
{n: rebound tenderness} pain felt when a hand pressing on the abdomen is suddenly released; a symptom of peritoneal inflammation
{n: recrudescence} a return of something after a period of abatement
"a recrudescence of racism"
"a recrudescence of the symptoms"
{n: scalenus syndrome} discomfort and vascular symptoms and loss of sensation in a shoulder and arm; caused by a scalene muscle compressing the subclavian artery and part of the brachial plexus
{n: schistosomiasis, bilharzia, bilharziasis} an infestation with or a resulting infection caused by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma; common in the tropics and Far East; symptoms depend on the part of the body infected
{n: schizotypal personality, schizoid} characterized by symptoms similar to but less severe than schizophrenia
{n: sleeping sickness, sleepy sickness, epidemic encephalitis, lethargic encephalitis, encephalitis lethargica} an encephalitis that was epidemic between 1915 and 1926; symptoms include paralysis of the extrinsic eye muscle and extreme muscular weakness
{n: slow virus} a virus that remains dormant in the body for a long time before symptoms appear
"kuru is caused by a slow virus"
{n: sneeze, sneezing, sternutation} a symptom consisting of the involuntary expulsion of air from the nose
{n: specificity} the quality of being specific rather than general
"add a desirable note of specificity to the discussion"
"the specificity of the symptoms of the disease"
{n: spina bifida, rachischisis, schistorrhachis} a not uncommon congenital defect in which a vertebra is malformed; unless several vertebrae are affected or there is myelomeningocele there are few symptoms; can be diagnosed by amniocentesis
{n: sprue, tropical sprue} a chronic disorder that occurs in tropical and non-tropical forms and in both children and adults; nutrients are not absorbed; symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation
{n: steatorrhea} the presence of greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces which are frothy and foul smelling and floating; a symptom of disorders of fat metabolism and malabsorption syndrome
{n: subacute bacterial endocarditis} a chronic bacterial infection of the endocardium and heart valves; symptoms develop slowly
{n: symptom} (medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease
{n: symptom} anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of X's existence
{n: syndrome} a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
{n: syphilis, syph, pox} a common venereal disease caused by the treponema pallidum spirochete; symptoms change through progressive stages; can be congenital (transmitted through the placenta)
{n: tetralogy of Fallot, Fallot's tetralogy, Fallot's syndrome} a congenital heart defect producing cyanosis; characterized by four symptoms: pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect and malposition of the aorta over both ventricles and hypertrophy of the right ventricle
{n: tinnitus} a ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears; a symptom of an ear infection or Meniere's disease
{n: transient ischemic attack, TIA} brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply; symptoms depend on the site of the blockage
{n: uratemia} presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid salts in the blood; symptom of gout
{n: uraturia} presence of abnormally large amounts of uric acid in the urine; symptom of gout
{n: uricaciduria} presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid in the urine; symptom of gout
{n: withdrawal symptom} any physical or psychological disturbance (as sweating or depression) experienced by a drug addict when deprived of the drug
{v: bespeak, betoken, indicate, point, signal} be a signal for or a symptom of
"These symptoms indicate a serious illness"
"Her behavior points to a severe neurosis"
"The economic indicators signal that the euro is undervalued"
Up to 40 per cent of women suffer from the disruptive symptoms of premenstrual syndrome( PMS), including mood swings, bloating, food cravings and pain.
多达四成的妇女深受经前综合症之苦，这些引起体内紊乱的症状包括情绪不稳、肿胀、嗜食和疼痛。
Participants taking 1,200 mg of calcium daily found their symptoms diminished by 48 per cent, compared with 30 per cent in the place-bo group.
钙日摄入量达 1200毫克的受试者发现其症状得以缓解的为 48％，相比之下，安慰剂服用组则为 30％。
Price says it is important to look under the microscope and not assume that a person s symptoms are due to alcohol.
普赖斯还说，重要的是应在显微镜下查看而不能推断是由于酒精导致了患者的症状。
More importantly, a false negative may prevent an ill person from getting re-tested until symptoms appear.
更可虑的是，假阴性会使得一个真正有病的人于症状出现之前不去进行重测。
Possibly the only way to prevent Alzheimer's is to stop the plaques from forming decades before any symptoms appear.
也许，防止阿耳茨海默氏病的唯一方法是：在病症出现几十年前就采取措施，谨防斑的形成。
They 've already started preliminary clinical trials in human volunteers of the first anti-Alzheimer's compounds designed to treat the cause, not just the symptoms, of the disease.
这些科学家已经开始在志愿者身上进行首批抗阿耳茨海默氏病药物初步临床试验，这些药物不仅用於查明症状，而且要治愈这疾玻
While the enzyme clearly plays a role in the 10% of cases that develop in middle age, it's not so obvious that blocking gamma secretase will help the 90% of Alzheimer's patients developing symptoms after age 65.
虽然这在占病例总数 10%的中年患者中作用比较明显，但抑制伽马分泌素减能能的做法对占病例总数 90%的 65岁以上的患者是否有益尚不清楚。
That serendipity has not been lost on two of Europe's biggest drug companies, which have begun battling it out for market share with new high-tech drugs designed to combat the flu virus itself, rather than just its symptoms.
欧洲两家最大的制药公司抓住了这次赚大钱的会，为了抢夺市场份额，它们争相推出了新的高科技药物，这些药物不仅可以缓解感冒的症状，还可以消灭流感病毒。
Both medicines have to be taken within 48 hours of the onset of flu symptoms to be effective, and are said by the companies to be able to cut the duration of the illness by up to 40%, as well as easing the symptoms.
这两药物都必须在流感发作后 48小时之内服用才能产生疗效；两家制药公司都声称各自的产品可以使流感持续的时间缩短 40%，还可以缓解流感症状。
Clinicians will be able to delay onset by several years and lessen the severity of symptoms.
