significant [ sig'nifikənt] n.有意义的；重要的
significant [ sig'nifikənt] a.有效的
significant [sig'nifikənt] a.有效的，有意义的
significant 重要的,有效的
significant 重要的,有效的
An art is only great and significant if it is one that all may enjoy.
艺术作品只有在所有人都可以欣赏时才是伟大的、重要的。
Your success today must be significant for your future life.
你今天的成功对你未来的生活很重要。
Does the report give all the significant facts of the case?
这份报告提供了涉及这个案件的所有重要证据吗？
Newspapers print the most significant stories on the first page.
报纸把最重大的新闻放在头版。
After a long meeting of 3 hours, the government has made the most significant decision.
经过长达3个小时的会议之后，政府作出了重大的决定。
A significant reward is offered for the recovery of a painting by Picasso.
为追回毕加索的一幅画, 已出了一大笔赏金。
We should work be such a significant source of human satisfaction.A good share of the answer rest in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the job , by the activity of accomplishing.
Leonard R.Sayles, British writer
为什么工作竟然是人们获得满足的如此重要的源泉呢？最主要的答案就在于，工作和通过工作所取得的成就，能激起一种自豪感。
英国作家塞尔斯.L.R.
暗示的 significant; allusive; implicit; implied; insinuating; insinuative; suggestive; adumbrative
有意义 [yǒu yì yì] /to have meaning/to have significance/meaningful/significant/
重大 [zhòng dà] /great/important/major/significant/
重要 [zhòng yào] /important/significant/major/
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age.
For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
特殊儿童与其他同龄的正常孩子相比有一些重要的不同之处。
对于这些孩子来说，要使他们到成年时全部的潜力能得到开发，那么他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。
{adj: applaudable, commendable, laudable, praiseworthy} worthy of high praise
"applaudable efforts to save the environment"
"a commendable sense of purpose"
"laudable motives of improving housing conditions"
"a significant and praiseworthy increase in computer intelligence"
{adj: basic, canonic, canonical} reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality
"a basic story line"
"a canonical syllable pattern"
{adj: big} significant
"graduation was a big day in his life"
{adj: earthshaking, world-shaking, world-shattering} sufficiently significant to affect the whole world
"earthshaking proposals"
"the contest was no world-shaking affair"
"the conversation...could hardly be called world-shattering"
{adj: epochal, epoch-making} highly significant or important especially bringing about or marking the beginning of a new development or era
"epochal decisions made by Roosevelt and Churchill"
"an epoch-making discovery"
{adj: inappreciable} too small to make a significant difference
"inappreciable fluctuations in temperature"
{adj: insignificant, unimportant} not important or noteworthy
<-> significant
{adj: meaning, pregnant, significant} rich in significance or implication
"a meaning look"
"pregnant with meaning"
{adj: nonsignificant} attributable to chance
<-> significant
{adj: sententious} abounding in or given to pompous or aphoristic moralizing
"too often the significant episode deteriorates into sententious conversation"- Kathleen Barnes
{adj: significant, important} important in effect or meaning
"a significant change in tax laws"
"a significant change in the Constitution"
"a significant contribution"
"significant details"
"statistically significant"
<-> insignificant
{adj: significant, substantial} fairly large
"won by a substantial margin"
{adj: significant} too closely correlated to be attributed to chance and therefore indicating a systematic relation
"the interaction effect is significant at the .01 level"
"no significant difference was found"
<-> nonsignificant
{adj: true to} sexually faithful
"she was true to her significant other"
{adj: uneventful} marked by no noteworthy or significant events
"an uneventful life"
"the voyage was pleasant and uneventful"
"recovery was uneventful"
<-> eventful
{adv: globally} throughout the world
"this is globally significant"
{adv: insignificantly} not to a significant degree or amount
"Our budget will only be insignificantly affected by these new cuts"
<-> significantly
{adv: materially} to a significant degree
"it aided him materially in winning the argument"
{adv: militarily} with respect to the military
"on a militarily significant scale"
{adv: numerically} in number; with regard to numbers
"in ten years' time the Oxbridge mathematicians, scientists, and engineers will not be much more significant numerically than the Oxbridge medical schools are now"
{adv: significantly} in a significant manner
"our budget will be significantly affected by these new cuts"
<-> insignificantly
{adv: significantly} in a statistically significant way
"the two groups differed significantly"
{n: acathexis} (psychoanalysis) a lack of cathexis; a condition in which significant objects or memories arouse no emotion in an individual
