role [ rəul] n.角色，作用，任务
role [rəul] n. 角色
粉领族
"pink-collar tribe (Women who play major role in certain professions such as office workers, secretaries, models, airline hostesses, etc)"
跑龙套 "utility man, play a bit role, general handyman"
以......为龙头 with...as the leading role
RPG（Role Playing Game）：角色扮演类游戏。这类游戏提供玩者一个可供冒险的世界（Fantasy World）或者一个反映真实的世界（Real World），这世界包含了各种角色、建筑、商店、迷宫及各种险峻的地形。玩者所扮演的主角便在这世界中通过旅行、交谈、交易、打斗、成长、探险及解谜来揭开一系列的故事情节线索，最终走向胜利的彼岸。玩者依靠自身的胆识、智慧和机敏获得一次又一次的成功，使自己扮演的主角不断发展壮大，从而得到巨大的精神满足。
角色扮演 role playing
角色冲突 role conflict
advisory role 咨询功能；咨询角色
supervisory role 监督功能；监督作用
Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information I've collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.
尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.
通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。
But is it really the case? The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.
这是真的吗？这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。
From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in people's life and economic growth.
通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。
Many survey show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to recognize that boarding school provides better environment and facilities for children.
许多调查显示越来越多的人开始意识到寄宿学校能给他们的孩子提供较好的学习环境和设施。 120. At the same time, there are still many people who live under the traditional ideas that day schools play an extremely important role in children's study.
同时，仍有许多人持传统观点认为日制学校对孩子的学习发挥着极其重要的作用。
121. On the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.
一方面，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辩的。
Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people's life, an increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people think.
尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。
It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
Uphold the principle of separating the functions of government from those of enterprises and alter the government’s role in economic management
坚持政企分开的原则，转变政府经济管理职能
The role of women in social life is being redefined.
妇女在社会生活中的作用正在得到重新考虑。
Online learning is playing a very important role in education.
网络学习在教育中起着重要的作用。
People have come to understand that computer is playing an increasingly important role in our life.
人们开始意识到计算机在我们生活中起着越来越重要的作用。
The government should be playing a more prominent role in improving public traffic.
政府应该在改善公共交通方面起更重要的作用。
We’ll have to assign a role to our new trainee.
我们需给新来的实习人员分配一项任务。
They have played an important role in the drive towards peace.
他们在努力争取和平方面发挥了重要作用。
Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
也学是早期的许多研究只考虑了一种大小足以被浮游植物网采集的水藻，而这种做法忽略了更小的浮游植物—现在我们知道食草动物很可能以它为生。这些事实和做法导致了在后面的研究中对食草动物的忽视。
In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, Notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.
如果一个家庭里面男女的角色不是明显地分开，家务事由双方分担的话，大男子主义就很难维持了。
@@@ 重要, 必要
a big deal 重要的交易; 重要的事物或人
above all 首先; 最重要的是
attach to 1.依附在...上; 系在...上
2.依恋; 喜爱
3.认为...有重要性
boil down (to) 熬浓; 摘要; 归结为
come to the point 说到要点; 扼要地说
count for 有价值; 有重要性
essential to 对...不可缺少
first and foremost 首要地, 首先
First things first 最重要的事
for the most part 主要地; 大多数情况下
in the forefront (of sth.) 在...的最前沿; 在...最重要之处
indispensable for/to 对...绝对必要的
instrumental in doing sth. 对...有帮助的; 在...上很重要
least of all 最不重要的
make a difference 有影响; 很重要
make a point of doing sth. 认为某事重要; 认为某事完全有必要; 一定要做某事
miss the point 抓不着要点
of special note 特别显著; 特别重要
play a (+adj.) role in 在...扮演角色; 在...中起重要作用
to the point 中肯, 扼要
vital to 对...(的存在、成功或运作)极重要的, 必不可少的
- play up to someone 拍某人的马屁
The young actress played up to the director, hoping to get a role in the TV series.
充当 [chōng dāng] /serve as/play the role of/
脚 [jiǎo] /a kick/foot/role/
脚 [jué] /role/
角色 [jué sè] /role/
跑龙套 [pǎo lóng tào] /to play a small role/
任务 [rèn wu ] /mission/assignment/task/duty/role/
职能 [zhí néng] /(n) function; role/
主角 [zhǔ jué] /leading role/lead/
作用 [zuò yòng] /action/activity/actions/acts/effect/to play a role/
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.
安纳斯说，律师可以在要求把医疗界的这些善意的行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键作用。
"Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse."
“不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的，可预见的痛苦无动于衷”，乃至于已构成“蓄意虐待病人”。
He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."
他说，行医资格理事会“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于医生处理不力造成的，应该因此吊销其从医资格”。
This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
这个现象造成了人们对小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定的严重忧虑。
And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the US vs. Microsoft case?
在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中，如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案，一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢？
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say.
普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。
Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
不断涌入的移民潮，还有以前“生育高峰”出生的那些孩子也已到了生育年龄，这些都发挥着作用。
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.
热点的重要性不仅限于它们作为参照体系的作用。
It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.
现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organisation, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。至少目前，它仍可以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目却成了全英国争论的话题。
Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge?
