substance [ 'sʌbstəns] n.物质；实质；本旨
substance [ 'sʌbstəns] n.财产；内容，本旨
substance ['sʌbstəns] n. 物质;实质
摆花架子 a metaphor for presenting an attractive facade but in reality lacking substance
Man can survive only when he has the substance; man can live only when he has ideal.
人有了物质才能生存，有了理想才能生活。
But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.
但是这些对于肽激素的信仿，被一个又一个的实验室质疑，他们发现抗血清被注入大脑后，并不在下丘脑那里才凝固，显示出肽激素和与抗血清反作用的物质都不存在。
Grasp the shadow and let go the substance.
舍本逐末。
本质 substance; essence; essentiality; hypostasis; inbeing; quiddity
资产 capital; assets; substance; asset
夹杂 [jiā zá] /(v) mingle together; mix together; have two dissimilar substances mixed together/
内容 [nèi róng] /content/substance/details/
气体 [qì tǐ] /gas (i.e. gaseous substance)/
实体 [shí tǐ] /entity/substance/
实质 [shí zhì] /substance/
坨 [tuó] /lump/spherical substance/
物体 [wù tǐ] /object/body/substance/
物质 [wù zhì] /matter/substance/material/materialistic/
有机物 [yǒu jī wù] /organic substance/organic matter/
炸药 [zhà yào] /explosive (substance)/
质 [zhì] /hostage/substance/nature/quality/
致癌物质 [zhì ái wù zhì] /carcinogen/cancer causing substance/
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.
从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。
Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.
很多人错误地认为“药物”这个词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。
They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.
他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。
This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.
这也是现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词的原因。
The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。
When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?
使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢？
First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.
首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的感知错乱。
Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.
反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。
Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.
影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作用的物质，
Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogen.
它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。
Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.
Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.
兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifestation") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”），因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态。
He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery.
他是对抗菌物质进行了长达9年的实验才有了这项发明的。
{adj: abused} used improperly or excessively especially drugs
"an abused substance"
{adj: accumulative, cumulative} increasing by successive addition
"the benefits are cumulative"
"the eventual accumulative effect of these substances"
{adj: achromatinic} (of substance of a cell nucleus) not readily colored by stains
<-> chromatinic
{adj: assimilating, assimilative, assimilatory} capable of taking (gas,light, or liquids into a solution)
"an assimilative substance
{adj: autoimmune} of or relating to the immune response of the body against substance normally present in the body
{adj: backed} used of film that is coated on the side opposite the emulsion with a substance to absorb light
{adj: bone} consisting of or made up of bone
"a bony substance"
"the bony framework of the body"
{adj: bound} held with another element, substance or material in chemical or physical union
<-> free
{adj: built, reinforced} (used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness
"the built liquid detergents"
{adj: butyraceous} having the qualities of butter or yielding or containing a substance like butter
{adj: cardboard, unlifelike} without substance
"cardboard caricatures of historical figures"
{adj: caustic, corrosive, erosive, vitriolic, mordant} of a substance, especially a strong acid; capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action
{adj: chemical} of or made from or using substances produced by or used in reactions involving atomic or molecular changes
"chemical fertilizer"
{adj: chromatinic} (of substance of a cell nucleus) readily colored by stains
<-> achromatinic
{adj: coarse, harsh} of textures that are rough to the touch or substances consisting of relatively large particles
"coarse meal"
"coarse sand"
"a coarse weave"
<-> fine
{adj: compound} consisting of two or more substances or ingredients or elements or parts
"soap is a compound substance"
"housetop is a compound word"
"a blackberry is a compound fruit"
{adj: consubstantial} regarded as the same in substance or essence (as of the three persons of the Trinity)
{adj: convertible, transformable, translatable, transmutable} capable of being changed in substance as if by alchemy
"is lead really transmutable into gold?"
"ideas translatable into reality"
{adj: corneous, hornlike, horny} made of horn (or of a substance resembling horn)
{adj: corporeal, material} having material or physical form or substance
"that which is created is of necessity corporeal and visible and tangible" - Benjamin Jowett
<-> incorporeal
{adj: cytotoxic} of or relating to substances that are toxic to cells
{adj: doped} treated or impregnated with a foreign substance
{adj: dry} used of solid substances in contrast with liquid ones
"dry weight"
{adj: evaporable, vaporific, vapourific, vaporizable, vapourisable, volatilizable, volatilisable} (used of substances) capable of being volatilized
{adj: fictile, moldable, plastic} capable of being molded or modeled (especially of earth or clay or other soft material)
"plastic substances such as wax or clay"
{adj: fine} of textures that are smooth to the touch or substances consisting of relatively small particles
"wood with a fine grain"
"fine powdery snow"
"fine rain"
"batiste is a cotton fabric with a fine weave"
"covered with a fine film of dust"
<-> coarse
{adj: fleshed out, full-clad} given substance or detail; completed
"did not spring full-clad from his imagination"
"a plan fleshed out with statistics and details"
{adj: flimsy, slight, tenuous, thin} having little substance or significance
"a flimsy excuse"
"slight evidence"
"a tenuous argument"
"a thin plot"
{adj: form-only} being a matter of form only; lacking substance
"a form-only requirement that is usually ignored"
{adj: homogenized, homogenised} formed by blending unlike elements especially by reducing one element to particles and dispersing them throughout another substance
{adj: immunosuppressive} of or relating to a substance that lowers the body's normal immune response and induces immunosuppression
{adj: incorporeal, immaterial} without material form or substance
"an incorporeal spirit"
<-> corporeal
{adj: inorganic} relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis
"hydrochloric and sulfuric acids are called inorganic substances"
<-> organic
{adj: insoluble, indissoluble} (of a substance) incapable of being dissolved
<-> soluble
{adj: insubstantial, unsubstantial, unreal} lacking material form or substance; unreal
"as insubstantial as a dream"
"an insubstantial mirage on the horizon"
<-> substantial
{adj: intangible, nonphysical} lacking substance or reality; incapable of being touched or seen
"that intangible thing--the soul"
{adj: intangible} (of especially business assets) not having physical substance or intrinsic productive value
"intangible assets such as good will"
<-> tangible
{adj: intoxicated, drunk, inebriated} stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol)
"a noisy crowd of intoxicated sailors"
"helplessly inebriated"
<-> sober
{adj: liquid} existing as or having characteristics of a liquid; especially tending to flow
"water and milk and blood are liquid substances"
<-> gaseous, solid
{adj: lyophilized, lyophilised, freeze-dried} used of tissue or blood or serum or other biological substances; dried by freezing in a high vacuum
{adj: massive} being the same substance throughout
"massive silver"
{adj: metamorphic} characterized by metamorphosis or change in physical form or substance
<-> nonmetamorphic
{adj: metaphysical} without material form or substance
"metaphysical forces"
{adj: mind-altering} producing mood changes or distorted perception
"hallucinogenic drugs are mind-altering substances"
{adj: molar} containing one mole of a substance
"molar weight"
{adj: mucoid, mucoidal} relating to or resembling mucus
"a mucoid substance"
{adj: mutable, changeable} capable of or tending to change in form or quality or nature
"a mutable substance"
"the mutable ways of fortune"
"mutable weather patterns"
"a mutable foreign policy"
<-> immutable
{adj: myelinic} of or relating to the substance that forms a sheath around the axon of some nerve fibers
{adj: nonionic, nonpolar} not ionic
"a nonionic substance"
<-> ionic
{adj: occluded, sorbed} (of a substance) taken into and retained in another substance
"the sorbed oil mass"
"large volumes of occluded hydrogen in palladium"
{adj: painted} lacking substance or vitality as if produced by painting
"in public he wore a painted smile"
{adj: photoconductive} of or relating to photoconductivity
"selenium is a photoconductive substance"
{adj: physical} having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses
"a physical manifestation"
"surrounded by tangible objects"
{adj: plastered, slicked} (of hair) made smooth by applying a sticky or glossy substance
"black hair plastered with pomade"
{adj: poor} lacking in specific resources, qualities or substances
"a poor land"
"the area was poor in timber and coal"
"food poor in nutritive value"
<-> rich
{adj: pyroligneous, pyrolignic} of a substance produced by the effect of heat on wood, especially by destructive distillation
{adj: qualitative} involving distinctions based on qualities
"qualitative change"
"qualitative data"
"qualitative analysis determines the chemical constituents of a substance or mixture"
<-> quantitative
{adj: quantitative} expressible as a quantity or relating to or susceptible of measurement
"export wheat without quantitative limitations"
"quantitative analysis determines the amounts and proportions of the chemical constituents of a substance or mixture"