{n: accuracy} (mathematics) the number of significant figures given in a number
"the atomic clock enabled scientists to measure time with much greater accuracy"
{n: analysis of variance, ANOVA} a statistical method for making simultaneous comparisons between two or more means; a statistical method that yields values that can be tested to determine whether a significant relation exists between variables
{n: analytical review} an auditing procedure based on ratios among accounts and tries to identify significant changes
{n: art, artistic creation, artistic production} the creation of beautiful or significant things
"art does not need to be innovative to be good"
"I was never any good at art"
"he said that architecture is the art of wasting space beautifully"
{n: big science} scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results
{n: delusional disorder} any mental disorder in which delusions play a significant role
{n: difference} a significant change
"the difference in her is amazing"
"his support made a real difference"
{n: domestic partner, significant other, spousal equivalent, spouse equivalent} a person (not necessarily a spouse) with whom you cohabit and share a long-term sexual relationship
{n: emphasis} special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
{n: industrialist} someone who manages or has significant financial interest in an industrial enterprise
{n: key word} a significant word used in indexing or cataloging
{n: lover} a significant other to whom you are not related by marriage
{n: man} a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman
"she takes good care of her man"
<-> woman
{n: milestone} a significant event in your life (or in a project)
{n: nonevent} an anticipated event that turns out to be far less significant than was expected
{n: significance} the quality of being significant
"do not underestimate the significance of nuclear power"
<-> insignificance
{n: significant digit, significant figure} any digit of a number that is known with certainty; any digit of a number beginning with the leftmost non-zero digit and ending with the rightmost non-zero digit (or a zero considered to be the exact value)
"he calculated the answer to four significant figures"
{n: soul} a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s
"soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement"
{n: stride} significant progress (especially in the phrase "make strides")
"they made big strides in productivity"
{n: tenesmus} painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces; associated with irritable bowel syndrome
{n: transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP} removal of significant amounts of prostate tissue (as in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia)
{n: woman} a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man
"he was faithful to his woman"
<-> man
{v: burn} spend (significant amounts of money)
"He has money to burn"
{v: look to} turn one's interests or expectations towards
"look to the future"
"this method looks to significant wavings"
{v: report} announce as the result of an investigation, or announce something to the proper authorities
"Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city"
"The team reported significant advances in their research"
{v: understate, minimize, minimise, downplay} represent as less significant or important
<-> overstate
There has been no significant change in human DNA in the last ten thousand years.
在过去的一万年里，人类的 DNA没有什么重大的变化。
But it is likely that we will be able to completely redesign it in the next thousand.
但在下一个千年里，我们很可能会完全重新设计它。
The Hong Kong port operator Hutchison Whampoa is focused on the business side of a significant 25-year lease.
香港的港口经营公司哈奇森.惠姆波公司最引人注目的是它在长达 25年的租赁期里生意会做得怎样。
Control of the Panama Canal has been handed back to Panama by the United States, and now a major Chinese company has a significant stake in the venture.
美国已经把巴拿马运河的控制权交还给了巴拿马，目前一家中国大公司在这项有风险的商业运作中占有相当大的投资份额。
He even remembered to age the ink by putting it over a radiator, and made a few dogears and faint pencil-marks against what he thought might be significant passages.
他甚至没有忘记把书放在散热器上使墨水的色泽陈旧，将几张书页折上角，并且在他认为可能非常重要的段落做上淡淡的铅笔标记。
Meanwhile the consumer market for alternative medicines is booming and becoming a significant economic force.
同时，代用医药的消费市场正日趋繁荣，并演变成一个重要的经济力量。
And it's getting to be a significant business: its technology partners include Oracle, Sun Microsystems and Web-hosting giant Exodus.
Beenz 网站的生意越做越大：其技术伙伴包括甲骨文，太阳微系统公司和大型网络公司 Exodus 等。
The number is more significant, since users have to actually pay for the program( $35).