临床治疗可以使这种疾病的发作期推迟若干年，并且减缓症状的恶化。
Bad breath isn't an illness. It's only a symptom of something else, frequently an illness such as diabetes, or a kidney disorder. It may also be an infection of the sinuses or bronchial tubes or gums.
其实口臭算不上是病，它不过是另外一样东西的症候，但那样东西通常是一种疾病，例如糖尿病或肾炎，还可能是鼻窦炎、支气管炎或牙龈炎。
Result: they all experienced similar jet-lag symptoms, and all recovered after about six days.
结果如下：服用者都出现了类似的时差反应，六天之后恢复了正常。
Two FDA-approved drugs are currently available for treating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease-donepezil, marketed under the brand name Aricept, and tacrine( Cognex).
目前可以在市场上买到两种经食品与药物管理局批准生产的药物，用于治疗老年痴呆症──一种是 donepezil ，商标为 Aricept ，另一种是 tacrine ，商标为 Cognex 。
Moreover, when the antibody was given to chimpanzees, it inhibited rhinoviral growth, and in humans it lessened both the severity and duration of cold symptoms.
此外，当该抗体被提供给黑猩猩时，它遏制住了鼻病毒的生长；而人体内，抗体则减少了感冒症状的严重程度以及所持续的时间。
spsc-60105624
Teen depression symptoms instructional materials
青少年抑郁症指导材料
Chapter III 第叁章
Diseases of the blood and blood forming organs and certain disorders involving the
immune mechanism (D50-D89)
血液和造血器官及涉及免疫机转的疾患 (D50-D89)
Excludes: autoimmune disease (systemic) NOS (M35.9)
certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P96)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease (B20-B24)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
不包含 ： 自体免疫疾病 （ 全身的 ） ， 其他未明示者
(M35.9)
源於周产期的某些情况 (P00-P96)
怀孕、生产以及产褥期之并发症 (O00-O99)
先天性畸形、异形与染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养和代谢性疾病 (E00-E90)
人类免疫缺乏病毒 （HIV） 疾病 (B20-B24)
损伤 ， 中毒和某些其他外界原因之後果 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
未分类他处之症状、症候和异常临床、实验室发现
(R00-R99)
Chapter IV 第四章
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
内分泌、营养及新陈代谢疾病 (E00-E90)
Note: All neoplasms, whether functionally active or not, are
classified in Chapter Ⅱ. Appropriate codes in this chapter (i.e. E05.8, E07.0, E16-E31,
E34.-) may be used, if desired, as additional codes to indicate either functional activity
by neoplasms and ectopic endocrine tissue or hyperfunction and hypofunction of endocrine
glands associated with neoplasms and other conditions classified elsewhere.
注 ： 不管有无 （ 内分泌 ） 功能 ， 所有肿瘤皆归类於
第二章 ， 本章有适当的释码可以使用 （如E05.8,E07.0,E16-E31,E34.-)
如有需要 ， 可使用附码确认是由肿瘤及异位内分泌
腺所引起的功能活动或是与肿瘤及他处归类的病况
有关的内分泌腺的功能亢进或功能低下。
Excludes: complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the
puerperium (O00-O09)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
transitory endocrine and metabolic disorders specific to fetus and newborn (P70-P74)
不包含 ： 怀孕、生产及产褥期的并发症 （O00-O99）
症状、候与他处未归类之临床及实验室异常所见
(R00-R99)
胎儿及新生儿特有的短暂性内分泌及新陈代谢疾患
（P70-P74)
Chapter V 第五章
Mental and behavioural disorders(F00-F99)
精神与行为障碍 (F00-F99)
Includes: disorders of psychological development
包含 ： 心理发展之疾病
Excludes: symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and
laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
不包含 ： 症状、徵候和异常临床及实验室发现 ， 他
处未归类者 (R00-R99)
F02.2*
Dementia in Huntington's disease (G10+)
A dementia occurring as part of a widespread degeneration of the brain. The disorder is
transmitted by a single autosomal dominant gene. Symptoms typically emerge in the third
and fourth decade. Progression is slow, leading to death usually within 10 to 15 years.
Dementia in Huntington's chorea
发生於亨丁顿氏病之痴呆 (G10+)
痴呆之发生乃脑部广泛性退化的一部份。亨丁顿氏
病是藉单一之显性体染色基因来遗传。症状典型地
出现於 20 及 30 多岁时。进展缓慢 ， 通常在 10 到 15 年间
导致死亡。
发生於亨丁顿氏舞蹈病之痴呆
F06.1
Organic catatonic disorder
A disorder of diminished (stupor) or increased (excitement) psychomotor activity
associated with catatonic symptoms. The extremes of psychomotor disturbance may alternate.
F06.7
Mild cognitive disorder
A disorder characterized by impairment of memory, learning difficulties, and reduced
ability to concentrate on a task for more than brief periods. There is often a marked
feeling of mental fatigue when mental tasks are attempted, and new learning is found to be
subjectively difficult even when objectively successful. None of these symptoms is so
severe that a diagnosis of either dementia (F00-F03) or delirium (F05.-) can be made. This
diagnosis should be made only in association with a specified physical disorder, and
should not be made in the presence of any of the mental or behavioural disorders
classified to F10-F99. The disorder may precede accompany, or follow a wide variety of
infections and physical disorders both cerebral and systemic, but direct evidence of
cerebral involvement is not necessarily present. It can be differentiated from
postencephalitic syndrome (F07.1) and postconcussional syndrome (F07.2) by its different
etiology, more restricted range of generally milder symptoms , and usually shorter
duration.