<-> qualitative
{adj: quick-drying} of a liquid substance that dries quickly
{adj: refrigerant, refrigerating} causing cooling or freezing
"a refrigerant substance such as ice or solid carbon dioxide"
{adj: rich} having an abundant supply of desirable qualities or substances (especially natural resources)
"blessed with a land rich in minerals"
"rich in ideas"
"rich with cultural interest"
<-> poor
{adj: saturated, concentrated} being the most concentrated solution possible at a given temperature; unable to dissolve still more of a substance
"a saturated solution"
<-> unsaturated
{adj: shadowy, wraithlike} lacking in substance
"strange fancies of unreal and shadowy worlds"- W.A.Butler
"dim shadowy forms"
"a wraithlike column of smoke"
{adj: simple} having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved
"a simple problem"
"simple mechanisms"
"a simple design"
"a simple substance"
<-> complex
{adj: slimed, slimy} covered with or resembling slime
"a slimy substance covered the rocks"
{adj: sober} not affected by a chemical substance (especially alcohol)
<-> intoxicated
{adj: solid} entirely of one substance with no holes inside
"a solid block of wood"
<-> hollow
{adj: solid} of one substance or character throughout
"solid gold"
"carved out of solid rock"
{adj: soluble} (of a substance) capable of being dissolved in some solvent (usually water)
<-> insoluble
{adj: spiritual} lacking material body or form or substance
"spiritual beings"
"the vital transcendental soul belonging to the spiritual realm"-Lewis Mumford
{adj: spray-dried} dried by bringing a sprayed substance (e.g. milk or soap) into contact with hot air and recovering it in the form of a powder
{adj: sternutatory, sternutative} causing sneezing
"pepper is a sternutatory substance"
{adj: substantial, real, material} having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary
"the substantial world"
"a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical"
"most ponderous and substantial things"- Shakespeare
<-> insubstantial
{adj: superficial, trivial} of little substance or significance
"a few superficial editorial changes"
"only trivial objections"
{adj: tangible} (of especially business assets) having physical substance and intrinsic monetary value
"tangible property like real estate"
"tangible assets such as machinery"
<-> intangible
{adj: teratogenic} of or relating to substances or agents that can interfere with normal embryonic development
{adj: time-release} of or relating to a preparation that gradually releases an active substance (especially a drug) over a period of time
{adj: toxic} of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison
"suffering from exposure to toxic substances"
<-> nontoxic
{adj: translatable} capable of being put into another form or style or language
"substances readily translatable to the American home table"
"his books are eminently translatable"
<-> untranslatable
{adj: unreal} lacking in reality or substance or genuineness; not corresponding to acknowledged facts or criteria
"ghosts and other unreal entities"
"unreal propaganda serving as news"
<-> real
{adj: unsaturated} not saturated; capable of dissolving more of a substance at a given temperature
"an unsaturated salt solution"
<-> saturated
{adj: watery} relating to or resembling or consisting of water
"a watery substance"
"a watery color"
{adv: chemically} with respect to chemistry
"chemically different substances"
{adv: metabolically} involving metabolism
"metabolically important substances"
{adv: nonspecifically} without specificity
"nonspecifically staining substances"
{adv: qualitatively} in a qualitative manner
"this discoloration qualitatively suggests that the substance is low in inorganic iron"
{n: Anaximander} a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC)
{n: Athanasianism} the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father
<-> Arianism
{n: Avogadro's number, Avogadro number} the number of molecules in a mole of a substance (approximately 602,250,000,000,000,000,000,000)
{n: Curie temperature, Curie point} the temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance loses its ferromagnetism and becomes paramagnetic
{n: Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug Enforcement Agency, DEA} federal agency responsible for enforcing laws and regulations governing narcotics and controlled substances; goal is to immobilize drug trafficking organizations
{n: Mohs scale} a scale of hardness of solids; talc is 0 and diamond is 10; ordering is determined by which substance can scratch another substance
{n: Parmenides} a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC)
{n: Picris, genus Picris} genus of weedy Old World yellow-flowered herbs usually containing a bitter-tasting substance: bitterweed
{n: Rubia, genus Rubia} type genus of the Rubiaceae; Old World herbs and subshrubs grown for their medicinal properties and for dye substances extracted from their roots
{n: Sida, genus Sida} large genus of tropical subshrubs or herbs some of which yield fibers of mucilaginous substances
{n: United States dry unit} a unit of measurement of capacity for dry substances officially adopted in the United States Customary System
{n: abrasive, abradant, abrasive material} a substance that abrades or wears down
{n: absorbent material, absorbent} a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance
{n: absorption band} a dark band in the spectrum of white light that has been transmitted through a substance that exhibits absorption at selective wavelengths
{n: absorption coefficient, coefficient of absorption, absorptance} a measure of the rate of decrease in the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (as light) as it passes through a given substance; the fraction of incident radiant energy absorbed per unit mass or thickness of an absorber
"absorptance equals 1 minus transmittance"
{n: absorption, soaking up} (chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another; a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid
{n: active transport} transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy
{n: activity} (chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction
"catalytic activity"
{n: addict} someone who is physiologically dependent on a substance; abrupt deprivation of the substance produces withdrawal symptoms
{n: adhesive material, adhesive agent, adhesive} a substance that unites or bonds surfaces together
{n: adsorbent, adsorbent material} a material having capacity or tendency to adsorb another substance
{n: adulterant, adulterator} any substance that adulterates (lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance)
"it is necessary to remove the adulterants before use"
{n: adulteration} the act of adulterating (especially the illicit substitution of one substance for another)
{n: adulterator} a changer who lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance
{n: aerosol, aerosol container, aerosol can, aerosol bomb, spray can} a dispenser that holds a substance under pressure and that can release it as a fine spray (usually by means of a propellant gas)
{n: agent} a substance that exerts some force or effect
{n: agglutinogen} any substance that acts as an antigen to cause agglutinin production
{n: allergen} any substance that can cause an allergy
{n: alundum} a substance made of fused alumina
{n: ambergris} waxy substance secreted by the sperm whale and found floating at sea or washed ashore; used in perfume
{n: aminopyrine, amidopyrine} a white crystalline substance used as an analgesic and antipyretic
{n: amyloid} a non-nitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch; any substance resembling starch
{n: anabolism, constructive metabolism} the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy
<-> catabolism
{n: anaphylactic shock} a severe and rapid and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to a substance (especially a vaccine or penicillin or shellfish or insect venom) to which the organism has become sensitized by previous exposure
{n: anaphylaxis} hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion or injection of a substance (a protein or drug) resulting from prior contact with a substance
{n: angiocardiogram} a series of X rays representing the action of the heart and its blood vessels after the injection of a radiopaque substance
{n: angiogram} an X-ray representation of blood vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance
"angiograms are produced by angiography"
{n: angiotensin, angiotonin, Hypertensin} any of several vasoconstrictor substances (trade name Hypertensin) that cause narrowing of blood vessels
{n: animal oil} any oil obtained from animal substances
{n: ant cow} excretes a honeylike substance eaten by ants
{n: antagonism} (biochemistry) interference in or inhibition of the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure
{n: antibiotic, antibiotic drug} a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections
"when antibiotics were first discovered they were called wonder drugs"
{n: anticatalyst} (chemistry) a substance that retards a chemical reaction or diminishes the activity of a catalyst
<-> catalyst
{n: anticholinergic, anticholinergic drug} a substance that opposes or blocks the action of acetylcholine
{n: antigen} any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies)
{n: antioxidant} substance that inhibits oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides
{n: antiperspirant} an astringent substance applied to the skin to reduce perspiration
{n: antipruritic} a substance that relieves or prevents itching
{n: antiseptic} a substance that destroys micro-organisms that carry disease without harming body tissues
{n: applicator, applier} a device for applying a substance
{n: asphalt, mineral pitch} a dark bituminous substance found in natural beds and as residue from petroleum distillation; consists mainly of hydrocarbons
{n: assay} a quantitative or qualitative test of a substance (especially an ore or a drug) to determine its components; frequently used to test for the presence or concentration of infectious agents or antibodies etc.