由于每一位用户都必须支付 35美元的费用，因此这一用户数字就更显得不同凡响。
Though many of them are 90s creations that began as Web designers, and few have produced significant profits, these e-savvy young consultancies are capturing the business of blue-chip clients like CBS, Nokia, Sony and American Express business.
尽管许多新公司都是在 90年代以网络设计起家的，而且几乎没有一家赚过什么大钱，但是它们熟谙电子信息技术，正在抢得哥伦比亚广播公司、诺基亚、索尼和美国运通银行等大公司的咨询生意。
" Most of these products have not been investigated to any significant extent that would warrant the claims that are being made, " says Dr. Ronald Petersen, a neuroscientist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
密歇根州罗切斯特市 Mayo 诊所的神经科专家罗纳德彼得森说：这些产品大多数没有经过深入的调查研究，来证明它们的确名符其实。
They suspect that the 22 injections imposed on children by age six may pose significant dangers.
他们对强加在六岁以内儿童的 22种疫苗提出质疑，认为可能会对儿童产生很大的危险。
It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant.
只是因为星际距离是如此之遥远，以致于每单位体积中如此少的一点点物质才会如此影响重大。
In sum, Gutman's study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves' achievements, one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.
总而言之，古特曼的研究意义重大，因为它针对奴隶们的某些成就提出了一种逻辑推理缜密和新颖独特的解释，这一解释不无道理地强调了奴隶们自身所拥有的资源。
Haney's thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population.
哈尼全面彻底的研究提供了令人信服的实地证据，证明食草动物确能对浮游植物的种群数量产生重大的压力。
As other explanations proved equally untenable, biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic.
由于其它解释均证明同样站不住脚，生物学家故而得出结论，即在双眼左侧摆位与右侧摆位之间，不存在任何重大的适应性差异，凡此两种特征在基因遗传方面与某种其它在适应性方面有重要意义的特征相关。
While it may be true that the crown attempted to curtail the power of the colonial upper classes, it is hard to imagine how the English army during the seventeenth century could have provided significant military support for such a policy.
尽管韦伯的那种说法不无道理，即英王曾试图削弱殖民地上层阶级的力量，但实难想象十七世纪的英国军队如何能为这样一种政策提供重要的军事支持。
A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction.
整个社会中的很大一部分人迄今为止仍对在这方面扩展平等甚感不安。
By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance.
至1910年，他已开始利用特写镜头（close-up），来揭示场面或表演的重要细节，并用大全景镜头（extremely olng shot，又译特长镜头）以获得一种场面感和距离感。
Mr. Hale said if it turns out the chunk of foam did strike Discovery's wing, it was probably too small to do any major harm. He said NASA engineers will begin pouring over high resolution images of the wing to see if they can detect any significant damage.
赫尔说，如果这一小块泡沫材料真的击中了机翼的话，它恐怕小得不会对机翼造成任何重大损坏。赫尔说，美国航空航天局的工程师们将开始详尽考察机翼的高精度图象，看看是否能看到机翼受到任何损坏的迹象。
Two days of debate on the G-four proposal in the General Assembly this week revealed significant opposition. Two of the five current permanent Council members, China and the United States, warned against moving too fast on expansion. A third, Russia, suggested the G-four proposal was "unacceptable."
联大这个星期就四国提案展开过两天辩论，显示阻力很大。5个现任常任理事国中有两个，也就是中国和美国警告不要仓促扩大安理会。俄罗斯则表示四国提案“不可接受”。
But even if Mrs. Aquino does not have the same kind of influence she once had over Philippine political life, Mr. Rocamora says she still wields significant clout, and should not be underestimated.
尽管阿基诺夫人在菲律宾政治领域中的影响力已经不像从前，可是罗卡莫拉说，她仍然有着很高的政治威望，这一点不容低估。
President Bush says U.S. troops are making a significant difference in the lives of those affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami. President Bush got an update on those relief efforts, and the fight against terrorism, during a briefing by military officials at the Pentagon.
美国总统布什表示，美国部队正在极大地改善印度洋海啸受害者的生活。布什总统就救灾和反恐问题在五角大楼听取了军方官员的汇报。
"I have got to tell you, our military is making a significant difference in providing relief and aid and help and compassion for those who have suffered," he said.