轻度认知障碍症
主要表徵为记忆障碍 ， 学习或注意力集中困难。当
要用脑力时 ， 会有明显的脑力疲倦之感觉 （ 无力感
） ， 要学习新东西时 ， 甚至客观上学习的很成功 ，
但主观上一直觉得学习得不好 ， 而有学习之困难。
这些症状均属轻微程度 ， 所以无法作痴呆 （F00-F03） 或
谵妄 （F05.-） 之诊断。这个诊断只当有连带之身体疾
病才能诊断 ， 若有 F10-F99 种种精神疾病同存时 ， 即不
能作此诊断。此疾病发生於种种发炎或其他身体疾
病之前後或同时发生 ， 这些同存身体疾病包含脑之
疾病 ， 但这些种种身体疾病不一定有直接证据可以
显现脑部之障碍。此疾病应与脑炎後徵候群 （F07.1）
与脑震汤後徵候群 （F07.2） 做区分 ， 其鉴别之重点是
病因不同、程度较轻、症状范围较狭窄、期间较短
。
F07.2
Postconcussional syndrome
A syndrome that occurs following head trauma (usually sufficiently severe to result in
loss of consciousness) and includes a number of disparate symptoms such as headache,
dizziness, fatigue, irritability, difficulty in concentration and performing mental tasks,
impairment of memory, insomnia, and reduced tolerance to stress, emotional excitement, or
alcohol.
Postcontusional syndrome (encephalopathy)
Post-traumatic brain syndrome, nonpsychotic
脑震汤後徵候群
此徵候群发生於头部创伤 （ 通常严重到造成意识丧
失 ） 之後 ， 并包含一些不同的症状 ， 诸如头痛、头
晕 （ 通常缺乏真正眩晕的现象 ） ， 疲倦 ， 易激怒性
， 专心操作心智事务产生困难 ， 记忆缺损 ， 失眠 ，
以及对压力、情绪兴奋、或酒精之忍受力降低。
脑挫伤後徵候群 （ 脑病变 ）
创伤後脑徵候群 ， 非精神病性
This block contains a wide variety of disorders that differ
in severity and clinical form but that are all attributable to the use of one or more
psychoactive substances, which may or may not have been medically prescribed. The third
character of the code identifies the substance involved, and the fourth character
specifies the clinical state. The codes should be used, as required, for each substance
specified, but it should be noted that not all fourth-character codes are applicable to
all substances.
Identification of the psychoactive substance should be based on as many sources of
information as possible. These include self-report data, analysis of blood and other body
fluids, characteristic physical and psychological symptoms, clinical signs and behaviour,
and other evidence such as a drug being in the patient's possession or reports from
informed third parties. Many drug users take more than one type of psychoactive substance.
The main diagnosis should be classified, whenever possible, according to the substance or
class of substances that has caused or contributed most to the presenting clinical
syndrome. Other diagnoses should be coded when other psychoactive substances have been
taken in intoxicating amounts (common fourth character .0) or to the extent of causing
harm (common fourth character .1), dependence (common fourth character .2) or other
disorders (common fourth character .3-.9).
Only in cases in which patterns of psychoactive substance-taking are chaotic and
indiscriminate, or in which the contributions of different psychoactive substances are
inextricably mixed, should the diagnosis of disorders resulting from multiple drug use
(F19.-) be used.
Excludes: abuse of non-dependence-producing substances (F55)
The following fourth-character subdivisions are for use with categories F10-F19:
本节包含了几种不同严重程度与临床型态的疾病 ，
这些疾病均因由於使用一种或更多的精神作用物质
所引起。这些药物可能由医师处方或自行使用。本
节用第 ３ 码代表特定的物质 ， 第 ４ 码表示临床状况
； 这些号码可用来代表特定物质所造成的精神状态
， 但需注意不是所有的号码都能应用在每个物质上
。
对於精神作用物质使用与否的界定要尽可能运用多
种的临床资讯 ， 这些包含患者自我陈述的资料 ， 血
液与其他体液检体的客观分析 ， 特殊之身体与心理
症状、临床候、行为表现、以及其他资料 ， 如在病
人身上发现药物 ， 或第叁者提供的报告。许多药物
使用者服用不止一种的药品 ， 但在主要的诊断方面
仍应依据与临床状况最相关的药物 （ 或同一类的药
物 ） 加以分类。当其他精神作用物质之使用量引起
中毒 （第 4 码 .0） ， 引起伤害 （第 4 码.1） ， 依赖 （第 4 码.2）
或其他障碍 （第 4 码.3-.9） 时 ， 也要把其他精神作用物
质相关之诊断加以记述。
只有当精神作用物质的使用型态非常混乱且不易分
辨 ， 或者使用的不同药物对临床表现之影响相当的
复杂时 ， 才诊断为由於使用多种药物引起之精神疾
病 （F19.－）
不包含 ： 非成瘾性药物的滥用 （F55）
下面第 ４ 码之分类要与 F10-F19 之各类别诊断一起使用
：
.3
Withdrawal state
A group of symptoms of variable clustering and severity occurring on absolute or relative
withdrawal of a psychoactive substance after persistent use of that substance. The onset
and course of the withdrawal state are time-limited and are related to the type of
psychoactive substance and dose being used immediately before cessation or reduction of
use. The withdrawal state may be complicated by convulsions.
戒断状态
重覆使用精神作用物质 ， 一旦完全不用或减低使用
量时 ， 会因而产生不同型态及不同严重度的症状 ，
此即为戒断症状。戒断状态的发生及病程是有时间
性的 ， 且和精神作用物质的种类及戒断前的最後用
量有关。戒断状态可能会并发痉挛现象。
F20
Schizophrenia
The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in general by fundamental and characteristic
distortions of thinking and perception, and affects that are inappropriate or blunted.
Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually maintained although certain
cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of time. The most important psychopathological
phenomena include thought echo; thought insertion or withdrawal; thought broadcasting;
delusional perception and delusions of control; influence or passivity; hallucinatory
voices commenting or discussing the patient in the third person; thought disorders and
negative symptoms .
The course of schizophrenic disorders can be either continuous, or episodic with
progressive or stable deficit, or there can be one or more episodes with complete or
incomplete remission. The diagnosis of schizophrenia should not be made in the presence of
extensive depressive or manic symptoms unless it is clear that schizophrenic symptoms
antedate the affective disturbance. Nor should schizophrenia be diagnosed in the presence
of overt brain disease or during states of drug intoxication or withdrawal. Similar
disorders developing in the presence of epilepsy or other brain disease should be
classified under F06.2, and those induced by psychoactive substances under F10-F19 with
common fourth character .5.
Excludes: schizophrenia:
. acute (undifferentiated) (F23.2)
. cyclic (F25.2)
sehizophrenie reaction (F23.2)
schizotypal disorder (F21)
精神分裂症
精神分裂性疾病一般的特徵是思考及知觉的基本、
特有的歪曲 ， 以及不适当的或迟钝的情感。虽然一
些认知的缺陷在疾病的过程中呈现出来 ， 通常维持
清楚的意识及心智的能力。最重要的精神病理现象
包含思想回声、思想插入或剥夺、思想广播、妄想
性知觉、被控制、被影响或被动等妄想、以第叁人
称批评或讨论病人的听幻觉、思考流程障碍与负性
症状。
精神分裂症之病程 ， 有的是持续性、有的是阵发性
合并进行性或稳定性之退化、有的是一次或多次阵
发性 ， 且完全或不完全之康复。若同时有显着的忧
郁或躁症症状 ， 除非精神分裂的症状於情感障碍之
前发生 ， 否则不作精神分裂症的诊断。若病人有明
显脑部疾患或正处於药物中毒或戒断时期 ， 则不作
精神分裂症之诊断若有精神分裂症的疾病出现於癫
痫或其他脑部疾患时 ， 归类於 F06.2 ， 若是由精神作用
物质引起 ， 则归类於 F10-F19 中第四码.5 者。
不包含 ： 精神分裂症 :
． 急性 （ 未分化的 ） （F23.2）
． 循环性 （F25.2)
精神分裂反应 （F23.2）
准精神分裂症 （F21）
F20.0
Paranoid schizophrenia
Paranoid schizophrenia is dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid delusions,
usually accompanied by hallucinations, particularly of the auditory variety, and
perceptual disturbances. Disturbances of affect, volition and speech, and catatonic
symptoms, are either absent or relatively inconspicuous.
Paraphrenic schizophrenia
Excludes: involutional paranoid state (F22.8)
paranoia (F22.0)
妄想型精神分裂症
妄想型精神分裂症最明显的临床症状是固着的妄想
， 通常是被害妄想 ， 常伴随幻觉 ， 特别是幻听 ， 及
其他知觉障得。情感、意志和语言之障碍及紧张症
状 ， 则不出现 ， 若出现也较不明显。
老年妄想精神分裂症 (paraphrenic schizophrenia)
不包含 ： 更年期妄想状态 (F22.8) (involutional paranoid state)
妄想症 (paranoia) (F22.0)
F20.1
Hebephrenic schizophrenia
A form of schizophrenia in which affective changes are prominent, delusions and
hallucinations fleeting and fragmentary, behaviour irresponsible and unpredictable, and
mannerisms common. The mood is shallow and inappropriate, thought is disorganized, and
speech is incoherent. There is a tendency to social isolation. Usually the prognosis is
poor because of the rapid development of "negative" symptoms, particularly
flattening of affect and loss of volition. Hebephrenia should normally be diagnosed only
in adolescents or young adults.
Disorganized schizophrenia
Hebephrenia
青春型精神分裂症
精神分裂症的一种 ， 其情感变化显着 ， 妄想与幻觉
变化不定且片片断断 ， 行为不负责任且无法预测 ，
常有作态现象。情绪表浅且不恰当 ， 思想凌乱、语
言失序。患者有孤独的倾向。通常预後不好 ， 因为
其负性症状迅速产生 ， 特别是情感平淡与意志力丧
失。一般而言 ， 第一次下此诊断时 ， 是要在青春期
或成年初期。
解组型精神分裂症 (disorganized schizorhernia)
青春型精神病症 （hebephrenia)
F20.4
Post-schizophrenic depression
A depressive episode, which may he prolonged, arising in the aftermath of a sehizophrenie
illness. Some sehizophrenie symptoms, either "positive" or "negative",
must still be present but they no longer dominate the clinical picture. These depressive
states are associated with an increased risk of suicide. If the patient no longer has any
schizophrenic symptoms, a depressive episode should be diagnosed (F32.-). If schizophrenic
symptoms are still florid and prominent, the diagnosis should remain that of the
appropriate of the schizophrenic subtype (F20.0-F20.3) .
精神分裂後忧郁症
它是一种精神分裂症恢复期之郁症发作 ， 它可能是
持久性之郁症发作。一定要有某些精神分裂症症状
， 但已不明显 ， 这些症状可能是正性或负性症状。
此郁症与自杀率升高有相关性。若病人已无精神分
裂症症状 ， 则应诊断为郁症发作 （F32.-) 。若仍有丰富
而明显的精神分裂症症状 ， 则仍应将其归类於适合
的精神分裂症亚型分类 (F20.0-F20.3) 。
F20.5
Residual schizophrenia
A chronic stage in the development of a schizophrenic illness in which there has been a
clear progression from an early stage to a later stage characterized by long-term, though
not necessarily irreversible, "negative" symptoms, e.g. psychomotor slowing;
underactivity; blunting of affect; passivity and lack of initiative; poverty of quantity
or content of speech; poor nonverbal communication by facial expression, eye contact,
voice modulation and posture; poor self-care and social performance.
Chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia
Restzustand (schizophrenic)
Schizophrenic residual state
残馀型精神分裂症
一种慢性期的变化 ， 自早期之进展 （ 其中也有几次
精神病性症状的发作 ， 而且符合上述精神分裂症的
诊断准则 ） ， 到後期以长期性负性症状与功能缺失
为主之临床表。但不一定是不可回复的 ， 这些负性
症状包含精神运动性迟缓、少活动、情感平淡、被
动及缺乏动机、言谈之量与内容贫乏 ， 缺乏非语言
性沟通表达如 ： 脸部表情、眼神接触、声调与姿态
之变化与自我照料及社交表现差。
慢性未分化型精神分裂症
静止状态 (Restzustand)
精神分裂性残馀状态
F20.6
Simple schizophrenia
A disorder in which there is an insidious but progressive development of oddities of
conduct, inability to meet the demands of society, and decline in total performance. The
characteristic negative features of residual schizophrenia (e.g. blunting of affect and
loss of volition) develop without being preceded by any overt psychotic symptoms.
单纯型精神分裂症
一种不常见的精神病 ， 缓慢发展出古怪行为 ， 无法
应付社会的要求 ， 且一切处事能力皆下降。典型残
馀型的负性症状 （ 情感平淡、意志力丧失 ） 出现前
没有明显精神病性症状之病史。
F21
Schizotypal disorder
A disorder characterized by eccentric behaviour and anomalies of thinking and affect which
resemble those seen in schizophrenia, though no definite and characteristic schizophrenic
anomalies occur at any stage. The symptoms may include a cold or inappropriate affect;
anhedonia; odd or eccentric behaviour; a tendency to social withdrawal; paranoid or
bizarre ideas not amounting to true delusions; obsessive ruminations; thought disorder and
perceptual disturbances; occasional transient quasi-psychotic episodes with intense
illusions, auditory or other hallucinations, and delusion-like ideas, usually occurring
without external provocation. There is no definite onset and evolution and course are
usually those of a personality disorder.
Latent schizophrenic reaction
Schizophrenia:
. borderline
. latent
. prepsychotic
. prodromal
. pseud neurotic
. pscudopsychopathic
Schizotypal personality disorder
Excludes: Asperger's syndrome (F84.5)
schizoid personality disorder (F60.1)
准精神分裂症
此类疾患通常以行为怪异、思考与情感异常 ， 这些
症状很像精神分裂症的表现 ， 但始终没有确定的、
特有的精神分裂症状之发生。此疾病之症状包含淡
漠或不恰当情感 ； 没有快乐感 ； 怪异行为 ； 孤立倾
向 ； 妄想性或怪怪之念头 ， 但未形成妄想 ； 强迫性
冥想 ； 思考障碍与知觉障碍之偶见短暂性类似精神
病性的发作 ， 伴随明显错觉、听幻觉或其他幻觉 ，
也有类似妄想想法 ， 常在没有任何外界刺激下产生
。没有明确的初次发病现象与病程之演变 ， 病程似
一种人格障碍症。
潜伏型精神分裂症反应
精神分裂症 ：
． 边缘型
． 潜伏型
． 精神病性前
． 前驱性
． 假性精神官能性
． 假性精神病质性
准精神分裂性人格障碍症
不包含 ： 艾斯伯格 (Aspergers) 徵候群 (F84.5)
分裂性人格违常 (F60.1)
F22.0
Delusional disorder
A disorder characterized by the development either of a single delusion or of a set of
related delusions that are usually persistent and sometimes lifelong. The content of the
delusion or delusions is very variable. Clear and persistent auditory hallucinations
(voices), schizophrenic symptoms such as delusions of control and marked blunting of
affect, and definite evidence of brain disease are all incompatible with this diagnosis.
However, the presence of occasional or transitory auditory hallucinations, particularly in
elderly patients, does not rule out this diagnosis, provided that they are not typically
schizophrenic and form only a small part of the overall clinical picture.
Paranoia
Paranoid:
. psychosis
. state
Paraphrenia (late)
Sensitiver Beziehungswahn
Excludes: paranoid:
. personality disorder (F60.0)
. psychosis, psychogenic (F23.3)
. reaction (F23.3)
. schizophrenia (F20.0)
妄想症
一群疾病 ， 其症状以单一或一组妄想为主 ， 常是持
续性的 ， 甚至可能是终身的。妄想内容呈现多样性
。若有清楚而持续的幻觉或精神分裂症症状 ， 如被
控制妄想、表情显着平淡 ， 以及肯定的脑部病变的
话 ， 都不能下此诊断。然而 ， 特别是老人家 ， 偶发
或短暂的幻听 ， 并不足以排除此一诊断 ， 只要它们
并非典型的精神分裂症的幻听或只占临床症状的一
小部就可以了。
妄想病
妄想性 ：
． 精神病
． 状态
晚发型妄想性精神病
敏感性关系妄想
不包含 ： 妄想性 ：
． 人格障碍症 (F60.0)
． 精神病症 ， 心因性 (F23.3)
． 反应 (F23.3)
． 精神分裂症 (F23.0)
F22.8
Other persistent delusional disorders
Disorders in which the delusion or delusions are accompanied by persistent hallucinatory
voices or by schizophrenic symptoms that do not justify a diagnosis of schizophrenia
(F20.-).