自以为适应变化的速度很慢，不够精明，无法应付新挑战吗？
Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
那么我们就可能采取消极姿态，或根本不去尝试。
{adj: camp, campy} providing sophisticated amusement by virtue of having artificially (and vulgarly) mannered or banal or sentimental qualities
"they played up the silliness of their roles for camp effect"
"campy Hollywood musicals of the 1940's"
{adj: contemporary, modern-day} characteristic of the present
"contemporary trends in design"
"the role of computers in modern-day medicine"
{adj: directing, directional, directive, guiding} showing the way by conducting or leading; imposing direction on
"felt his mother's directing arm around him"
"the directional role of science on industrial progress"
{adj: dominant} exercising influence or control
"television plays a dominant role in molding public opinion"
"the dominant partner in the marriage"
<-> subordinate
{adj: double, dual, twofold, two-fold, treble, threefold, three-fold} having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities
"a double (or dual) role for an actor"
"the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence"- R.W.Emerson
"every episode has its double and treble meaning"-Frederick Harrison
{adj: endocentric} fulfilling the grammatical role of one of its constituents
"when `three blind mice' serves as a noun it is an endocentric construction"
<-> exocentric
{adj: exocentric} not fulfilling the same grammatical role of any of its constituents
"when `until last Easter' serves as an adverb it is an exocentric construction"
<-> endocentric
{adj: heavy} (of an actor or role) being or playing the villain
"Iago is the heavy role in `Othello'"
{adj: interchangeable} (mathematics, logic) such that the arguments or roles can be interchanged
"the arguments of the symmetric relation, `is a sister of,' are interchangeable"
{adj: large} fairly large or important in effect; influential
"played a large role in the negotiations"
{adj: leading, prima, star, starring, stellar} indicating the most important performer or role
"the leading man"
"prima ballerina"
"prima donna"
"a star figure skater"
"the starring role"
"a stellar role"
"a stellar performance"
{adj: limited, special} having a specific function or scope
"a special (or specific) role in the mission"
{adj: major} of greater importance or stature or rank
"a major artist"
"a major role"
"major highways"
<-> minor
{adj: nonspeaking, walk-on} not capable of or especially not involving speech or spoken lines
"had a nonspeaking role in the play"
<-> speaking
{adj: plummy} very desirable
"a plummy leading role"
{adj: secondary} not of major importance
"played a secondary role in world events"
{adj: self-conscious, self-aware} aware of yourself as an individual or of your own being and actions and thoughts
"self-conscious awareness"
"self-conscious about their roles as guardians of the social values"- D.M.Potter
{adj: titular} derived from a title
"performed well in the titular (or title) role"
"the titular theme of the book"
{adj: weak-kneed} lacking will power or resolution
"the role of the dissenter is not for the weak-kneed"
{adv: centrally} in or near or toward a center or according to a central role or function
"The theater is centrally located"
<-> peripherally
{adv: officially} in an official role
"officially, he is in charge"
"officially responsible"
<-> unofficially
{adv: peripherally} in or at or near a periphery or according to a peripheral role or function or relationship
<-> centrally
{adv: providentially} in a providential manner; as determined by providence
"his providentially destined role"
{adv: winsomely, engagingly} in an engaging manner
"she played the role engagingly"
{n: Bevin, Ernest Bevin} British labor leader and statesman who played an important role in diplomacy after World War II (1884-1951)
{n: Bradley, Omar Bradley, Omar Nelson Bradley} United States general who played an important role in the Allied victory in World War II (1893-1981)
{n: Burbage, Richard Burbage} English actor who was the first to play the leading role in several of Shakespeare's tragedies (1567-1619)
{n: Callas, Maria Callas, Maria Meneghini Callas} Greek coloratura soprano (born in the United States) known for her dramatic intensity in operatic roles (1923-1977)
{n: Christianity, Christian religion} a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
{n: Clemenceau, Georges Clemenceau, Georges Eugene Benjamin Clemenceau} French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)
{n: Dean, James Dean, James Byron Dean} United States film actor whose moody rebellious roles made him a cult figure (1931-1955)
{n: Duse, Eleonora Duse} Italian actress best known for her performances in tragic roles (1858-1924)
{n: Ekman, Vagn Walfrid Ekman} Swedish oceanographer who recognized the role of the Coriolis effect on ocean currents (1874-1954)
{n: Ephesus} an ancient Greek city on the western shore of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the Temple of Artemis; was a major trading center and played an important role in early Christianity
{n: Fairbanks, Douglas Fairbanks, Douglas Elton Fairbanks, Julius Ullman} United States film actor noted for his swashbuckling roles (1883-1939)
{n: Fawkes, Guy Fawkes} English conspirator who was executed for his role in a plot to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament (1570-1606)
{n: Franklin, Benjamin Franklin} printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity (1706-1790)
{n: Gielgud, Sir John Gielgud, Arthur John Gielgud} English actor of Shakespearean roles who was also noted for appearances in films (1904-2000)
{n: Hodgkin, Alan Hodgkin, Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin} English physiologist who, with Andrew Huxley, discovered the role of potassium and sodium atoms in the transmission of the nerve impulse (born in 1914)
{n: Huxley, Andrew Huxley, Andrew Fielding Huxley} English physiologist who, with Alan Hodgkin, discovered the role of potassium and sodium ions in the transmission of the nerve impulse (born in 1917)
{n: Lorre, Peter Lorre, Laszlo Lowestein} United States actor (born in Hungary) noted for playing sinister roles (1904-1964)
{n: Mann, Thomas Mann} German writer concerned about the role of the artist in bourgeois society (1875-1955)
{n: Melchior, Lauritz Melchior, Lauritz Lebrecht Hommel Melchior} United States operatic tenor (born in Denmark) noted for his Wagnerian roles (1890-1973)
{n: Nilsson, Brigit Nilsson, Marta Brigit Nilsson} Swedish operatic soprano who played Wagnerian roles (born in 1918)
{n: Olivier, Laurence Olivier, Sir Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier of Birghton} English actor best know for his Shakespearean roles (1907-1989)
{n: Palestine Liberation Organization, PLO} a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority
{n: Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin} English architect who played a prominent role in the 19th century revival of Gothic architecture (1812-1852)
{n: Republican Guard} Iraq's elite military unit whose primary role is to protect the government in Baghdad
{n: Richardson, Ralph Richardson, Sir Ralph David Richardson} British stage and screen actor noted for playing classic roles (1902-1983)
{n: Robinson, Edward G. Robinson, Edward Goldenberg Robinson} United States film actor noted for playing gangster roles (1893-1973)
{n: Russell, Lillian Russell} United States entertainer remembered for her roles in comic operas (1861-1922)
{n: Siddons, Sarah Siddons, Sarah Kemble Siddons} English actress noted for her performances in Shakespearean roles (1755-1831)
{n: Stanislavsky, Konstantin Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeyevich Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeevich Alekseev} Russian actor and theater director who trained his actors to emphasize the psychological motivation of their roles (1863-1938)
{n: Tancred} Norman leader in the First Crusade who played an important role in the capture of Jerusalem (1078-1112)
{n: Turner, Frederick Jackson Turner} United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)
{n: Young, Thomas Young} British physicist and Egyptologist; he revived the wave theory of light and proposed a three-component theory of color vision; he also played an important role in deciphering the hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone (1773-1829)
{n: acting, playing, playacting, performing} the performance of a part or role in a drama
{n: active citizen} a citizen who takes an active role in the community (as in crime prevention and neighborhood watch)
{n: actor, histrion, player, thespian, role player} a theatrical performer
{n: affected role, patient role, patient} the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause
{n: agentive role, agent} the semantic role of the animate entity that instigates or causes the happening denoted by the verb in the clause
{n: amygdala, amygdaloid nucleus, corpus amygdaloideum} an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior
{n: benefactive role, beneficiary} the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause
{n: bit part, minor role} a small role
{n: casting} the choice of actors to play particular roles in a play or movie
{n: character actor} an actor who specializes in playing supporting roles
{n: character, role, theatrical role, part, persona} an actor's portrayal of someone in a play
"she played the part of Desdemona"
{n: check mark, check, tick} a mark indicating that something has been noted or completed etc.