他说：“我们的军队提供救援和帮助，而且富有同情心，大大地改善了灾民的处境。”
F07.0
Organic personality disorder
A disorder characterized by a significant alteration of the habitual patterns of behaviour
displayed by the subject premorbidly, involving the expression of emotions, needs and
impulses. Impairment of cognitive and thought functions, and altered sexuality may also be
PART of the clinical picture.
Organic:
. pseudpsychopathic personality
. pseudoretarded personality
Syndrome:
. frontal lobe
. limbic epilepsy personality
. lobotomy
. postleucotomy
Excludes: enduring personality change after:
. catastrophic experience (F62.0)
. psychiatric illness (F62.1)
postconcussional syndrome (F07.2)
postencephalitic syndrome (F07.1)
specific personality disorder (F60.-)
器质性人格障碍症
此疾患之特徵为病前习性的明显改变。特别是影响
到情绪、需求、与冲动的表现。认知功能的缺陷与
性行为、性欲之变化也许可能是临床之表现。
器质性 ：
． 器质性假性精神病性人格
． 器质性假性迟滞性人格
徵候群 ：
． 额叶徵候群
． 边缘叶癫痫人格徵候群
． 脑叶白质切割徵候群
． 白质切割後遗徵候群
不包含 ：
． 灾难性经验後之永续性人格改变 (F62.0)
． 精神疾病後之永续性人格改变 (F62.1)
脑震汤後徵候群 (F07.2)
脑炎後徵候群 (F07.1)
特殊类别人格障碍症 (F60.-)
F31 .7
Bipolar affective disorder, currently in remission
The patient has had at least one authenticated hypomanic, manic, or mixed affective
episode in the past, and at least one other affective episode (hypomanic, manic,
depressive, or mixed) in addition, but is not currently suffering from any significant
mood disturbance, and has not done so for several months. Periods of remission during
prophylactic treatment should be coded here.
双相情感障碍 ， 缓解期
过去至少有一次躁症或轻躁症或混合型情感发作并
且至少还有其他一次情感障碍症发作 （ 轻躁症、躁
症、郁症或混合型 ） ， 但现在并无任何的情绪障碍
， 无症状至少几个月以上。因接受预防性治疗而缓
解之期间 ， 亦算在内。
F43
Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders
This category differs from others in that it includes disorders identifiable on the basis
of not only symptoms and course but also the existence of one or other of two causative
influences: an exceptionally stressful life event producing an acute stress reaction, or a
significant life change leading to continued unpleasant circumstances that result in an
adjustment disorder. Although less severe psychosocial stress ("life events")
may precipitate the onset or contribute to the presentation of a very wide range of
disorders classified elsewhere in this chapter, its etiological importance is not always
clear and in each case will be found to depend on individual, often idiosyncratic,
vulnerability, i.e. the life events are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain the
occurrence and form of the disorder. In contrast, the disorders brought together here are
thought to arise always as a direct consequence of acute severe stress or continued
trauma. The stressful events or the continuing unpleasant circumstances are the primary
and overriding causal factor and the disorder would not have occurred without their
impact. The disorders in this section can thus be regarded as maladaptive responses to
severe or continued stress, in that they interfere with successful coping mechanisms and
therefore lead to problems of social functioning.
严重压力之反应与适应障碍症
此一类诊断与其他类不同乃在於要确认此种疾病 ，
不仅要基於症状学和病程 ， 而且也要基於一两个影
响的原因 － 包含一个非比寻常的压力事件产生压力
反应 ， 或是一个显着的生活改变导致继续不适意的
环境因而引起适应障碍症。虽然较不严重的心理社
会压力 （ 生活事件 ） 会发生或促发在本章中处处所
提的较广范围之疾病表现 ， 然而此类压力在病因学
上的重要性并不一定清楚 ， 而每个个案上的特异性
与脆弱性是较为重要的。它们并不必然也不充分能
够解释疾病的发生及型式 * 相对地 ， 本项疾病被认为
是直接导因於急性严重的压力或持续创伤所致之後
果。此种压力事件或持续的不愉快情境是主要的或
具决定性的因子 ， 如果没有此种冲击疾病必然不会
发生。本节之疾病可以说是对严重或持续压力之不
良反应 ， 此情况会干扰个体应付事情之机转 ， 以致
引起社会性功能之障碍。
F43.2
Adjustment disorders
States of subjective distress and emotional disturbance, usually interfering with social
functioning and performance, arising in the period of adaptation to a significant life
change or a stressful life event. The stressor may have affected the integrity of an
individual's social network (bereavement, separation experiences) or the wider system of
social supports and values (migration, refugee status), or represented a major
developmental transition or crisis (going to school, becoming a parent, failure to attain
a cherished personal goal, retirement). Individual predisposition or vulnerability plays
an important role in the risk of occurrence and the shaping of the manifestations of
adjustment disorders, but it is nevertheless assumed that the condition would not have
arisen without the stressor. The manifestations vary and include depressed mood, anxiety
or worry (or mixture of these), a feeling of inability to cope, plan ahead, or continue in
the present situation, as well as some degree of disability in the performance of daily
routine. Conduct disorders may be an associated feature, particularly in adolescents. The
predominant feature may be a brief or prolonged depressive reaction, or a disturbance of
other emotions and conduct.