Delusional dysmorphophobia
Involutional paranoid state
Paranoia querulans
其他持久妄想症
虽然妄想症状伴有持续的幻听或精神分裂症的症状
， 但不足以诊断精神分裂症 (F20.-) 者应放在此类。
妄想性畸型畏惧症
更年期妄想状态
易怒性妄想症 (paranoia querulans)
F23
Acute and transient psychotic disorders
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the acute onset of psychotic symptoms
such as delusions, hallucinations, and perceptual disturbances, and by the severe
disruption of ordinary behaviour. Acute onset is defined as a crescendo development of a
clearly abnormal clinical picture in about two weeks or less. For these disorders there is
no evidence of organic causation. Perplexity and puzzlement are often present but
disorientation for time, place and person is not persistent or severe enough to justify a
diagnosis of organically caused delirium (F05.-). Complete recovery usually occurs within
a few months, often within a few weeks or even days. If the disorder persists, a change in
classification will be necessary. The disorder may or may not be associated with acute
stress, defined as usually stressful events preceding the onset by one to two weeks.
急性与短暂性精神病症
此类具高异质性之疾病 ， 其特徵是精神病性症状 ，
如妄想、幻觉、知觉障碍等之急性发作 ， 对日常生
活有严重干扰。急性发作是二星期内渐进性发作。
没有器质性病因之存在。常有迷惘或迷惑之症状 ，
但对人、地与时间之定向感障碍之持续性与严重性
均不足以明显到可做器质性谵妄 (F05.-) 之诊断。一般
在几个月、几星期或甚至几天内即完全恢复。若症
状持续 ， 则要改变诊断。此疾病不一定与急性压力
有关 ， 所谓急性压力是病前一、二星期内压力事件
之发生。
F23.0
Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder without symptoms of schizophrenia
An acute psychotic disorder in which hallucinations, delusions or perceptual disturbances
are obvious but markedly variable, changing from day to day or even from hour to hour.
Emotional turmoil with intense transient feelings of happiness or ecstasy, or anxiety and
irritability, is also frequently present. The polymorphism and instability are
characteristic for the overall clinical picture and the psychotic features do not justify
a diagnosis of schizophrenia (F20.-). These disorders often have an abrupt onset,
developing rapidly within a few days, and they frequently show a rapid resolution of
symptoms with no recurrence. If the symptoms persist the diagnosis should be changed to
persistent delusional disorder (F22.-).
Bouffee delirante without symptoms of schizophrenia or unspecified
Cycloid psychosis without symptoms of schizophrenia or unspecified
无精神分裂症症状之急性多态性精神病症
一种急性精神病症 ， 其幻觉、妄想或知觉障碍都十
分明显 ， 但显着的多样化且变化快速 ， 日日不同 ，
甚或时时不同。情绪骚动伴随强烈而短暂的快乐或
狂喜或焦虑和易怒 ， 常常出现。这种多态性、不稳
定的临床症状相当特异 ， 且其精神病性症状不足以
诊断其为精神分裂症 (F20.-) 。这些症状往往突然发作
， 几天内快速发展 ， 且常常很快消失。若症状持续
超过叁个月 ， 则诊断需更改为持续性妄想症 (F22.-) *
无精神分裂症症状或未明示之 bouffee delirante
无精神分裂症症状或未明示之循环性精神病症
F23.1
Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder with symptoms of schizophrenia
An acute psychotic disorder in which the polymorphic and unstable clinical picture is
present, as described in F23.0; despite this instability, however, some symptoms typical
of schizophrenia are also in evidence for the majority of the time. If the schizophrenic
symptoms persist the diagnosis should be changed to schizophrenia (F20.-).
Bouffee delirante with symptoms of schizophrenia
Cycloid psychosis with symptoms of schizophrenia
有精神分裂症症状之急性多态性精神病症
一种急性精神病 ， 其多态性与不稳定性的精神病性症
状 ， 有如 F23.0 所定义者。虽然症状不稳定 ， 但典型之
精神分裂症症状大都时间均存在。若精神分裂症症
状持续 （ 超过一个月 ） ， 则诊断应该更改为精神分
裂症 (F20.-) 。
有精神分裂症症状之 bouffee delirante
有精神分裂症症状之循环性精神病症
F23.2
Acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder
An acute psychotic disorder in which the psychotic symptoms are comparatively stable and
justify a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but have lasted for less than about one month; the
polymorphic unstable features, as described in F23.0, are absent. If the schizophrenic
symptoms persist the diagnosis should be changed to schizophrenia (F20.-).
Acute (undifferentiated) schizophrenia
Brief schizophreniform:
. disorder
. psychosis
Oneirophrenia
Schizophrenic reaction
Excludes: organic delusional [schizophrenia-like] disorder (F06.2)
schizophreniform disorder NOS (F20.8)
急性类精神分裂性精神病症
一种急性精神病 ， 有相当稳定的精神病性症状 ， 符
合精神分裂症的诊断准则 (F20.-) ， 但持续短於一个月
。但没有 F23.0 中症状的多变性及不稳定性。若精神分
裂的症状持续 ， 诊断应该更改为精神分裂症 (F20.-)
急性 （ 未分化 ） 精神分裂症
． 短暂拟精神分裂症
． 短暂拟精神分裂性精神病症
似梦精神病症 (oneirophrenia)
精神分裂性反应
不包含 ： 器质性妄想〔类精神分裂〕症 (F06.2)
拟精神分裂症 ， 其他未明示者 (F20.8)
F25
Schizoaffective disorders
Episodic disorders in which both affective and schizophrenic symptoms are prominent but
which do not justify a diagnosis of either schizophrenia or depressive or manic episodes.
Other conditions in which affective symptoms are superimposed on a pre-existing
schizophrenic illness, or co-exist or alternate with persistent delusional disorders of
other kinds, are classified under F20-F29. Mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in
affective disorders do not justify a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder.