"as he called the role he put a check mark by each student's name"
{n: color, colour} (physics) the characteristic of quarks that determines their role in the strong interaction; each flavor of quarks comes in three colors
{n: delusional disorder} any mental disorder in which delusions play a significant role
{n: den-mother} someone who plays the role of a den mother
"he serves as den mother to all the freshmen in this dormitory"
"she's the den mother to new secretaries"
{n: doctor} children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office
"the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor"
{n: dominatrix} a dominating woman (especially one who plays that role in a sadomasochistic sexual relationship)
{n: duality} (geometry) the interchangeability of the roles of points and planes in the theorems of projective geometry
{n: duologue} a part of the script in which the speaking roles are limited to two actors
{n: eon, aeon} (Gnosticism) a divine power or nature emanating from the Supreme Being and playing various roles in the operation of the universe
{n: film star, movie star} a star who plays leading roles in the cinema
{n: function, office, part, role} the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group
"the function of a teacher"
"the government must do its part"
"play its role"
{n: function, purpose, role, use} what something is used for
"the function of an auger is to bore holes"
"ballet is beautiful but what use is it?"
{n: gender role} the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness
"your gender role is the public expression of your gender identity"
{n: grammatical meaning} the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence; varies with inflectional form
{n: hat} an informal term for a person's role
"he took off his politician's hat and talked frankly"
{n: head, head word} (grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent
{n: heavy} a serious (or tragic) role in a play
{n: heavy} an actor who plays villainous roles
{n: hippocampus} a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle; intimately involved in motivation and emotion as part of the limbic system; has a central role in the formation of memories
{n: histocompatibility complex} a family of fifty or more genes on the sixth human chromosome that code for proteins on the surfaces of cells and that play a role in the immune response
{n: house} play in which children take the roles of father or mother or children and pretend to interact like adults
"the children were playing house"
{n: identity crisis} distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society
{n: import, importee} an imported person brought from a foreign country
"the lead role was played by an import from Sweden"
"they are descendants of indentured importees"
{n: imposter, impostor, pretender, fake, faker, fraud, sham, shammer, pseudo, pseud, role player} a person who makes deceitful pretenses
{n: ingenue} an actress who specializes in playing the role of an artless innocent young girl
{n: ingenue} the role of an innocent artless young woman in a play
{n: instrumental role, instrument} the semantic role of the entity (usually inanimate) that the agent uses to perform an action or start a process
{n: interpreter} someone who uses art to represent something
"his paintings reveal a sensitive interpreter of nature"
"she was famous as an interpreter of Shakespearean roles"
{n: inversion, sexual inversion} a term formerly used to mean taking on the gender role of the opposite sex
{n: iodopsin} a violet photopigment in the retinal cones of the eyes of most vertebrates; plays a role in daylight vision
{n: iron, Fe, atomic number 26} a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood
{n: leading lady} actress who plays the leading female role
{n: leading man} actor who plays the leading male role
{n: locative role, locative} the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the place of the state or action denoted by the verb
{n: man} a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman
"she takes good care of her man"
<-> woman
{n: model, role model} someone worthy of imitation
"every child needs a role model"
{n: molecular biology} the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role)
{n: monitoring} the act of observing something (and sometimes keeping a record of it)
"the monitoring of enemy communications plays an important role in war times"
{n: opera star, operatic star} singer of lead role in an opera
{n: pantothenic acid, pantothen} a vitamin of the vitamin B complex that performs an important role in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates and certain amino acids; occurs in many foods
{n: parent} a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
<-> child
{n: party to the action, party to the transaction} a party of people taking a role in legal proceedings
{n: portfolio} the role of the head of a government department
"he holds the portfolio for foreign affairs"
{n: position} (in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player
"what position does he play?"
{n: pseudonym, anonym, nom de guerre} a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role
{n: recipient role, recipient} the semantic role of the animate entity that is passively involved in the happening denoted by the verb in the clause
{n: reenactment} performing a role in an event that occurred at an earlier time
"the reenactment of the battle of Princeton"
{n: reenactor} a person who enacts a role in an event that occurred earlier
{n: rendition, rendering} a performance of a musical composition or a dramatic role etc.
"they heard a live rendition of three pieces by Schubert"
{n: resultant role, result} the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause
{n: roleplaying} acting a particular role (as in psychotherapy)
{n: role} normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting
"what is your role on the team?"