Culture shock
Grief reaction
Hospitalism in children
Excludes: separation anxiety disorder of childhood （F93.0）
适应障碍症
主观的苦恼或情绪困扰状态 ， 通常对社会功能及社
交表现造成妨碍 ， 此状况发生於对某一重大生活改
变或生活压力事件後的适应时期。此压力事件可能
已影响到一个人社会网路的整全状态 （ 如生离死别
） ， 或影响到更大的社会支持或价值系统 （ 如移民
流亡 ） ， 或代表一种发展之转型或危机 （ 如上学、
初为人父、人母、未能达成人生既定目标、退休 ）
。个别的体质及易罹病性对此疾病发生的危险性及
适应障碍症状表现的形式扮演重要的角色 ， 但假定
没有此压力事件 ， 就不会有此种疾病的产生。临床
表现上各式各样 ， 包含忧郁、焦虑、烦恼 （ 或以上
的混合 ） ， 感觉无法去应付 ， 无法事前做计划或觉
得在目前的环境下无法继续做下去 ， 而每天的例行
表现也有某种程度的损害。行为障碍可能是连带的
表现 ， 尤其在青少年。最显着的表现可能是短期或
长期忧郁或其他情绪、行为障碍。
文化休克
悲伤反应
儿童住院徵候群
不包含 ： 儿童期分离焦虑症 （93.0）
F50.3
Atypical bulimia nervosa
Disorders that fulfil some of the features of bulimia nervosa, but in which the overall
clinical picture does not justify that diagnosis. For instance, there may be recurrent
bouts of overeating and overuse of purgatives without significant weight change, or the
typical overconcern about body shape and weight may be absent.
非典型暴食症
放此诊断的病人符合部份暴食症的病徵 ， 但整体说
来 ， 临床表现并不符合暴食症的诊断。例如病人可
能有反覆地吃下过多食物及过份使用泻剂 ， 但并无
明显的体重变化 ， 或缺乏对身体外型及体重过份关
注的典型症状。
Disorders of adult personality and
behaviour (F60-F69)
This block includes a variety of conditions and behaviour patterns of clinical
significance which tend to be persistent and appear to be the expression of the
individual's characteristic lifestyle and mode of relating to himself or herself and
others. Some of these conditions and patterns of behaviour emerge early in the course of
individual development, as a result of both constitutional factors and social experience,
while others are acquired later in life. Specific personality disorders (F60.-), mixed and
other personality disorders (F61.-), and enduring personality changes (F62.-) are deeply
ingrained and enduring behaviour patterns, manifesting as inflexible responses to a broad
range of personal and social situations. They represent extreme or significant deviations
from the way in which the average individual in a given culture perceives, thinks, feels
and, particularly, relates to others. Such behaviour patterns tend to be stable and to
encompass multiple domains of behaviour and psychological functioning. They are
frequently, but not always, associated with various degrees of subjective distress and
problems of social performance.