{n: assay} a substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components
{n: assay} a written report of the results of an analysis of the composition of some substance
{n: astringency, astringence} a sharp astringent taste; the taste experience when a substance causes the mouth to pucker
{n: atomic cocktail} an oral dose of radioactive substance used in treatment and diagnosis of cancer
{n: autoclave, sterilizer, steriliser} a device for heating substances above their boiling point; used to manufacture chemicals or to sterilize surgical instruments
{n: autophyte, autophytic plant, autotroph, autotrophic organism} plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances
{n: bacteriochlorophyll} a substance in photosensitive bacteria that is related to but different from chlorophyll of higher plants
{n: bagger} a machine for putting objects or substances into bags
{n: balata, gutta balata} when dried yields a hard substance used e.g. in golf balls
{n: balm} any of various aromatic resinous substances used for healing and soothing
{n: basivertebral vein, vena basivertebralis} one of a number of veins draining the spongy substance of the vertebrae and emptying into the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
{n: behavior, behaviour} the action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances
"the behavior of small particles can be studied in experiments"
{n: bioassay, bio-assay} appraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard
{n: bioremediation} the act of treating waste or pollutants by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that can break down the undesirable substances
{n: blasting cap} a small tube filled with detonating substances; used to detonate high explosives
{n: body substance} the substance of the body
{n: bombardment} the act (or an instance) of subjecting a body or substance to the impact of high-energy particles (as electrons or alpha rays)
{n: bone black, bone char, animal black, animal charcoal} black substance containing char in the form of carbonized bone; used as a black pigment
{n: bone, osseous tissue} the porous calcified substance from which bones are made
{n: bounce, bounciness} the quality of a substance that is able to rebound
{n: buffered aspirin, Bufferin} aspirin coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid (trade name Bufferin)
{n: builder, detergent builder} a substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action
{n: butterfat} the fatty substance of milk from which butter is made
{n: cake, bar} a block of solid substance (such as soap or wax)
"a bar of chocolate"
{n: calcium hydroxide, lime, slaked lime, hydrated lime, calcium hydrate, caustic lime, lime hydrate} a caustic substance produced by heating limestone
{n: cancer juice} a milky substance found in certain cancerous growths
{n: candied apple, candy apple, taffy apple, caramel apple, toffee apple} an apple that is covered with a candy-like substance (usually caramelized sugar)
{n: carbohydrate, saccharide, sugar} an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
{n: carbon black, lampblack, soot, smut, crock} a black colloidal substance consisting wholly or principally of amorphous carbon and used to make pigments and ink
{n: carbon dioxide, CO2, carbonic acid gas} a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis
{n: carbon paper, carbon} a thin paper coated on one side with a dark waxy substance (often containing carbon); used to transfer characters from the original to an under sheet of paper
{n: carcinogen} any substance that produces cancer
{n: carrier} an inactive substance that is a vehicle for a radioactive tracer of the same substance and that assists in its recovery after some chemical reaction
{n: catabolism, katabolism, dissimilation, destructive metabolism} breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy
<-> anabolism
{n: catalyst, accelerator} (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
<-> anticatalyst
{n: catechin} a tannic acid that is extracted from black catechu as a white crystalline substance
{n: caustic} any chemical substance that burns or destroys living tissue
{n: cautery, cauterant} an instrument or substance used to destroy tissue for medical reasons (eg removal of a wart) by burning it with a hot iron or an electric current or a caustic or by freezing it
{n: celluloid} highly flammable substance made from cellulose nitrate and camphor; used in e.g. motion-picture and X-ray film; its use has decreased with the development of nonflammable thermoplastics
{n: cementum, cement} a specialized bony substance covering the root of a tooth
{n: centrifugation} the process of separating substances by the use of a centrifuge
{n: cephalosporin, Mefoxin} one of several broad spectrum antibiotic substances obtained from fungi and related to penicillin (trade names Mefoxin); addition of side chains has produced semisynthetic antibiotics with greater antibacterial activity
{n: chalk} a piece of calcite or a similar substance, usually in the shape of a crayon, that is used to write or draw on blackboards or other flat surfaces
{n: char} a charred substance
{n: chemical analysis, qualitative analysis} the act of decomposing a substance into its constituent elements
{n: chemical element, element} any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
{n: chemical energy} that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction
{n: chemical irritant} a substance producing irritation
{n: chemical process, chemical change, chemical action} (chemistry) any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved
{n: chemical reaction, reaction} (chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others
"there was a chemical reaction of the lime with the ground water"
{n: chemical reactor} an apparatus for holding substances that are undergoing a chemical reaction
{n: chemical weapon} chemical substances that can be delivered using munitions and dispersal devices to cause death or severe harm to people and animals and plants
{n: chemical, chemical substance} produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules
{n: chemistry, chemical science} the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions
{n: chicle, chicle gum} gum-like substance from the sapodilla
{n: chitin} a tough semitransparent horny substance; the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of certain fungi
{n: chondrin} a substance that resembles gelatin and is obtained by boiling cartilage in water
{n: chromatin, chromatin granule} the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes
{n: club drug} a controlled substance that is usually taken by young people at dance clubs and raves
{n: coating, finish, finishing} a decorative texture or appearance of a surface (or the substance that gives it that appearance)
"the boat had a metallic finish"
"he applied a coat of a clear finish"
"when the finish is too thin it is difficult to apply evenly"
{n: cofactor} a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result
{n: colophony} translucent brittle substance produced from pine oleoresin; used especially in varnishes and inks and on the bows of stringed instruments
{n: colorimeter, tintometer} a measuring instrument used in colorimetric analysis to determine the quantity of a substance from the color it yields with specific reagents
{n: coloring, colouring, food coloring, food colouring, food color, food colour} a digestible substance used to give color to food
"food color made from vegetable dyes"
{n: column, chromatography column} a vertical glass tube used in column chromatography; a mixture is poured in the top and washed through a stationary substance where components of the mixture are adsorbed selectively to form colored bands
{n: combustible, combustible material} a substance that can be burned to provide heat or power
{n: combustion, burning} a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light
{n: comestible, edible, eatable, pabulum, victual, victuals} any substance that can be used as food
{n: compound, chemical compound} (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight
{n: concentration} (chemistry) the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume (expressed as moles/cubic meter)
{n: concentration} strengthening the amount of a substance in a unit amount of another substance (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing the other substance
<-> dilution
{n: conditioner} a substance used in washing (clothing or hair) to make things softer
{n: conductor} a substance that readily conducts e.g. electricity and heat
<-> insulator
{n: conjugated protein, compound protein} a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances
{n: consubstantiation} the doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine
{n: contaminant, contamination} a substance that contaminates
{n: contamination, pollution} the act of contaminating or polluting; including (either intentionally or accidentally) unwanted substances or factors
<-> decontamination
{n: content} the proportion of a substance that is contained in a mixture or alloy etc.