分裂情感障碍症
此乃阵发性疾病 ， 在相同的一次疾病中合并出现明
显的情感及精神分裂症状 ， 但均不足以诊断为精神
分裂症、忧郁症或躁症发作。若有情感症状续发於
先前既有之精神分裂症或与持久妄想症同存或交替
出现 ， 则仍分类於 F20-F29 。与情感不一致之精神病性
症状若存在於情感疾病中 ， 亦不能诊断为分裂精神
障碍症。
F25.0
Schizoaffective disorder, manic type
A disorder in which both schizophrenic and manic symptoms are prominent so that the
episode of illness does not justify a diagnosis of either schizophrenia or a manic
episode. This category should be used for both a single episode and a recurrent disorder
in which the majority of episodes are schizoaffective, manic type.
Schizoaffective psychosis, manic type
Schizophreniform psychosis, manic type
分裂情感障碍 ， 躁型
在同一次发作中 ， 精神分裂和躁症的症状都十分明
显 ， 以致於不能单纯做精神分裂症或躁症发作之诊
断。这个类别适用於单次发作及复发性疾患 ， 其大
部分发作是属分裂情感障碍症 ， 躁型者。
分裂情感性精神病症 ， 躁型
拟精神分裂性精神病症 ， 躁型
F25.1
Schizoaffective disorder, depressive type
A disorder in which both schizophrenic and depressive symptoms are prominent so that the
episode of illness does not justify a diagnosis of either schizophrenia or a depressive
episode. This category should be used for both a single episode and a recurrent disorder
in which the majority of episodes are schizoaffective, depressive type.
Schizoaffective psychosis, depressive type
Schizophreniform psychosis, depressive type
分裂情感障碍症 ， 郁型
在同一次发作中 ， 同时出现明显的精神分裂或忧郁
的症状 ， 以致於不能单纯做精神分裂症或郁症发作
之诊断。这个类别用於单次发作与复发性疾患 ， 其
大部分发作是分裂情感障碍症 ， 郁型者。
分裂情感性精神病症 ， 郁型
拟精神分裂性精神病症 ， 郁型
Mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39)
This block contains disorders in which the fundamental disturbance is a change in affect
or mood to depression (with or without associated anxiety) or to elation. The mood change
is usually accompanied by a change in the overall level of activity; most of the other
symptoms are either secondary to, or easily understood in the context of, the change in
mood and activity. Most of these disorders tend to be recurrent and the onset of
individual episodes can often be related to stressful events or situations.
情感疾病 （F30-F39）
本节包含基本障碍是情感改变的疾病 ， 情感或忧郁
（ 同时或有或无焦虑 ） 或高昂。情感的改变均同时
有整体活动量的改变。其伴随的大多数症状都是情
绪及活动变化而来。这些疾病有复发的倾向 ， 通常
每次发作与压力事件或情境相关。
F30.1
Mania without psychotic symptoms
Mood is elevated out of keeping with the patient's circumstances and may vary from
carefree joviality to almost uncontrollable excitement. Elation is accompanied by
increased energy, resulting in overactivity, pressure of speech, and a decreased need for
sleep. Attention cannot be sustained, and there is often marked distractibility.
Self-esteem is often inflated with grandiose ideas and overconfidence. Loss of normal
social inhibitions may result in behaviour that is reckless, foolhardy, or inappropriate
to the circumstances, and out of character.
无精神病性症状之躁症
情绪高昂之变动与病人的环境不协调 ， 可从无忧无
虑的快乐感到几乎无法控制的激动。情绪高扬伴随
活动力增加 ， 造成活动过度、说话急迫、睡眠需求
减少。注意力不能持续 ， 时常很明显的易於分心。
自我评价膨胀 ， 很夸大或过於自信的想法。患者社
会情境适当性不加以考量 ， 其行为会因而鲁莽、有
勇无谋或显得与社会情境不相宜 ， 与原来个性不相
称。
F30.2
Mania with psychotic symptoms
In addition to the clinical picture described in F30.1, delusions (usually grandiose) or
hallucinations (usually of voices speaking directly to the patient) are present, or the
excitement, excessive motor activity, and flight of ideas are so extreme that the subject
is incomprehensible or inaccessible to ordinary communication.
Mania with:
. mood-congruent psychotic symptoms
. mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms
Manic stupor
除了临床特徵比 F30.1 更严重外 ， 妄想 （ 通常是夸大的
） 或幻觉 （ 通常是直接与病患说话之声音 ） ， 或有
极严重之激动 ， 活动过度与极严重之意念飞跃 ， 患
者变得完全无法沟通。
躁症有 :
． 符合情感之精神病性症状
． 不符情感之精神病性症状
躁性静呆
F31 .1
Bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic without psychotic
symptoms
The patient is currently manic, without psychotic symptoms (as in F30.1), and has had at
least one other affective episode (hypomanic, manic, depressive, or mixed) in the past.
双相情感障碍症 ， 无精神病性症状之躁期
目前无精神病性症状之躁症 (F30.1) ， 且过去至少有一
次以上的其他情感障碍病发作 （ 轻躁症、躁症、忧
郁症或混合型发作 ） 。
F31 .2
Bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic with psychotic
symptoms
The patient is currently manic, with psychotic symptoms (as in F30.2), and has had at
least one other affective episode (hypomanic, manic, depressive, or mixed) in the past.
双相情感障碍症 ， 有精神病性症状之躁期
目前有精神病性症状的躁症 (F30.2) ， 且过去至少有一
次以上的其他情感障碍症发作 （ 轻躁症 ， 躁症 ， 忧
郁症或混合发作 ） 。
F31 .4
Bipolar affective disorder, current episode severe depression without
psychotic symptoms
The patient is currently depressed, as in severe depressive episode without psychotic
symptoms (F32.2), and has had at least one authenticated hypomanic, manic, or mixed
affective episode in the past.