{n: screen actor, movie actor} an actor who plays a role in a film
{n: second fiddle, second banana} someone who serves in a subordinate capacity or plays a secondary role
{n: second fiddle} a secondary role or function
"he hated to play second fiddle to anyone"
{n: semantic role, participant role} an entity realized by a noun or noun phrase in a clause or sentence
{n: sex, gender, sexuality} the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles
"she didn't want to know the sex of the foetus"
{n: soubrette} a minor female role as a pert flirtatious lady's maid in a comedy
{n: star, principal, lead} an actor who plays a principal role
{n: stemmatology, stemmatics} the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis)
"stemmatology also plays an important role in musicology"
"transcription errors are of decisive importance in stemmatics"
{n: temporal role, temporal} the semantic role of the noun phrase that designating the time of the state or action denoted by the verb
{n: title role, name part} the role of the character after whom the play is named
{n: tragedian} an actor who specializes in tragic roles
{n: tragedienne} an actress who specializes in tragic roles
{n: transvestism, transvestitism, cross dressing} the practice of adopting the clothes or the manner or the sexual role of the opposite sex
{n: transvestite, cross-dresser} someone who adopts the dress or manner or sexual role of the opposite sex
{n: woman} a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man
"he was faithful to his woman"
<-> man
{n: wringer} a clothes dryer consisting of two roles between which the wet clothes are squeezed
{v: act, play, represent} play a role or part
"Gielgud played Hamlet"
"She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role"
"She played the servant to her husband's master"
{v: audition, try out} perform in order to get a role
"She auditioned for a role on Broadway"
{v: break in} start in a certain activity, enterprise, or role
{v: call} order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role
"He was already called 4 times for jury duty"
"They called him to active military duty"
{v: cast} assign the roles of (a movie or a play) to actors
"Who cast this beautiful movie?"
{v: cast} select to play,sing, or dance a part in a play, movie, musical, opera, or ballet
"He cast a young woman in the role of Desdemona"
{v: design} design something for a specific role or purpose or effect
"This room is not designed for work"
{v: emote} give expression or emotion to, in a stage or movie role
{v: fill, take} assume, as of positions or roles
"She took the job as director of development"
{v: maximize, maximise} make the most of
"He maximized his role"
{v: miscast} cast an actor, singer, or dancer in an unsuitable role
{v: parallel} be parallel to
"Their roles are paralleled by ours"
{v: play} act or have an effect in a specified way or with a specific effect or outcome
"This factor played only a minor part in his decision"
"This development played into her hands"
"I played no role in your dismissal"
{v: prepare, groom, train} prepare (someone) for a future role or function
"He is grooming his son to become his successor"
"The prince was prepared to become King one day"
"They trained him to be a warrior"
{v: read} audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role
"He is auditioning for `Julius Cesar' at Stratford this year"
{v: recast} cast again, in a different role
"He was recast as Iago"
{v: serve, function} serve a purpose, role, or function
"The tree stump serves as a table"
"The female students served as a control group"
"This table would serve very well"
"His freedom served him well"
"The table functions as a desk"
{v: stooge} act as the stooge
"His role was to stooge for the popular comedian"
{v: support} play a subordinate role to (another performer)
"Olivier supported Gielgud beautifully in the second act"
{v: train, prepare} undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession
"She is training to be a teacher"
"He trained as a legal aid"
{v: typecast} cast repeatedly in the same kind of role
{v: underact, underplay} act (a role) with great restraint
<-> overact
{v: understudy, alternate} be an understudy or alternate for a role
The debate seemed to point to a genuine need for spiritual role models in the cynical late--20th century.
这场辩论似乎要指出：在愤世嫉俗的 20世纪末叶人们对精神方面的角色典范真正有所需要。
Catholics seem happy to have a greater variety of role models for believers;
天主教徒们似乎乐于拥有更多的为信奉者所景仰的角色典范；
indeed, the more progressive wing of the Church has encouraged the informal veneration of both Catholics and non-Catholics such as Gandhi, Dag Hammerskjold and Martin hither King.
实际上，天主教会中更为进步的一派已经鼓励对天主教徒和诸如甘地、达·哈马斯基奥德和马钉路德·金等的非天主教徒不拘一格地加以推崇。
All this might have been harmless enough had it not been for the role Padre Pio played in post-war Vatican, and Italian, politics.
如果不是因为帕特尔·皮奥在战后梵蒂冈和意大利政治上所起的作用，这一切可能算不上有什么危害。
The keepers of the jail play a key role in rehabilitating inmates and it is important that they too experience Vipassana. "
狱中的管理人员在使监狱囚犯悔过自新的活动中起着关键性的作用，而且让他们也体验到维帕萨那冥想术的力量是很重要的。 "
A tricky question in investing is how much of a role ethics should play in your stock selections.
投资时需要慎重对待的一个问题，就是道德规范在你选择股票时应该占多大份量。
What hurt more, it seems, were the accusations about his role and the wild conspiracy theories made by his former employer, Mohamed al-Fayed, father of the deceased Dodi.
但是对他伤害更大的，看来还是他的前雇主，死者多迪之父穆罕默德·阿-法耶德对他所起作用的谴责和离奇的阴谋说法。
He treasures a framed letter from the Princess of Wales, thanking him on behalf of Princess William and Harry for his protective role during the " magical 10 days " of their first holiday in St Tropez.
他很珍爱一封镶了镜框的威尔士王妃给他的信，信中她代表威廉王子和哈利王子对他表示感谢，感谢他在圣特罗佩兹他们第一次 "美妙的十天 "假期中所做的保护工作。
On and on I went, playing the taskmaster, the preacher -- at no loss at all for words in those roles.
我重复了一遍又一遍，扮演着导师、牧师的角色，不失时机地重复这些话语。
Titanic Star Leonardo DiCaprio Takes on a Demanding Double Role
泰坦尼克明是莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥饰演高难度的双重角色
Fresh from his role in James Cameron's budget-busting and record-busting movie Titanic, 23-year-old Leonardo Di-Caprio has a double starring role in The Man in the Iron Mask.
刚刚完成了在詹姆斯·卡梅隆的创预算和票房新高的影片《泰坦尼克号》中的角色， 23岁的莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥就一人分饰两角，主演了电影《铁面人》。
DiCaprio was the last actor to sign on for the film--
迪卡普里奥是最后一个签约参加这部影片拍摄的演员－
he was offered the twin roles of Louis and Philippe while still shooting Titanic.
还在他拍摄《泰坦尼克号》的时候就有人请他饰演这对孪生兄弟的角色。
While DiCaprio was lured by the acting challenge -- Louis was his first villainous role--the thing that clinched it for him was the chance it offered to work with the internationally respected supporting cast of Irons, Malkovich, Depardieu and Byrne.