{n: contrast medium, contrast material} a substance that is opaque to x-rays; when administered it allows a radiologist to examine the organ or tissue it fills
{n: controlled substance} a drug or chemical substance whose possession and use are controlled by law
{n: converter, convertor} a device for changing one substance or form or state into another
{n: corrosive} a substance having the tendency to cause corrosion (such a strong acids or alkali)
{n: coupon} a test sample of some substance
{n: cream, ointment, emollient} toiletry consisting of any of various substances in the form of a thick liquid that have a soothing and moisturizing effect when applied to the skin
{n: crucible steel} steel made by the mixture of molten wrought iron, charcoal, and other substances in a crucible
{n: cryocautery} application of a substance that destroys tissue by freezing it
{n: crystal, crystallization} a rock formed by the solidification of a substance; has regularly repeating internal structure; external plane faces
{n: culture medium, medium} (bacteriology) a nutrient substance (solid or liquid) that is used to cultivate micro-organisms
{n: cytolysin} a substance that partly or completely destroys animal cells
{n: cytotoxin} any substance that has a toxic effect on cells
{n: decay, radioactive decay, disintegration} the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the emission of ionizing radiation
{n: decoction} (pharmacology) the extraction by boiling of water-soluble drug substances
{n: decomposition, decomposition reaction, chemical decomposition reaction} (chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance
{n: defective pleading} any pleading that fails to conform in form or substance to minimum standards of accuracy or sufficiency
{n: delphinium} any plant of the genus Delphinium having palmately divided leaves and showy spikes of variously colored spurred flowers; some contain extremely poisonous substances
{n: denaturant} any substance that serves as a denaturing agent
{n: densitometry} measuring the optical density of a substance by shining light on it and measuring its transmission
{n: dentifrice} a substance for cleaning the teeth; applied with a toothbrush
{n: desiccant, drying agent, drier, sicative} a substance that promotes drying (e.g., calcium oxide absorbs water and is used to remove moisture)
{n: destructive distillation} heating a solid substance in a closed container and collecting the volatile products
{n: detoxification} a treatment for addiction to drugs or alcohol intended to remove the physiological effects of the addictive substances
{n: dextrin} any of various polysaccharides obtained by hydrolysis of starch; a tasteless and odorless gummy substance that is used as a thickening agent and in adhesives and in dietary supplements
{n: dialysis} separation of substances in solution by means of their unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes
{n: dialyzer, dialysis machine} a medical instrument for separating substances in solution by unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes
{n: diamagnet} a substance that exhibits diamagnetism
{n: digestion} the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body
{n: digestive} any substance that promotes digestion
{n: dimorphism} (chemistry) the property of certain substances that enables them to exist in two distinct crystalline forms
{n: discharge, emission, expelling} any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body
"the discharge of pus"
{n: discharge, emission} a substance that is emitted or released
{n: dispersed phase, dispersed particles} (of colloids) a substance in the colloidal state
{n: dispersing phase, dispersion medium, dispersing medium} (of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed
{n: displacement, displacement reaction} (chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound
{n: diuretic drug, diuretic, water pill} any substance that tends to increase the flow of urine
{n: dose, dosage} the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time
{n: double salt} a solution of two simple salts that forms a single substance on crystallization
{n: dragon's blood} a dark red resinous substance derived from various trees and used in photoengraving
{n: dronabinol} psychoactive substance present in marijuana; used therapeutically to control nausea associated with cancer therapy
{n: drug of abuse, street drug} a drug that is taken for nonmedicinal reasons (usually for mind-altering effects); drug abuse can lead to physical and mental damage and (with some substances) dependence and addiction
{n: drug user, substance abuser, user} a person who takes drugs
{n: drug} a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic
{n: duct, epithelial duct, canal, channel} a bodily passage or tube lined with epithelial cells and conveying a secretion or other substance
"the tear duct was obstructed"
"the alimentary canal"
"poison is released through a channel in the snake's fangs"
{n: dye, dyestuff} a usually soluble substance for staining or coloring e.g. fabrics or hair
{n: eburnation} a change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory
{n: ectoplasm} (spiritualism) a substance supposed to emanate from the body of the medium during a trance
{n: egg white, white, albumen, ovalbumin} the white part of an egg; the nutritive and protective gelatinous substance surrounding the yolk consisting mainly of albumin dissolved in water
"she separated the whites from the yolks of several eggs"
{n: electrodeposition} the deposition of a substance on an electrode by the action of electricity (especially by electrolysis)
{n: element} one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe
"the alchemists believed that there were four elements"
{n: elixir of life} a hypothetical substance believed to maintain life indefinitely; once sought by alchemists
{n: elixir} a substance believed to cure all ills
{n: enamel, tooth enamel} hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth
{n: enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay, ELISA} an assay that relies on an enzymatic conversion reaction and is used to detect the presence of specific substances (such as enzymes or viruses or antibodies or bacteria)
{n: epidural injection} injection of an anesthetic substance into the epidural space of the spinal cord in order to produce epidural anesthesia
{n: essence} any substance possessing to a high degree the predominant properties of a plant or drug or other natural product from which it is extracted
{n: eutectic} a mixture of substances having a minimum melting point
{n: excretory organ, urinary organ} an organ that separates waste substances from the blood and discharges them
{n: explosive} a chemical substance that undergoes a rapid chemical change (with the production of gas) on being heated or struck
{n: exudate, exudation} a substance that oozes out from plant pores
{n: eyeshadow} makeup consisting of a cosmetic substance used to darken the eyes
{n: fat} a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides)
"pizza has too much fat"
{n: feebleness, tenuity} the quality of lacking intensity or substance
"a shrill yet sweet tenuity of voice"- Nathaniel Hawthorne
{n: ferment} a substance capable of bringing about fermentation
{n: fertilizer, fertiliser, plant food} any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile
{n: fiber, fibre} a slender and greatly elongated solid substance
{n: filling} (dentistry) a dental appliance consisting of any of various substances (as metal or plastic) inserted into a prepared cavity in a tooth
"when he yawned I could see the gold fillings in his teeth"
"an informal British term for `filling' is `stopping'"
{n: filth, crud, skank} any substance considered disgustingly foul or unpleasant
{n: firelighter} (a piece of) a substance that burns easily and can be used to start a coal or coke fire
{n: fish glue} gelatinous substance obtained by boiling skins fins and bones of fish
{n: fluid} a continuous amorphous substance that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gas
{n: fluid} a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure
{n: fluorochrome} any of various fluorescent substances used in fluorescence microscopy to stain specimens
{n: flux} a substance added to molten metals to bond with impurities that can then be readily removed
{n: flypaper} paper that is poisoned or coated with a sticky substance to kill flies
{n: foamentation} a substance used as a warm moist medicinal compress or poultice
{n: fog, fogginess, murk, murkiness} an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance
{n: food allergy} allergic reaction to a substance ingested in food
{n: food, nutrient} any substance that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue
{n: food, solid food} any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment
"food and drink"
{n: foodstuff, food product} a substance that can be used or prepared for use as food
{n: formula, chemical formula} a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements
{n: formulation, preparation} a substance prepared according to a formula
{n: fractionation, fractional process} a process that uses heat to separate a substance into its components
{n: freezing mixture} a mixture of substances (usually salt and ice) to obtain a temperature below the freezing point of water
{n: fuel} a substance that can be consumed to produce energy
"more fuel is needed during the winter months"
"they developed alternative fuels for aircraft"
{n: fulvic acid} a yellow to yellow-brown humic substance that is soluble in water under all pH conditions
"they measured the fluvial fulvic acid"
{n: fumigant} a chemical substance used in fumigation
{n: funnel} a conically shaped utensil having a narrow tube at the small end; used to channel the flow of substances into a container with a small mouth
{n: galactocele} a cystic tumor containing milk or a milky substance (especially in the mammary glands)
{n: ganoin, ganoine} shiny substance that resemble enamel and is secreted by the corium of certain fishes (especially ganoid fishes) and composes the outer layer of their scales
{n: gland, secretory organ, secretor, secreter} any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream
{n: glue, gum, mucilage} cement consisting of a sticky substance that is used as an adhesive
{n: gluten} a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough
{n: glycerite, glycerole} a medicine made by mixing a substance in glycerin
{n: goitrogen} any substance (such as thiouracil) that induces the formation of a goiter
{n: gram molecule, mole, mol} the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams; the basic unit of amount of substance adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites
{n: greasepaint} a greasy substance used as makeup by actors
{n: grey matter, gray matter, grey substance, gray substance, substantia grisea} greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons
{n: groundlessness, idleness} the quality of lacking substance or value
"the groundlessness of their report was quickly recognized"
{n: gum} any of various substances (soluble in water) that exude from certain plants; they are gelatinous when moist but harden on drying
{n: half life, half-life} the time required for something to fall to half its initial value (in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate)
{n: harshness, abrasiveness, scratchiness} the roughness of a substance that causes abrasions
{n: heat of dissociation} the heat required for a fluid substance to break up into simpler constituents
{n: heat of formation} the heat evolved or absorbed during the formation of one mole of a substance from its component elements
{n: heat of solution} the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a substance is dissolved in a large volume of a solvent
{n: hemodialysis, haemodialysis} dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream; used in the case of kidney failure
{n: hemolysin, haemolysin, erythrolysin, erythrocytolysin} any substance that can cause lysis (destruction) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their hemoglobin
{n: hemosiderin, haemosiderin} a granular brown substance composed of ferric oxide; left from the breakdown of hemoglobin; can be a sign of disturbed iron metabolism
{n: heterotroph} an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition
{n: hexachlorophene} antibacterial substance that is a water-soluble powder used in antiseptic soaps and toothpaste
{n: humectant} any substance that is added to another substance to keep it moist
{n: humic acid} a dark brown humic substance that is soluble in water only at pH values greater than 2
"the half-life of humic acid is measured in centuries"
{n: humic substance} an organic residue of decaying organic matter
{n: humin} a black humic substance that is not soluble in water
{n: hyaloplasm, ground substance} the clear nongranular portion of the cytoplasm of a cell
{n: hyaluronic acid} a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye; a cementing and protective substance
{n: hydrocolloid} a substance that forms a gel with water
{n: igniter, ignitor, lighter} a substance used to ignite or kindle a fire
{n: illegal possession} possession of controlled substances
{n: immovable bandage} a bandage of cloth impregnated with a substance (e.g., plaster of Paris) that hardens soon after it is applied
{n: immune response, immune reaction, immunologic response} a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen
{n: immune system} a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response
{n: immunoassay, immunochemical assay} identification of a substance (especially a protein) by its action as an antigen
"PSA in the blood can be measured with an immunochemical assay"
{n: immunogen, immunizing agent} any substance or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body
{n: immunosuppression} lowering the body's normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances; can be deliberate (as in lowering the immune response to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ) or incidental (as a side effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy for cancer)
{n: impregnation, saturation} the process of totally saturating something with a substance
"the impregnation of wood with preservative"
"the saturation of cotton with ether"
{n: incense} a substance that produces a fragrant odor when burned
{n: indicator} (chemistry) a substance that changes color to indicate the presence of some ion or substance; can be used to indicate the completion of a chemical reaction or (in medicine) to test for a particular reaction
{n: infusion, extract} a solution obtained by steeping or soaking a substance (usually in water)
{n: infusion} (medicine) the passive introduction of a substance (a fluid or drug or electrolyte) into a vein or between tissues (as by gravitational force)
{n: inhibitor} a substance that retards or stops an activity
<-> activator
{n: injection} the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
{n: inlay} (dentistry) a filling consisting of a solid substance (as gold or porcelain) fitted to a cavity in a tooth and cemented into place
{n: inoculant, inoculum} a substance (a virus or toxin or immune serum) that is introduced into the body to produce or increase immunity to a particular disease
{n: insectifuge, insect repellent, insect repellant} a chemical substance that repels insects
{n: insubstantiality} lack of solid substance and strength
{n: insubstantiality} lacking substance or reality
<-> substantiality
{n: intermediate} a substance formed during a chemical process before the desired product is obtained
{n: intrinsic factor} a substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12
"lack of intrinsic factor can result in pernicious anemia"
{n: intumescence, intumescency, swelling} the swelling of certain substances when they are heated (often accompanied by release of water)
{n: inversion} a chemical process in which the direction of optical rotation of a substance is reversed from dextrorotatory to levorotary or vice versa
{n: ionizing radiation} high-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes
{n: jelly} a substance having the consistency of semisolid foods
{n: kernel, substance, core, center, essence, gist, heart, heart and soul, inwardness, marrow, meat, nub, pith, sum, nitty-gritty} the choicest or most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience
"the gist of the prosecutor's argument"
"the heart and soul of the Republican Party"
"the nub of the story"
{n: lab coat, laboratory coat} a light coat worn to protect clothing from substances used while working in a laboratory
{n: lacquer} a black resinous substance obtained from certain trees and used as a natural varnish
{n: lac} resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects; used in e.g. varnishes and sealing wax
{n: laetrile} a substance derived from amygdalin; publicized as an antineoplastic drug although there is no supporting evidence
{n: lamellar mixture} a mixture in which substances occur in distinct layers
{n: lanolin} an emollient containing wool fat (a fatty substance obtained from the wool of sheep)
{n: law of constant proportion, law of definite proportions} (chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight
{n: law of mass action} (chemistry) the law that states the following principle: the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting substances
{n: layer, bed} single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance
"slices of hard-boiled egg on a bed of spinach"
{n: lead pencil} pencil that has graphite as the marking substance
{n: lead, pencil lead} mixture of graphite with clay in different degrees of hardness; the marking substance in a pencil
{n: leaven, leavening} a substance used to produce fermentation in dough or a liquid
{n: leucothoe} any plant of the genus Leucothoe; grown for their beautiful white flowers; glossy foliage contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in genus Kalmia
{n: liquid body substance, bodily fluid, body fluid, humor, humour} the liquid parts of the body
{n: liquid, liquidness, liquidity, liquid state} the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibility
{n: liquid} a substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume
{n: liquid} a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure
{n: liquor} a liquid substance that is a solution (or emulsion or suspension) used or obtained in an industrial process
"waste liquors"
{n: liver} large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; synthesizes vitamin A; detoxifies poisonous substances and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes
{n: lochia} substance discharged from the vagina (cellular debris and mucus and blood) that gradually decreases in amount during the weeks following childbirth
{n: lubricant, lubricator, lubricating substance, lube} a substance capable of reducing friction by making surfaces smooth or slippery
{n: lute, luting} a substance for packing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to gas or liquid
{n: lymphangiogram} an angiogram of the lymph nodes and lymph vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance
{n: lysin} any substance (such as an antibody) or agent that can cause lysis
{n: magnetic ink} an ink that contains particles of a magnetic substance whose presence can be detected by magnetic sensors
{n: magnetization, magnetisation, magnetic induction} the process that makes a substance magnetic (temporarily or permanently)
{n: mantle, pallium} (zoology) a protective layer of epidermis in mollusks or brachiopods that secretes a substance forming the shell
{n: marbles} a children's game played with little balls made of a hard substance (as glass)
{n: material, stuff} the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object
"coal is a hard black material"
"wheat is the stuff they use to make bread"
{n: matrix, intercellular substance, ground substance} the body substance in which tissue cells are embedded
{n: meaning, substance} the idea that is intended
"What is the meaning of this proverb?"
{n: means, substance} considerable capital (wealth or income)
"he is a man of means"
{n: medium} (biology) a substance in which specimens are preserved or displayed
{n: medium} an intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication
{n: medium} an intervening substance through which something is achieved
"the dissolving medium is called a solvent"
{n: melter} a worker who melts substances (metal or wax etc.)