双相情感障碍症 ， 无精神病性症状之重度郁期
目前无精神病性之重度郁期 (F32.2) ， 且过去至少有一
次轻躁症或躁症或混合型情感发作。
F31 .5
Bipolar affective disorder, current episode severe depression with
psychotic symptoms
The patient is currently depressed, as in severe depressive episode with psychotic
symptoms (F32.3), and has had at least one authenticated hypomanic, manic, or mixed
affective episode in the past.
双相情感障碍症 ， 有精神病性症状之重度郁期
目前有精神病性之重度忧郁症发作 (F32.3) ， 且过去至
少有一次轻症躁症或躁症或混合型感发作。
F31 .6
Bipolar affective disorder, current episode mixed
The patient has had at least one authenticated hypomanic, manic, depressive, or mixed
affective episode in the past, and currently exhibits either a mixture or a rapid
alteration of manic and depressive symptoms.
Excludes: single mixed affective episode (F38.0)
双相情感障碍症 ， 混合期
过去至少有一次躁症轻躁症或混合型情感发作 ， 现
在呈现混合型或快速交替之躁症 ， 轻躁症与忧郁症
的症状。
不包含 ： 单一混合型情感性发作 (F38.0)
F32
Depressive episode
In typical mild, moderate, or severe depressive episodes, the patient suffers from
lowering of mood, reduction of energy, and decrease in activity. Capacity for enjoyment,
interest, and concentration is reduced, and marked tiredness after even minimum effort is
common. Sleep is usually disturbed and appetite diminished. Self-esteem and self-
confidence are almost always reduced and, even in the mild form, some ideas of guilt or
worthlessness are often present. The lowered mood varies little from day to day, is
unresponsive to circumstances and may be accompanied by so-called "somatic"
symptoms, such as loss of interest and pleasurable feelings, waking in the morning several
hours before the usual time, depression worst in the morning, marked psychomotor
retardation, agitation, loss of appetite, weight loss, and loss of libido. Depending upon
the number and severity of the symptoms, a depressive episode may be specified as mild,
moderate or severe.
Includes: single episodes of:
. depressive reaction
. psychogenic depression
. reactive depression
Excludes: adjustment disorder (F43.2)
recurrent depressive disorder (F33.-)
when associated with conduct disorders in F91.- (F92.0)
郁症发作
典型的轻度 (F32.0) 、中度 (F32.1) 或重度 (F32.2及.3) 忧郁症发
作 ， 患者通常有忧郁情绪 ， 体力下降 ， 活动降低。
快乐感、兴趣、注意力均减低 ， 只稍微做事後即有
明显的疲倦是常见的。睡眠障碍 ， 食欲减低 ， 自我
评价与自信减低 ， 有罪恶感与无用感的意念 （ 甚至
在轻度忧郁发作时亦存在 ） 。每一天的情绪持续低
潮 ， 变化不大 ， 对生活情境常无反应。
上述症状中的一些项目可能很显着 ， 且展现特异之
表徵 ， 此特异表徵被普遍地认为有特殊临床意义。
最典型的例子是所谓的 ＂ 常伴有身体性 (somatic) 症状 ″
， 如失去兴趣或快乐感 ， 较平日睡醒时间更早数小
时睡醒 ， 一天之中早上更加忧郁 ， 精神运动迟滞或
激动 ， 丧失食欲 ， 体重减轻 ， 丧失性欲。由上述症
状数目与严重度 ， 可以区分为轻度 (F32.0) 、中度 （F32.1)
及重度 (F32.3及.3) 忧郁发作。
包含 ： 单一次发作 ：
． 忧郁反应
． 心因性忧郁
． 反应性忧郁
不包含 ： 适应障碍症 （F43.2)
复发性郁症 （F33.-）
伴有 F91.- 之行为障碍症 (F92.0)
F32.0
Mild depressive episode
Two or three of the above symptoms are usually present. The patient is usually distressed
by these but will probably be able to continue with most activities.
轻度郁症发作
上述症状 ， 出现 ２ 、 ３ 项。患者通常会因这些症状
感到不舒服 ， 但可能持续存於大部生活之活动中。
F32.1
Moderate depressive episode
Four or more of the above symptoms are usually present and the patient is likely to have
great difficulty in continuing with ordinary activities.
中度郁症发作
有上述症状的 ４ 项或更多项。患者可能很困难持续
其日常常规活动。
F32.2
Severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms
An episode of depression in which several of the above symptoms are marked and
distressing, typically loss of self-esteem and ideas of worthlessness or guilt. Suicidal
thoughts and acts are common and a number of "somatic" symptoms are usually
present.
Agitated depression-single episode without psychotic symptoms
Major depression-single episode without psychotic symptoms
Vital depression-single episode without psychotic symptoms
无精神病性症状之重度郁症发作
上述症状有多项出现 ， 且症状显着 ， 而感到相当的
痛苦 ， 明显地丧失自尊或自觉无用或有罪恶感。自
杀意念与行为是常见的且通常会有几种身体性症状
之出现。
激动性郁症 ， 无精神病性症状单一发作
重郁症 ， 无精神病性症状单一发作
生机性郁症 ， 无精神病性症状单一发作
F32.3
Severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms
An episode of depression as described in F32.2, but with the presence of hallucinations,
delusions, psychomotor retardation, or stupor so severe that ordinary social activities
are impossible; there may be danger to life from suicide, dehydration, or starvation. The
hallucinations and delusions may or may not be mood-congruent.
Single episodes of:
. major depression with psychotic symptoms
. psychogenic depressive psychosis
. psychotic depression
. reactive depressive psychosis
有精神病性症状之重度郁症发作
符合 F32.2 重度郁症发作之状况 ， 而且有幻觉、妄想、
精神运动迟滞或郁性静呆的症状。这些症状很严重
， 以致於日常活动之执行是不可能的 ， 会因自杀、
脱水、饥饿而有死亡之可能。其幻觉与妄想与其情
感状况或相符 ， 或不符。
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