成人人格与行为违常 (F60-F69)
这一节包含了各种较具有临床意义之状态及行为模
式 ， 它们倾向於较具持久性 ， 表现出个人生活型态
之特徵以及个人与他人之应对模式。上述这些有意
义的状态及行为模式 ， 有些是在个体发展的早期就
表现出来 ， 可说是体质因素和社会经验的结果 ； 然
而其馀则是在个体生命的後期方形成的 ， 无论是特
定人格障碍症、混合型与其他人格障碍症及持续的
人格改变 ， 都是根深蒂固持续的行为模式。显示出
他们对个人的与对社会情境采取较僵化的反应。他
们与相同文化 ， 思想 ， 经验的一般大众比较之下显
示有极大差异 ， 这些行为模式倾向於固定 ， 而且表
现在多方面的行为及心理功能上。经常会造成个案
本人痛苦 ， 以及其社会功能表现的问题。
F62
Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and
disease
Disorders of adult personality and behaviour that have developed in persons with no
previous personality disorder following exposure to catastrophic or excessive prolonged
stress, or following a severe psychiatric illness. These diagnoses should be made only
when there is evidence of a definite and enduring change in a person's pattern of
perceiving, relating to, or thinking about the environment and himself or herself. The
personality change should be significant and be associated with inflexible and maladaptive
behaviour not present before the pathogenic experience. The change should not be a direct
manifestation of another mental disorder or a residual symptom of any antecedent mental
disorder.
Excludes: personality and behavioural disorder due to brain disease, damage and
dysfunction (F07.-)
非器质性人格变异症
某些成人并非原先存在人格违常或行为违常 ， 而是
续发於发生灾难之後 ， 暴露在长期压力之後或续发
於严重精神疾病之後。除非有证据显示 ， 以下情形
才做此诊断 ： 此病人对环境及自我的看法与他人的
关系确定有一长期持续的改变。此种人格改变必需
是明显的、僵化的、不适应的而且此种现象在此病
态经验之前不曾出现过。此一人格违常并非直接是
另一精神疾病的临床表现 ， 亦非任何先前存在的精
神疾病之残馀症状。
不包含 ： 由於脑部疾病 ， 受损及功能障碍所引发的
人格及行为违常 (F07.-)
.1
Significant impairment of behaviour requiring attention or treatment
表示有意义的行为障碍 ， 需要加以注意或治疗
F81.0
Specific reading disorder
The main feature is a specific and significant impairment in the development of reading
skills that is not solely accounted for by mental age, visual acuity problems, or
inadequate schooling. Reading comprehension skill, reading word recognition, oral reading
skill, and performance of tasks requiring reading may all be affected. Spelling
difficulties are frequently associated with specific reading disorder and often remain
into adolescence even after some progress in reading has been made. Specific developmental
disorders of reading are commonly preceded by a history of disorders in speech or language
development. Associated emotional and behavioural disturbances are common during the
school age period.
"Backward reading"
Developmental dyslexia
Specific reading retardation
Excludes: alexia NOS (R48.0)
dyslexia NOS (R48.0)
reading difficulties secondary to emotional disorders (F93.-)
特定阅读障碍症
最主要的特徵为在阅读技巧的发展上有特定显着的
障碍 ， 无法完全以心智年龄、视力问题或就学不当
来解释。阅读理解技巧、阅读认字、口头阅读技巧
及需要阅读的技能都可能受到影响。拼音困难常伴
随特定阅读障碍出现 ， 而且经常到了青少年期即使
阅读能力有所进步时 ， 仍有持续存在有拼音困难。
特定阅读发展障碍症常有早期语言发展障碍症的病
史。学龄期常合并情绪或行为困扰。
＂ 阅读落後 ″
发展性读字困难症
特定阅读迟滞 ：
不包含 ：
後天性读字困难症 ， 其他未明示者 (R48.0)
续发於情绪困扰的後天性阅读困难 (F93.-)
F81.1
Specific spelling disorder
The main feature is a specific and significant impairment in the development of spelling
skills in the absence of a history of specific reading disorder, which is not solely
accounted for by low mental age, visual acuity problems, or inadequate schooling. The
ability to spell orally and to write out words correctly are both affected.