{n: message, content, subject matter, substance} what a communication that is about something is about
{n: metabolic alkalosis} alkalosis resulting from hydrogen-ion loss or excessive intake of alkaline substances
{n: metabolite} any substance involved in metabolism (either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism)
{n: metamorphism} change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure or heat of introduction of new chemical substances
{n: metamorphosis} a complete change of physical form or substance especially as by magic or witchcraft
{n: micronutrient} a substance needed only in small amounts for normal body function (e.g., vitamins or minerals)
{n: mineral extraction, mineral processing, mineral dressing, ore processing, ore dressing, beneficiation} crushing and separating ore into valuable substances or waste by any of a variety of techniques
{n: mineral} solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition
{n: mitomycin, Mutamycin} a complex of antibiotic substances obtained from a streptomyces bacterium; one form (trade name Mutamycin) shows promise as an anticancer drug
{n: mixture} (chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding)
{n: moderator} any substance used to slow down neutrons in nuclear reactors
{n: modulus} (physics) a coefficient that expresses how much of a specified property is possessed by a specified substance
{n: monism} the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element
<-> pluralism
{n: mordant} a substance used to treat leather or other materials before dyeing; aids in dyeing process
{n: mortar} a bowl-shaped vessel in which substances can be ground and mixed with a pestle
{n: mother} a stringy slimy substance consisting of yeast cells and bacteria; forms during fermentation and is added to cider or wine to produce vinegar
{n: mucilage} a gelatinous substance secreted by plants
{n: mucin} a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces
{n: myelin, myeline, medulla} a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers
{n: neurochemical} any organic substance that occurs in neural activity
{n: neuromuscular blocking agent} a substance that interferes with the neural transmission between motor neurons and skeletal muscles
{n: nodule} (mineralogy) a small rounded lump of mineral substance (usually harder than the surrounding rock or sediment)
{n: nucleoprotein} any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid
{n: occupational disease, industrial disease} disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment (usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts)
{n: oil beetle} any of various beetles that exude an oily substance from the leg joints that deters enemies
{n: oil} a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water
{n: omnivore} an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances
{n: organic chemistry} the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially)
{n: oxidant, oxidizer, oxidiser, oxidizing agent} a substance that oxidizes another substance
{n: paint} a substance used as a coating to protect or decorate a surface (especially a mixture of pigment suspended in a liquid); dries to form a hard coating
{n: paper wasp} any of several social wasps that construct nests of a substance like paper
{n: papier-mache} a substance made from paper pulp that can be molded when went and painted when dry
{n: paramagnet} magnet made of a substance whose magnetization is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field applied to it
{n: passive transport} transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion; expenditure of energy is not required
{n: pencil} a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement; a rod of marking substance encased in wood
{n: pencil} graphite (or a similar substance) used in such a way as to be a medium of communication
"the words were scribbled in pencil"
"this artist's favorite medium is pencil"
{n: permeation, pervasion, suffusion} the process of permeating or infusing something with a substance
{n: pernicious anemia, pernicious anaemia, malignant anemia, malignant anaemia} a chronic progressive anemia of older adults; thought to result from a lack of intrinsic factor (a substance secreted by the stomach that is responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12)
{n: pestle} a club-shaped hand tool for grinding and mixing substances in a mortar
{n: phase space} (physics) an ideal space in which the coordinate dimensions represent the variables that are required to describe a system or substance
"a multidimensional phase space"
{n: pheromone} a chemical substance secreted externally by some animals (especially insects) that influences the physiology or behavior of other animals of the same species
{n: philosopher's stone, philosophers' stone, elixir} a hypothetical substance that the alchemists believed to be capable of changing base metals into gold
{n: phloem, bast} (botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed; consists primarily of sieve tubes
{n: phlogiston} a hypothetical substance once believed to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning
{n: phosphor} a synthetic substance that is fluorescent or phosphorescent; used to coat the screens of cathode ray tubes
{n: photoconductivity, photoconduction} change in the electrical conductivity of a substance as a result of absorbing electromagnetic radiation
{n: physical chemistry} the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances
{n: pine tar} a dark viscous substance obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wood
{n: pitch, tar} any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue
{n: plant toxin, phytotoxin} any substance produced by plants that is similar in its properties to extracellular bacterial toxin
{n: plasticizer, plasticiser} a substance added to plastics or other materials to make them more pliable
{n: pluralism} the doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements
<-> monism
{n: poison, toxicant, poisonous substance} any substance that causes injury or illness or death of a living organism
{n: poisoning, toxic condition, intoxication} the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance
{n: pollution} undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities
{n: powder photography, powder method, powder technique} a process for identifying minerals or crystals; a small rod is coated with a powdered form of the substance and subjected to suitably modified X-rays; the pattern of diffracted rings is used for identification
{n: powder, pulverization, pulverisation} a solid substance in the form of tiny loose particles; a solid that has been pulverized
{n: powdered mustard, dry mustard} a substance such that one to three tablespoons dissolved in a glass of warm water is a homemade emetic
{n: precipitate} a precipitated solid substance in suspension or after settling or filtering
{n: precursor} a substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction)
{n: preservation} a process that saves organic substances from decay
{n: product} a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
"a product of lime and nitric acid"
{n: prostaglandin} a potent substance that acts like a hormone and is found in many bodily tissues (and especially in semen); produced in response to trauma and may affect blood pressure and metabolism and smooth muscle activity
{n: protoplasm, living substance} the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus)
{n: provitamin} vitamin precursor; a substance that is converted into a vitamin in animal tissues
{n: psychoactive drug, mind-altering drug, consciousness-altering drug, psychoactive substance} a drug that can produce mood changes and distorted perceptions
{n: psychotropic agent} a chemical substance that can influence human consciousness
{n: punk} substance that smolders when ignited; used to light fuses (especially fireworks)
{n: purine} a colorless crystalline organic base containing nitrogen; the parent compound of various biologically important substances
{n: pyrogen, pyrectic} any substance that can cause a rise in body temperature
{n: pyrogen} any substance characterized by its great flammability
{n: pyrolysis} transformation of a substance produced by the action of heat
{n: quantitative analysis, quantitative chemical analysis} chemical analysis to determine the amounts of each element in the substance
{n: quintessence, ether} the fifth and highest element after air and earth and fire and water; was believed to be the substance composing all heavenly bodies
{n: radiochemistry, nuclear chemistry} the chemistry of radioactive substances
{n: radioimmunoassay} immunoassay of a substance that has been radioactively labeled
{n: radiologist, radiotherapist} a medical specialist who uses radioactive substances and X-rays in the treatment of disease
{n: radiotherapy, radiation therapy, radiation, actinotherapy, irradiation} (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance
{n: rauwolfia, rauvolfia} any shrub or small tree of the genus Rauwolfia having leaves in whorls and cymose flowers; yield substances used medicinally especially as emetics or purgatives or antihypertensives
{n: reactant} a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
{n: reagin} an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy
{n: recapitulation, recap, review} a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion
{n: reclamation} the recovery of useful substances from waste products
{n: rectification} (chemistry) the process of refinement or purification of a substance by distillation
{n: reducing agent, reducer, reductant} a substance capable of bringing about the reduction of another substance as it itself is oxidized; used in photography to lessen the density of a negative or print by oxidizing some of the slackened silver
{n: reductase} an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance
{n: refinery} an industrial plant for purifying a crude substance
{n: refractometer} measuring instrument for measuring the refractive index of a substance
{n: refrigerant} a substance used to provide cooling (as in a refrigerator)
{n: regulatory gene, regulator gene} a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene
{n: rejection} (medicine) an immunological response that refuses to accept substances or organisms that are recognized as foreign
"rejection of the transplanted liver"
{n: releasing factor, releasing hormone, RF} a substance produced by the hypothalamus that is capable of accelerating the secretion of a given hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
{n: remover} a solvent that removes a substance (usually from a surface)
"paint remover"
"rust remover"
"hair remover"
{n: render} a substance similar to stucco but exclusively applied to masonry walls
{n: rennet} a substance that curdles milk in making cheese and junket
{n: repellent, repellant} a chemical substance that repels animals
{n: reservoir, source} anything (a person or animal or plant or substance) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies
"an infectious agent depends on a reservoir for its survival"
{n: resin, rosin} any of a class of solid or semisolid viscous substances obtained either as exudations from certain plants or prepared by polymerization of simple molecules
{n: resorption, reabsorption} the organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation
{n: retort} a vessel where substances are distilled or decomposed by heat
{n: saccharin} a crystalline substance 500 times sweeter than sugar; used as a calorie-free sweetener
{n: salicylic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid} a white crystalline substance with a bitter aftertaste; used as a fungicide or in making aspirin or dyes or perfumes
{n: sarcolemma} an extensible membrane enclosing the contractile substance of a muscle fiber
{n: saturation point} (chemistry) the stage at which a substance will receive no more of another substance in solution or in a vapor
{n: scratch test} a test to determine allergic sensitivity to various substances by applying them to scratches in the skin
{n: sealing material} any substance used to seal joints or fill cracks in a porous surface
{n: secretion, secernment} the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance
{n: secretion} a functionally specialized substance (especially one that is not a waste) released from a gland or cell
{n: section} a very thin slice (of tissue or mineral or other substance) for examination under a microscope
"sections from the left ventricle showed diseased tissue"
{n: semiconductor, semiconducting material} a substance as germanium or silicon whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator; its conductivity increases with temperature and in the presence of impurities
{n: sensitizer, sensitiser} (chemistry) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction
{n: shape, form} the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance
"geometry is the mathematical science of shape"
{n: shoe polish, blacking} a substance used to produce a shiny protective surface on footwear
{n: silicic acid} a jellylike substance (hydrated silica)
{n: sink} (technology) a process that acts to absorb or remove energy or a substance from a system
"the ocean is a sink for carbon dioxide"
<-> source
{n: sludge, slime, goo, gook, guck, gunk, muck, ooze} any thick messy substance
{n: smoke, smoking} the act of smoking tobacco or other substances
"he went outside for a smoke"
"smoking stinks"
{n: smoke} something with no concrete substance
"his dreams all turned to smoke"
"it was just smoke and mirrors"
{n: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose} a gummy substance that is a sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose; used as a thickening or emulsifying agent
{n: softener} a substance added to another to make it less hard
{n: soil conditioner} a chemical substance used to improve the structure of the soil and increase its porosity
"gypsum can be used as a soil conditioner"
{n: solid body substance} the solid parts of the body
{n: solid, solidness, solid state} the state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains a definite size and shape
{n: solid} a substance that is solid at room temperature and pressure
{n: solubility} the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution)
{n: solute} the dissolved substance in a solution; the component of a solution that changes its state
{n: solution} a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution
"he used a solution of peroxide and water"
{n: solvent, dissolvent, dissolver, dissolving agent, resolvent} a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
"the solvent does not change its state in forming a solution"
{n: sorbate} a material that has been or is capable of being taken up by another substance by either absorption or adsorption
{n: sorbent, sorbent material} a material that sorbs another substance; i.e. that has the capacity or tendency to take it up by either absorption or adsorption
{n: sorption} the process in which one substance takes up or holds another (by either absorption or adsorption)
{n: source} (technology) a process by which energy or a substance enters a system
"a heat source"
"a source of carbon dioxide"
<-> sink
{n: spark} a small fragment of a burning substance thrown out by burning material or by friction
{n: spatter, spattering, splash, splashing, splattering} the act of splashing a (liquid) substance on a surface
{n: spatula} a hand tool with a thin flexible blade used to mix or spread soft substances
{n: specific gravity} the density of a substance relative to the density of water
{n: specific heat} the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade
{n: spermaceti} a white waxy substance from oil of the sperm whale
{n: spice} any of a variety of pungent aromatic vegetable substances used for flavoring food
{n: spice} aromatic substances of vegetable origin used as a preservative
{n: spitball, spitter} an illegal pitch in which a foreign substance (spit or Vaseline) is applied to the ball by the pitcher before he throws it
{n: spontaneous combustion} ignition of a substance (as oily rags) resulting from an internal oxidation process
{n: spray gun} an applicator resembling a gun for applying liquid substances (as paint) in the form of a spray
{n: sternutator, sternutatory} a chemical substance that causes sneezing and coughing and crying
"police used a sternutatory to subdue the mob"
{n: sterol, steroid alcohol} any of a group of natural steroid alcohols derived from plants or animals; they are waxy insoluble substances
{n: still} an apparatus used for the distillation of liquids; consists of a vessel in which a substance is vaporized by heat and a condenser where the vapor is condensed
{n: stoichiometry} (chemistry) the relation between the quantities of substances that take part in a reaction or form a compound (typically a ratio of whole integers)
{n: subsistence} the state of existing in reality; having substance
{n: substance abuse, drug abuse, habit} excessive use of drugs
{n: substance, matter} that which has mass and occupies space
"an atom is the smallest indivisible unit of matter"
{n: substance} the stuff of which an object consists
{n: substantiality, substantialness, solidness} the quality of being substantial or having substance
<-> insubstantiality
{n: substrate} the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme or ferment
{n: superficies} the purely external aspect of a thing; superficial appearance
"the audience was held by the substance of the play rather than by the superficies of the production"-R.W.Speaight
{n: synthetic, synthetic substance} a compound made artificially by chemical reactions
{n: system} (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium
"in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"
"a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
{n: tablet} a small flat compressed cake of some substance
"a tablet of soap"
{n: tannin, tannic acid} any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin; used in tanning and in medicine
{n: target organ} (radiology) organ intended to receive the therapeutic dose of a radioactive substance
{n: taste, tasting} a kind of sensing; distinguishing substances by means of the taste buds
"a wine tasting"
{n: taurine} a colorless crystalline substance obtained from the bile of mammals
{n: tenderizer, tenderiser} a substance (as the plant enzyme papain) applied to meat to make it tender
{n: tenor, strain} the general meaning or substance of an utterance
"although I disagreed with him I could follow the tenor of his argument"
{n: tetrahydrocannabinol, THC} psychoactive substance present in marijuana
{n: thermionic emission, thermal emission} the emission of electrons from very hot substances
{n: thermion} an electrically charged particle (electron or ion) emitted by a substance at a high temperature
{n: thermogravimetry} the measurement of changes in weight as a function of changes in temperature used as a technique of chemically analyzing substances
{n: third law of thermodynamics} law stating that the entropy of a substance approaches zero as its temperature approaches absolute zero
{n: tincture} a substances that colors metals
{n: tomalley} edible greenish substance in boiled lobster
{n: toner} a substance used in a printer to develop a xerographic image
{n: torch} a light carried in the hand; consists of some flammable substance
{n: tortoiseshell} the mottled horny substance of the shell of some turtles
{n: toxemia, toxaemia} blood poisoning caused by bacterial toxic substances in the blood
{n: toxin} a poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species
{n: transmittance, transmission} the fraction of radiant energy that passes through a substance
{n: transmutation, transubstantiation} an act that changes the form or character or substance of something
{n: transparent substance, translucent substance} a material having the property of admitting light diffusely; a partly transparent material
{n: transubstantiation} the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist
{n: transudate, transudation} a substance that transudes
{n: tricyclic, tricyclic antidepressant, tricyclic antidepressant drug} an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and thus making more of those substances available to act on receptors in the brain
{n: trypsinogen} inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine
{n: vacuum flask, vacuum bottle} flask with double walls separated by vacuum; used to maintain substances at high or low temperatures
{n: vapor, vapour} a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance
{n: vaporizer, vaporiser} a device that puts out a substance in the form of a vapor (especially for medicinal inhalation)
{n: vegetable wax} a waxy substance obtained from plants (especially from the trunks of certain palms)
{n: vehicle} a substance that facilitates the use of a drug or pigment or other material that is mixed with it
{n: vitamin} any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism
{n: vitrification} a vitrified substance; the glassy result of being vitrified
{n: volatile} a volatile substance; a substance that changes readily from solid or liquid to a vapor
"it was heated to evaporate the volatiles"
{n: water softener} a substance (such as sodium chloride) that lessens the hardness of water by replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions and so gives the water more efficient sudsing power
{n: wax insect} any of various insects that secrete a waxy substance
{n: wax} any of various substances of either mineral origin or plant or animal origin; they are solid at normal temperatures and insoluble in water
{n: wetting agent, wetter, surfactant, surface-active agent} a substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved
{n: wood} the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees
{n: woolly aphid, woolly plant louse} secretes a waxy substance like a mass of fine curly white cotton or woolly threads
{n: zymosis, zymolysis, fermentation, fermenting, ferment} a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol
{v: activate} make (substances) radioactive
{v: adulterate, stretch, dilute, debase} corrupt, debase, or make impure by adding a foreign or inferior substance ; often by replacing valuable ingredients with inferior ones
"adulterate liquor"
{v: alkalinize, alkalinise} make (a substance) alkaline
"The oxyde is alkalized"
{v: assay} analyze (chemical substances)
{v: astringe} become constricted or compressed
"The cold substance astringes"
{v: calcine} heat a substance so that it oxidizes or reduces
{v: chemisorb} take up a substance by chemisorption
{v: clean, make clean} make clean by removing dirt, filth, or unwanted substances from
"Clean the stove!"