尽管吸引迪卡普里奥的是表演上的挑战－路易是他的第一个反面角色－最终使他做出决定的却是和艾恩斯、马尔科维奇、德帕达约和拜尔尼这些享有国际声誉的演员们合作的机会。
He was helped to an understanding of the role by writer-director Randall Wallace, who compared the character to South African President Nelson Mandela, who spent many years in prison.
本片的编剧兼导演兰多尔·华莱士把这个角色和曾在狱中生活多年的南非总统曼德拉做了比较，从而帮助他理解了这个角色。
He says he will continue taking roles that challenge him and is determined to avoid being typecast.
他说他将继续出演具有挑战性的角色，并决心避免成为定型演员。
Significantly, Dell still uses classrooms for role playing and other situations in which interaction is essential, and human instructors are easily accessible to answer questions about online tutorials.
值得注意的是，戴尔公司仍在使用课堂进行脚色扮演及其它需要交流的活动。学员很容易就能找到辅导老师，向他们请教各种有关在线指南的问题。
Zellweger is lovely in the role.
泽尔韦格在片中表现得十分可爱。
The role came easily to Keiko whose own real life story resembled Willy's, and the movie inadvertently made his plight known worldwide.
凯科扮演这个角色可以说是驾轻就熟，因为它自己就曾有过同样的经历。可以说，影片在不经意间也将它的痛苦遭遇告白于天下。
The National Science and Technology Board grants krdl $23 million annually with the goal of helping Singapore to move up the technology ladder; it is the institute's role to design just how the nation climbs that ladder.
国家科学技术委员会拨给 krdl 每年 2, 300万美元，用于帮助新加坡进行科技改良，至于具做法，则由 krdl 全权负责。
One potential drawback to blocking gamma secretase is that no one is sure what its natural role in the body might be.
抑制伽马分泌素减能能的做法存在一个潜在的缺点，即谁也不清楚伽马分泌素减能能在人内发挥何天然作用。
While the enzyme clearly plays a role in the 10% of cases that develop in middle age, it's not so obvious that blocking gamma secretase will help the 90% of Alzheimer's patients developing symptoms after age 65.
虽然这在占病例总数 10%的中年患者中作用比较明显，但抑制伽马分泌素减能能的做法对占病例总数 90%的 65岁以上的患者是否有益尚不清楚。
The Bezos family can trace its American roots to frontier people whose role in life was that of risk taker, exploring the unknown.
少年时代贝索斯家族在美国的根可以追溯到喜欢冒险、探索未知世界的边远地区居民。
In a report in the journal Science, the gene-splicing wizards at Amgen, one of biotechnology's most successful companies, announced that they had identified and isolated a long-sought enzyme - a so-called protease - that may play a key role in causing Alzheimer's.
据《科学》杂志报道，生物技术领域最成功的公司之一--安姆根公司的基因结合专家宣称，他们已鉴定并分离了一种寻求已久的，一种所谓的蛋白。这种可能是导致早老性痴呆症的罪魁祸首。
That is where nanotechnology plays a role.
这就轮到纳米技术发挥作用了。
Kosik has a name for these drugs - " broad-spectrum anti-aggregates, " he calls them, after the broad-spectrum antibiotics that played such an important role in 20th century medicine.
科西克给这种药物取了一个名字──他把它们叫作广谱抗聚生素，这个名字来源于在 20世纪起过重要作用的药物广谱抗生素。
The vitamin not only helps the body absorb calcium, but it's now thought to play a critical role in bone repair.
维生素 D 不光帮助人体吸收钙，而且现在被认为在骨骼的修复方面起着重要的作用。
Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.
Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.
诸如一颗璀璨的金刚石或一只正在筑巢的小鸟这类现象，被降至充当数据之位置，权当阐述或检验全新的理论的手段。
Many writers have defined the woman's role in the salon as that of an intelligent hostess, but the salon had more than a social function for women.
许多作家将女性在沙龙中有作用定义为充当一个聪明的女主人的作用，但于对女性来说沙龙并不只具有一种社交功能。
Many salonnieres, in fact, camouflaged their nontraditional activities behind the role of hostess and deferred to men in public.
事实上，许多法国沙龙女主人将其非传统的所作所为掩藏在女主人这一角色的背后，在公开场合对男性则言听计从。
Nonetheless, in their desire for education, their willingness to go beyond the confines of the salon in pursuing their interests, and their championing of unity among women, the Bluestockings began the process of questioning women's role in society.
虽然如此，但凭藉着她们对教育的追求，她们甘愿超越沙龙的局限去追寻各种志趣爱好，以及她们对女性团结的倡导，蓝袜女们开了向女性在社会中的角色进行质疑这一过程的先河。
The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.
这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。
Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.
科学家迄今已阐述了诸多理论,用以解释诸如浮游动物（zooplankton）一类的食草动物（grazer）在控制湖泊中浮游水藻（浮游植物，phytoplankton）数量这方面的作用。
Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
或许基于这一事实，即许多这些早期的研究仅仅考虑了一种其尺寸可用网兜收集起来的水藻（网浮游植物，net phytoplankton），而正是这一做法，忽略了我们现在所已知的食草动物最有可能赖以为生的较小浮游植物（纤浮游植物，nannoplankton），故而导致科学家在随后的研究中贬低食草动物的作用。
The elements of coercion and inequality, so central to cultural contact according to the colonialist framework play no role in this kind of convergence of racially and ethnically different elements of the same social class.
强制与不平等这两种因素——按殖民论思维模式是文化交流中如此之不可避免——在同一社会阶层内的这种不同的民族与种族因素的趋同过程中，根本不起任何作用。
For some time scientists have believed that cholesterol plays a major role in heart disease because people with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect, have six to eight times the normal level of cholesterol in their blood and they invariably develop heart disease.
迄今为止已有相当一段时间，科学家们相信胆固醇（cholesterol）在诱发心脏病这方面起着甚为重要的作用，因为带有家族性高胆固醇血症（familialhypercholesterolemia）——一种基因缺陷——的人，其体内的胆固醇含量是正常含量的六至八倍，而这些人毫无例外地患有心脏病。
This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.