Specific spelling retardation (without reading disorder)
Excludes: agraphia NOS (R48.8)
spelling difficulties:
. associated with a reading disorder (F81.0)
. due to inadequate teaching (Z55.8)
特定拼音障碍症
这种障碍症的主要特徵为没有特定阅读障碍症之病
史 ， 同时有无法完全以心智年龄偏低 ， 视力问题或
就学不当来解释的一种特定且显着的拼音技巧发展
障碍。用口语拼字或用文字拼字能力都受到影响。
特定拼音迟滞 （ 无阅读障碍 ）
不包含 ： 其他未明示的拼音障碍症 (R48.8)
拼音因难 ：
． 合并阅读障碍症的拼音困难 (F81.0)
． 主要由於教学不当导致的拼音困难 (Z55.8)
F91.1
Unsocialized conduct disorder
Disorder characterized by the combination of persistent dissocial or aggressive behaviour
(meeting the overall criteria for F91.- and not merely comprising oppositional, defiant,
disruptive behaviour) with significant pervasive abnormalities in the individual's
relationships with other children.
Conduct disorder, solitary aggressive type
Unsocialized aggressive disorder
未社会化行为规范障碍症
这类行为规范障碍症的特徵是合并持续社会化不良
或攻击行为 （ 要完全符合 F91 的诊断 ， 而且不只是反
抗 ， 对立 ， 破坏的行为 ） 以及与其他儿童之间的人
际关系有显着障碍。
个别攻击性行为规范障碍症
未社会化攻击障碍症
F91.3
Oppositional defiant disorder
Conduct disorder, usually occurring in younger children, primarily characterized by
markedly defiant, disobedient, disruptive behaviour that does not include delinquent acts
or the more extreme forms of aggressive or dissocial behaviour. The disorder requires that
the overall criteria for F91.- be met; even severely mischievous or naughty behaviour is
not in itself sufficient for diagnosis. Caution should be employed before using this
category, especially with older children, because clinically significant conduct disorder
will usually be accompanied by dissocial or aggressive behaviour that goes beyond mere
defiance, disobedience, or disruptiveness.
对立反抗症
这类行为规范障碍症发生於九或十岁以下的儿童。
其定义为有明显的反抗 ， 不服从、激怒他人的行为
， 但是无较严重的损害别人权益或违法的异规性或
攻击行为。即使很严重的欺骗或顽皮行为也不足够
以此作诊断 ， 需要完全符合 F 9 1 的诊断标准才可诊断
。在较年长的儿童作这个诊断要特别谨慎。较年长
的儿童在临床上出现明显的行为规范障碍常并有异
规性或攻击行为 ， 远超於反抗 ， 不服从或破坏行为
。
F93.0
Separation anxiety disorder of childhood
Should be diagnosed when fear of separation constitutes the focus of the anxiety and when
such anxiety first arose during the early years of childhood. It is differentiated from
normal separation anxiety when it is of a degree (severity) that is statistically unusual
(including an abnormal abnormal persistence beyond the usual age period), and when it is
associated with significant problems in social functioning.
Excludes: mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39)
neurotic disorders (F40-F48)
phobic anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.1)
social anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.2)
儿童期分离焦虑症
只有当害怕分离成为焦虑的主要因素 ， 而且很小时
就有焦虑的症状 ， 才可以诊断为分离焦虑症。与正
常分离焦虑的鉴别在其焦虑的程度很不寻常 （ 包含
已过了平常的年龄阶段 ， 分离焦虑仍持续存在 ） 而
且会并发社会功能上显着问题。
不包含 ： 情感疾病 (F30-39)
精神官能障碍症 (F40-48)
儿童期恐惧焦虑症 (F93.1)
儿童期社交焦虑症 (F93.2)
Z61.6
Problems related to alleged physical abuse of child
Problems related to incidents in which the child has been injured in the past by any adult
in the household to a medically significant extent (e.g. fractures, marked bruising) or
that involved abnormal forms of violence (e.g. hitting the child with hard or sharp
implements,burning or tying up of the child).
被认为与儿童身体虐待有关的问题
孩童在过去意外事件中遭受家中或成人的伤害到需
就医治疗的程度 ( 例如骨折、有痕迹瘀伤 ) 或牵涉暴
力的形态 ( 例如用坚硬或尖锐器具敲打 ， 烧伤或困绑
孩子 ） 此类有关的问题
significant figure 有效数字
significant wave 有效波
significant wave height 有效波高
significant wave period 有效波周期
least significant difference 最小显著差数
significant difference 差别显著
Significant figure 有效数字
Significant Level 显著水平
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