"The dentist cleaned my teeth"
<-> dirty
{v: clean, pick} remove unwanted substances from, such as feathers or pits
"Clean the turkey"
{v: compose} form the substance of
"Greed and ambition composed his personality"
{v: consubstantiate} become united in substance
"thought and the object consubstantiate"
{v: consubstantiate} unite in one common substance
"Thought is consubstantiated with the object"
{v: convert} change in nature, purpose, or function ; especially undergo a chemical change
"The substance converts to an acid"
{v: copolymerize, copolymerise} polymerize together
"the two substances copolymerized"
{v: cure} make (substances) hard and improve their usability
"cure resin"
{v: daub, smear} cover (a surface) by smearing (a substance) over it
"smear the wall with paint"
"daub the ceiling with plaster"
{v: decompose, break up, break down} separate (substances) into constituent elements or parts
{v: deflagrate} cause to burn rapidly and with great intensity
"care must be exercised when this substance is to be deflagrated"
{v: desorb} go away from the surface to which (a substance) is adsorbed
{v: desorb} remove from a surface on which it is adsorbed
"the substance was desorped"
{v: digest} convert food into absorbable substances
"I cannot digest milk products"
{v: discharge, expel, eject, release} eliminate (substances) from the body
{v: dust} cover with a light dusting of a substance
"dust the bread with flour"
{v: dwindle, dwindle away, dwindle down} become smaller or lose substance
"Her savings dwindled down"
{v: extend, stretch} increase in quantity or bulk by adding a cheaper substance
"stretch the soup by adding some more cream"
"extend the casserole with a little rice"
{v: fill} plug with a substance
"fill a cavity"
{v: flake} form into flakes
"The substances started to flake"
{v: fuel} provide with a combustible substance that provides emergy
"fuel aircraft, ships, and cars"
{v: fuse} become plastic or fluid or liquefied from heat
"The substances fused at a very high temperature"
{v: gasify, vaporize, vaporise, aerify} turn into gas
"The substance gasified"
{v: hatch} inlay with narrow strips or lines of a different substance such as gold or silver, for the purpose of decorating
{v: infiltrate} pass into or through by filtering or permeating
"the substance infiltrated the material"
{v: leach, strip} remove substances from by a percolating liquid
"leach the soil"
{v: leak} have an opening that allows light or substances to enter or go out
"The container leaked gasoline"
"the roof leaks badly"
{v: liquefy, liquify, liquidize, liquidise} make (a solid substance) liquid, as by heating
"liquefy the silver"
{v: medicate} impregnate with a medicinal substance
{v: percolate} cause (a solvent) to pass through a permeable substance in order to extract a soluble constituent
{v: photosensitize, photosensitise} make (an organism or substance) sensitive to the influence of radiant energy and especially light
{v: poultice, plaster} dress by covering with a therapeutic substance
{v: press out, express, extract} obtain from a substance, as by mechanical action
"Italians express coffee rather than filter it"
{v: prospect} explore for useful or valuable things or substances, such as minerals
{v: quench} reduce the degree of (luminescence or phosphorescence) in (excited molecules or a material) by adding a suitable substance
{v: rarefy, attenuate} weaken the consistency of (a chemical substance)
{v: react} undergo a chemical reaction ; react with another substance under certain conditions
"The hydrogen and the oxygen react"
{v: realize, realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate} make real or concrete ; give reality or substance to
"our ideas must be substantiated into actions"
{v: restrict} place under restrictions ; limit access to
"This substance is controlled"
<-> derestrict
{v: saturate} cause (a chemical compound, vapour, solution, magnetic material, etc.) to unite with the greatest possible amount of another substance
{v: scavenge, clean} remove unwanted substances from
{v: scintillate} give off
"the substance scintillated sparks and flashes"
{v: sink, subside} descend into or as if into some soft substance or place
"He sank into bed"
"She subsided into the chair"
{v: size} cover or stiffen or glaze a porous material with size or sizing (a glutinous substance)
{v: smear} stain by smearing or daubing with a dirty substance
{v: smut} stain with a dirty substance, such as soot
{v: solvate} cause a solvation in (a substance)
{v: spill, shed, disgorge} cause or allow (a solid substance) to flow or run out or over
"spill the beans all over the table"
{v: spill, slop, splatter} cause or allow (a liquid substance) to run or flow from a container
"spill the milk"
"splatter water"
{v: test} determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
{v: transpire, transpirate} pass through the tissue or substance or its pores or interstices, as of gas
{v: vitrify} change into glass or a glass-like substance by applying heat
{v: wash out} wash free from unwanted substances, such as dirt
"Wash out your dirty shirt in the sink"
The challenge for Baekeland and his rivals was to find some set of ratio of ingredients and heat and pressure that would yield a more workable, shellac-like substance.
贝克兰和他的对手面临的共同挑战就是要找到某组条件－某种难以掌握的成份比率及热量和压力－能生产出更有效的类似紫胶的东西。
And when Baekeland put this stuff into the bakelizer, he was rewarded with a hard, translucent, infinitely moldable substance.
当贝克兰将这种东西放进了合成器后，他获得了一种坚硬的、半透明的、具有无限可塑性的物质。
In a word: plastic.
它就是：塑料。
From something as vile as coal tar came a remarkably versatile substance.
从某种像煤渣那样污秽的东西中炼出了一种用途十分广泛的东西。
When human organs are transferred from person to person, the immune system attacks and destroys what it sees as a foreign substance.
当人类器官从某人移植到另一人时，受体的免疫系统即将其视作外来物质进行攻击和破坏。
Said a former senior intelligence official:
一位前高级情报官员说：
" If it is Gamma, then the fact of its substance being known could also blow an intercept source. "
如果是 ' 情报官员说：伽马 ' 情报官员说：级，那么这些内容被泄露的事实本身也会切断一个截获情报的来源。
Whether a test comes out positive or negative often depends on the level of substance it seeks a certain chemical in urine, for instance so very small amounts might not register.
一种测试是呈阳性还是阴性常常取决于测试所搜寻的物质的水平，例如尿中的某种化学物质，因此极小量时便可能记录不下来。
The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes - one that makes cells divide rapidly; another that disables two substances meant to rein in excessive division; and a third that promotes the production of an enzyme called telomerase, which made the cells essentially immortal.
科学家们取出连蒂组织和肾细胞，接入三种突变基因--其中一种使得细胞快速分裂；另一种使控制细胞过度分裂的两种物质无法工作；第三种促进了一种被称为端粒末端转移着的产生，而这使得这些细胞基本上永生不灭。
Microbes can take toxic substances in contaminated soil and convert them into harmless by-products.
微生物能从被污染的土壤中吸收有毒的物质，把它们转化成无害的副产品。
A substance called resveratrol, found in grape skins, may reduce levels of bad cholesterol.
在葡萄皮上发现的一种叫做 resveratrol 的物质，有可能降低有害胆固醇水平。
But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.
然则，有关肽激素的这些信念已遭到人们的质疑，随着一个接一个的实验室发现，针对肽激素的抗血清（antiserum），一旦被注射入大脑，就会在下丘脑以外的其它地方粘结起来，从而表明要么是肽激素本身，要么是和抗血清发生交叉反应的物质在此存在。
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