这种互补性反映出这样一个事实，即圣—西门主义者虽不摈弃男性与女性之间预见到了一种同等重要的社会和政治作用。
Mr. Abbas also promised that the Palestinian Authority would rebuild all the homes demolished by Israel over the past five years. He also pledged to give the younger generation a voice. He said, the young people are the future of this country, and this is the time for them to play a role in life and in the Palestinian Authority.
阿巴斯还保证要重建在过去5年间被以色列毁坏的巴勒斯坦人家园。他还表示决心要给年轻一代发言权。他说， 年轻人是国家的未来，现在是他们在生活中和政府中发挥作用的时候了。
U.S. First Lady Laura Bush has the country talking this week over her comic performance at the annual White House Correspondents Association dinner. The former librarian surprised and delighted many by making fun of her own husband, President George Bush. Reaction from the speech from both the President and the public reflects the kind of leaders Americans expect and the role women play in American political life.
美国第一夫人劳拉·布什上星期六在每年一度的白宫记者协会晚宴上做了一段喜剧脱口秀，轰动全国。这位图书馆员出身的第一夫人调侃她的丈夫乔治·布什总统，令许多人感到意外，同时捧腹大笑。总统本人以及公众对第一夫人取笑总统的反应，反映了美国人期望看到什么样的领导人以及美国人期望女性在美国政治生活中扮演什么样的角色
The secretary-general's remarks came Thursday at a reunion seminar of current and past U.N. spokesmen. Answering a question from a former top U.N. official, Mr. Annan defended the world body's role in the scandal-plagued Iraq oil-for-food program. He said The United States and Britain, as members of the Security Council Committee that authorized and oversaw the program, had turned a blind eye to oil smuggling by Saddam Hussein's government.
安南这番话是星期四在前任和现任联合国发言人的聚会上说的。安南在回答一名前联合国高官提问时，为联合国在备受丑闻困扰的伊拉克石油换食品项目中扮演的角色进行辩护。他说，美国和英国作为授权监督这个项目的安理会委员会成员国，对萨达姆政府走私石油行径视若无睹。
The United States and China have agreed in principle for the first time to hold regular, senior level talks on a range of political and economic issues. U.S. officials say the decision reflects China's growing global role, including its sponsorship of talks on North Korea's nuclear program.
美国和中国在原则上首次达成一致，两国将就政治和经济问题定期举行高级别会谈。美国官员表示，这一决定反映了中国不断提高的国际地位，包括主持北韩核项目会谈。
He said the two sides already have an active dialogue on economic issues but that the new structure will take into account China's growing political role in the region and globally as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council.
鲍彻说，美中双方就经济问题举行过一次积极的对话，但是美中新对话将考虑中国作为联合国安理会常任理事国在亚太地区和世界范围不断提高的政治地位。
"It reflects the growing role that China has been playing in Asia, globally, at the United Nations as a U.N. Security Council member, on many, many world issues. And we have over the past several years, I think, been able to enhance our cooperation with China on many of these issues, whether it's North Korea, the fight against terrorism. We need to work with them in Sudan. All these things," Mr. Boucher says.
鲍彻说：“新对话反映了中国作为安理会常任理事国在亚洲以及全球在许多世界问题上不断增长的作用。过去几年，不管是北韩、还是反恐方面，我们都与中国在许多问题上加强了合作。我们需要在苏丹问题上以及所有国际事务中与中国合作。”
A negotiator for the Sunni group, Mishan al-Juburi, says Arab Sunnis are pressing for an influential role in government, despite their relatively small presence in parliament.
逊尼派的谈判代表米沙恩·朱布里说，尽管逊尼派在议会中占的席位不多，但是他们在尽力谋求政府要职。
Economist C.D. Wadhwa of the Center for Policy Research in New Delhi said the invitation to India reflects the growing global importance of one of the world's fastest-growing economies. "This is a recognition that India is an emerging (economic) power. It has already made the mark and by 2020 it will have much greater role to play, and therefore it is important for G-7 to involve it in the reshaping of any international economic order that they think about," he said.
新德里政策研究中心的经济学家瓦德华说，七国集团邀请印度与会，反映了印度作为全球成长最快速的经济体之一在全球经济的重要性也在上升。他说：“这是承认印度是一个新兴的经济大国。印度已经引起了世界的注意，而到了2020年，印度还将扮演更大的角色，因此对七国集团来说，让印度介入他们改造国际经济秩序的讨论之中，相当重要。”
Speaking in Beijing Friday, WFP chief executive James Morris said an increasingly affluent China should begin funding its own poverty assistance programs. "China is not a place that needs us in the extensive role we've played historically," said Mr. Morris.
世界粮食计划署执行主任詹姆斯. 莫里斯星期五在北京说，日渐富裕的中国应该开始自行负责援助贫穷项目的基金：“我们已经不需要再像从前那样在中国扮演广泛援助的角色。”
President Bush says Pakistan is playing an important role in the war on terrorism, and could serve as a model for other Muslim nations. Mr. Bush spoke at the conclusion of talks with Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf.
布什总统说，巴基斯坦在反恐战争上扮演重要的角色，并且可以成为其它穆斯林国家的榜样。布什在与巴基斯坦总统穆沙拉夫会谈结束后发表了谈话。
The rare Saturday morning meeting in the Oval Office was originally planned as a courtesy call, a chance for President Musharraf to congratulate President Bush on his re-election. Instead, there were substantive issues on the table, and the Pakistani leader, who has been calling for a greater U.S. role in the Middle East, left with assurances from President Bush.
星期六早上在椭圆形办公室进行的罕见的会晤原本只是一次礼节性拜访，让穆沙拉夫有机会恭喜布什总统获得连任。不过，会谈讨论了实质的议题，而一向希望美国扩大参与中东事务的这名巴基斯坦领袖在会晤中得到了布什总统的保证。
Mr. Bush said Pakistan can be a model for other Muslim countries, as they seek to move toward democracy. He made no mention of President Musharraf's efforts to retain his role as armed forces chief. But a senior official said Pakistan already has many democratic institutions. This official said the Pakistani leader has made clear he is prepared to go all the way in bringing true democracy to his country.
布什说，巴基斯坦可以作为其它有意朝民主发展的穆斯林国家的模范。他没有提到穆沙拉夫正设法保留武装部队最高指挥官这件事。不过美国政府一名高级官员说，巴基斯坦已经有了很多民主机制。这名官员说，穆沙拉夫已经说得非常清楚，他准备毫不保留地把真正的民主带给他的国家。
Appearing with the aid agency chief, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Michael Rannenberger said Khartoum leaders have not severed ties with Janaweed leaders as demanded by the international community, as seen in the continued high-profile role in Khartoum by militia figure Sheikh Musa Hilal. "From the outset, what we've told the Sudanese government is that they need to take control of the situation, that there is clearly active government support for what the Janjaweed is doing," he said. "So the government is linked to this. I think the fact that you see Musa Hilal, who is one of the Janjaweed leaders make no mistake about it, running around Khartoum giving interviews to the international press, flying on government helicopters, indicates the degree of collaboration there. And what we have said is that these Janjaweed leaders need to be held accountable."
美国国务院负责非洲事务的副助理国务卿迈克尔·兰恩博格也跟国际开发署署长纳齐奥斯一同出席了记者会。他说，喀土穆政府领导人还没有象国际社会所要求的那样跟阿拉伯民兵组织领导人切断关系，民兵组织的领袖人物穆萨·希拉勒在喀土穆依然四处活动就表明了这一点：“从一开始，我们就对苏丹政府说，他们需要控制局面，苏丹政府显然在积极支持阿拉伯民兵组织马枪队的活动。因此，苏丹政府跟这些事情是有关联的。我认为，看到马枪队的领导人之一穆萨·希拉勒在喀土穆四处活动，接受国际新闻界的采访，乘坐政府的直升机，这一切显示了阿拉伯民兵组织和喀土穆政府之间的合作。我们已经表示，这些马枪队的领导人应当承担责任，被绳之以法。”
U.S. legislators and members of the September 11 Commission say American diplomacy will have a major role in preventing future terrorist attacks on the United States.
美国国会议员及“9-11恐怖袭击事件调查委员会”委员们说， 美国的外交政策将在美国防止未来恐怖主义袭击事件中起重大作用。
Political conventions have for decades provided politicians and others an opportunity to voice their feelings about a range of issues, domestic and foreign. However, foreign policy plays a particularly prominent role this year, because national security has become unusually important in American politics in the aftermath of the 2001 terrorist attacks.
多年来，全国政党大会为政治家和其他人提供了一个可以表达他们对各种问题看法的机会，不论是国内问题，还是国际问题。然而今年，外交政策占有明显的地位，因为在九一一恐怖袭击后，国家的安全问题成为美国政治的一个重要问题。
……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has 的 brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
.4
Withdrawal state with delirium
A condition where the withdrawal state as defined in the common fourth character .3 is
complicated by delirium as defined in F05.-. Convulsions may also occur. When organic
factors are also considered to play a role in the etiology, the condition should be
classified to F05.8.
Delirium tremens (alcohol-induced)
并有谵妄之戒断状态
此情形发生在戒断状态 （F1x.3) 时并发谵妄 （请参阅
F05.-) ， 可能并发痉挛。若器质因素被考虑为其病因时
， 此情形应归类於 F05.8 。
震颤性谵妄 （ 酒精引起 ） 。
F43.0
Acute stress reaction
A transient disorder that develops in an individual without any other apparent mental
disorder in response to exceptional physical and mental stress and that usually subsides
within hours or days. Individual vulnerability and coping capacity play a role in the
occurrence and severity of acute stress reactions. The symptoms show a typically mixed and
changing picture and include an initial state of "daze" with some constriction
of the field of consciousness and narrowing of attention, inability to comprehend stimuli,
and disorientation. This state may be followed either by further withdrawal from the
surrounding situation (to the extent of a dissociative stupor－F44.2), or by agitation
and over-activity (flight reaction or fugue). Autonomic signs of panic anxiety
(tachycardia, sweating, flushing) are commonly present. The symptoms usually appear within
minutes of the impact of the stressful stimulus or event, and disappear within two to
three days (often within hours). Partial or complete amnesia (F44.0) for the episode may
be present. If the symptoms persist, a change in diagnosis should be considered.
Acute:
. crisis reaction
. reaction to stress
Combat fatigue
Crisis state
Psychic shock
急性压力反应
一种短暂的疾病 ， 发生於原来无其他精神疾病的人
， 当遇到严重的身体或精神压力时发作 ， 但於数小
时或数天内消逝。个体的脆弱性或适应能力在急性
压力反应的发作及严重度扮演重大角色。典型的临
床表现是混合性与多变性的症状 ， 包含一开始出现
昏眩并伴随意识的领域紧缩 ， 注意力变得窄化 ， 失
去理解刺激的能力及定向感障碍等。接下来可能发
生从周遭环境退缩的情形 （ 甚至到达解离性静呆状
态的程度 ， 见F44.2） 或是变得激动与过度躁动 （ 逃跑
反应或解离性迷走 ） 。这些症状在压力事件的冲击
後数分钟内即出现 ， 而在二至叁天内消失 （ 通常数
小时内 ） ， 对此事件可能发生部分或完全失忆 （见F44.0）
。若症状持续则就要考虑诊断之改变。
． 急性危机反应
． 急性压力反应
战斗衰竭症
危机状态
心因性休克
F43.2
Adjustment disorders
States of subjective distress and emotional disturbance, usually interfering with social
functioning and performance, arising in the period of adaptation to a significant life
change or a stressful life event. The stressor may have affected the integrity of an
individual's social network (bereavement, separation experiences) or the wider system of
social supports and values (migration, refugee status), or represented a major
developmental transition or crisis (going to school, becoming a parent, failure to attain
a cherished personal goal, retirement). Individual predisposition or vulnerability plays
an important role in the risk of occurrence and the shaping of the manifestations of
adjustment disorders, but it is nevertheless assumed that the condition would not have
arisen without the stressor. The manifestations vary and include depressed mood, anxiety
or worry (or mixture of these), a feeling of inability to cope, plan ahead, or continue in
the present situation, as well as some degree of disability in the performance of daily
routine. Conduct disorders may be an associated feature, particularly in adolescents. The
predominant feature may be a brief or prolonged depressive reaction, or a disturbance of
other emotions and conduct.
Culture shock
Grief reaction
Hospitalism in children
Excludes: separation anxiety disorder of childhood （F93.0）
适应障碍症
主观的苦恼或情绪困扰状态 ， 通常对社会功能及社
交表现造成妨碍 ， 此状况发生於对某一重大生活改
变或生活压力事件後的适应时期。此压力事件可能
已影响到一个人社会网路的整全状态 （ 如生离死别
） ， 或影响到更大的社会支持或价值系统 （ 如移民
流亡 ） ， 或代表一种发展之转型或危机 （ 如上学、
初为人父、人母、未能达成人生既定目标、退休 ）
。个别的体质及易罹病性对此疾病发生的危险性及
适应障碍症状表现的形式扮演重要的角色 ， 但假定
没有此压力事件 ， 就不会有此种疾病的产生。临床
表现上各式各样 ， 包含忧郁、焦虑、烦恼 （ 或以上
的混合 ） ， 感觉无法去应付 ， 无法事前做计划或觉
得在目前的环境下无法继续做下去 ， 而每天的例行
表现也有某种程度的损害。行为障碍可能是连带的
表现 ， 尤其在青少年。最显着的表现可能是短期或
长期忧郁或其他情绪、行为障碍。
文化休克
悲伤反应
儿童住院徵候群
不包含 ： 儿童期分离焦虑症 （93.0）
F64.1
Dual-role transvestism
The wearing of clothes of the opposite sex for part of the individual's existence in order
to enjoy the temporary experience of membership of the opposite sex, but without any
desire for a more permanent sex change or associated surgical reassignment, and without
sexual excitement accompanying the cross-dressing.
Gender identity disorder of adolescence or adulthood, nontrans- sexual type
Excludes: fetishistic transvestism (F65.1)
双重角色扮异性症
只是为了扮演异性的角色而穿着异性的打扮以求暂
时性的成为异性 ， 但并没有要永久改变自己性别的
欲望。必须与恋物性扮异症作一区别。在双角色扮
异性症中打扮成异性并非以达到性高潮为目的。青
春期或儿童期的性别认同障碍 ， 非变性症型。
不包含 ： 恋物性扮异性症 (F65.1)
F64.9
Gender identity disorder, unspecified
Gender-role disorder NOS
未明示之性别认同障碍症
其他未明示之性别认同疾患
F68.1
Intentional production or feigning of symptoms or disabilities, either
physical or psychological [factltlous disorder]
The patient feigns symptoms repeatedly for no obvious reason and may even inflict
self-harm in order to produce symptoms or signs. The motivation is obscure and presumably
internal with the aim of adopting the sick role. The disorder is often combined with
marked disorders of personality and relationships.
Hospital hopper syndrome
Munchhausen's syndrome
Peregrinating patient
Excludes: factitial dermatitis (L98.1)
person feigning illness (with obvious motivation) (Z76.5)
伪病症
医院跳蚤徵候群
Munchausen 氏徵候群
游历病人
不包含 ： 伪病性皮肤炎
诈病行为 (Z76.5)
F94
Disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood and
adolescence
A somewhat heterogeneous group of disorders that have in common abnormalities in social
functioning which begin during the developmental period, but which (unlike the pervasive
developmental disorders) are not primarily characterized by an apparently constitutional
social incapacity or deficit that pervades all areas of functioning. In many instances,
serious environmental distortions or privations probably play a crucial role in etiology.
特发於儿童期或少年期之社会功能障碍症
初发於发展阶段的一群相当异质化的障碍症 ， 有共
同的社会功能异常的特徵 ， 但 （ 不像广泛性发展障
碍症 ） 并非遍及所有功能之本质上的社会无能或缺
陷。一般认为严重的环境偏差或剥夺在许多情况被
视为重要病因。
4.
Where transport accident descriptions do not indicate the victim's role,
such as:
airplane-accident collision crash wreck NOS
bicycle-accident collision crash wreck NOS
boat-accident collision crash wreck NOS
bulldozer-accident collision crash wreck NOS
bus-accident collision crash wreck NOS
car-accident collision crash wreck NOS
motorcycle-accident collision crash wreck NOS
motorized tricycle-accident collision crash wreck NOS
pick-up (truck) -accident collision crash wreck NOS
recreational vehicle-accident collision crash wreck NOS
spacecraft-accident collision crash wreck NOS
streetcar-accident collision crash wreck NOS
tractor-accident collision crash wreck NOS
train-accident collision crash wreck NOS
tram-accident collision crash wreck NOS
truck-accident collision crash wreck NOS
van-accident collision crash wreck NOS
watercraft-accident collision crash wreck NOS
classify the victim as an occupant or rider of the vehicle mentioned.
If more than one vehicle is mentioned, do not make any assumption as to which vehicle was
occupied by the victim unless the vehicles are the same. Instead, code to the appropriate
categories V87-V88, V90-V94, V95-V97, taking into account the order of precedence given in
note 2 above.
当运输事故的叙述中并未指出受害者的角色 ， 例如
：
飞机-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
自行车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
船-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
推土机-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
公共汽车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示
者
汽车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
摩托车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
机动化叁轮车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未
明示者
卡车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
娱乐用交通工具-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他
未明示者
太空船-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
有轨电车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示
者
牵引机-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
火车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
矿车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
卡车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
箱型车-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
船舶-意外事故、相撞、坠毁、失事其他未明示者
则将受害者的角色归类於所提到交通工具之乘员或
骑士。
若所提到的交通工具不只一部 ， 也不要去假设到底
受害者所搭来的是那一部交通工具 ， 除非所有的交
通工具都是同一种类。我们反而应给予其适当类别
V87-V88 ， V90-V94 ， V95-V97 中的代码 ， 并参考先前注 2 注意事
项的优先顺序。
Z73.5
Social role conflict, not elsewhere classified
他处未归类社会角色冲突
role playing 角色扮演；职能演习
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