personality [ pə:sə'næliti] n.人格，个性；人物
personality [7pə:sə'næliti] n.个性,人格,名人,(用复数)诽谤,人身攻击
personalities [ ] n．诽谤
you look great today.（你今天看上去很棒。）【每天都可以用！】
you did a good job. （你干得非常好。）【国际最通用的表扬！】
we're so proud of you.（我们十分为你骄傲。）【最高级的表扬！】
i'm very pleased with your work.（我对你的工作非常满意。）【正式、真诚的赞扬！】
this is really a nice place.（这真是个好地方！）【随口就说、但效果很好的表扬！】
you're looking sharp!（你看上去真精神/真棒/真漂亮。）【与众不同的表扬！】
you always know the right thing to say. = you're very eloquent.（你总是说话得体。）【高层次的表扬！】
nice going! = you did a good job.（干得好！）【极其地道的表扬！】
the food is delicious.（好吃！）【最普通、但非常重要的表扬！】
everything tastes great.（每样东西都很美味！）
your son/daughter is so cute.（你的孩子很可爱。）【外国人绝对喜欢听的表扬！】
what an adorable baby!（多么可爱的孩子。）【只管大胆用！】
i admire your work. = i respect your work.（我对你的工作表示敬意。）【世界通用！】
you've got a great personality.（你的个性很好。）【一个非常安全的表扬！】
you have a good sense of humor.（你真幽默。）【美国人极其喜欢的表扬！】
your chinese is really surprising.（你的中文令人惊讶。）【绝对和其他人不一样的表扬！】
your english is incredible.（我真不敢相信你的英语。）【用了六星级形容词！】
you have a very successful business.（你的事业很成功。）【现代人非常喜欢听！】
you're very professional.（你非常专业。）【专业化的表扬！】
your company is very impressive.（你的公司给我留下深刻印象。）
you're so smart.（你非常聪明。）
i envy you very much.（我非常羡慕你。）
your wife is very charming.（你的妻子很有魅力！）
you two make a lovely couple.（你们真是天生的一对！）
you're really talented.（你很有天赋。）
you look nice in that color.（你穿那种颜色很好看。）
you have a good taste.（你很有品位。）
you look like a million dollars. = you look outstanding.=you look like a movie star.（你看上去帅呆了。）
Committee on Community Personalities
推举贤能委员会
The girl's warm personality is her greatest charm.
那女孩热情的个性是她最迷人之处。
You've got a great personality.
你的个性很好。
Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.
个性之于人一如香气之于花。
It is the interaction of his personality and period that results in the formation of a composer's style.
作曲家风格的形成，是其个性与时代相互作用的结果。
television personalities
电视名星
Though their personalities were different, they got along as friends.
虽然他们性格迥异，但却能友好相处。
One of the most important tasks for a school is to help and promote forming a child's personality.
学校的一个重要任务就是要帮助和促进儿童个性的形成。
Psychologists study the processes by which human personalities are formed, develop and change.
心理学家研究人类性格的形成、发展和改变的过程。
He is a powerful personality.
他是一位有权势的人物。
A number of local personalities were present.
出席的有许多当地政要。
I like Jack because he has a friendly personality.
我喜欢杰克是因为他性情随和。
He is sincere in his views about her personality.
他真诚地说出了对她性格的看法。
Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.
C C Schwab. US A Businessman
品格之于人，犹如芳香之于花。
美国实业家施瓦布C .C.
personalities n.pl.诽谤
个性 [gè xìng] /individuality/personality/
人格 [rén gé] /(n) personality; integrity/(n) dignity/
Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.
最后，因为最终决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬·库柏这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.
虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现。
"Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee.
“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说，
"Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild."
“对这类事情灰心丧气，致使孩子辍学、放荡不羁。”
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.
我觉得有一点还得谈一谈。
Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.
最近我听到一位著名电视人宣称他反对广告，因为广告意在劝诱而非提供信息。
He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
他把两者区分得过于细微，因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者。
If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.
如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息（虽说这不是不可能做到的，但它本身也是很难做的，因为哪怕是挑衬衫颜色这样的细节也带有几分劝诱性），那会令人生厌，以致没人再去理会。
But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
但也许这就是那位著名电视人所希望看到的。
Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.
性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母会有A型性格的子女。
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's.
显然，要将所有A型孩子变成B型孩子既不现实也不可取。
The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment.
这个世界需要各种性格的人，一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。
It is top management.
这才是最好的管理理念。
{adj: abnormal} departing from the normal in e.g. intelligence and development
"they were heartbroken when they learned their child was abnormal"
"an abnormal personality"
<-> normal
{adj: attractive} pleasing to the eye or mind especially through beauty or charm
"a remarkably attractive young man"
"an attractive personality"
"attractive clothes"
"a book with attractive illustrations"
<-> unattractive
{adj: bubbling, effervescent, scintillating, sparkly} marked by high spirits or excitement
"his fertile effervescent mind"
"scintillating personality"
"a row of sparkly cheerleaders"
{adj: bubbly} full of or showing high spirits
"bright bubbly children"
"a bubbly personality"
{adj: charismatic, magnetic} possessing an extraordinary ability to attract
"a charismatic leader"
"a magnetic personality"
{adj: charming} pleasing or delighting
"endowed with charming manners"
"a charming little cottage"
"a charming personality"
{adj: drab, dreary} lacking in liveliness or charm or surprise
"her drab personality"
"life was drab compared with the more exciting life style overseas"
"a series of dreary dinner parties"
{adj: dynamic, dynamical} characterized by action or forcefulness or force of personality
"a dynamic market"
"a dynamic speaker"
"the dynamic president of the firm"
<-> undynamic
{adj: elastic, flexible, pliable, pliant} able to adjust readily to different conditions
"an adaptable person"
"a flexible personality"
"an elastic clause in a contract"
{adj: fetching, taking, winning} very attractive; capturing interest
"a fetching new hairstyle"
"something inexpressibly taking in his manner"
"a winning personality"
{adj: forceful} characterized by or full of force or strength (often but not necessarily physical)
"a forceful speaker"
"a forceful personality"
"forceful measures"
"a forceful plan for peace"
<-> forceless
{adj: impelling} markedly effective as if by emotional pressure
"impelling skill as a teller of tales"
"an impelling personality"
{adj: incompatible} not compatible
"incompatible personalities"
"incompatible colors"
<-> compatible
{adj: insipid, jejune} lacking interest or significance
"an insipid personality"
"jejune novel"
{adj: limber, supple} (used of e.g. personality traits) readily adaptable
"a supple mind"
"a limber imagination"
{adj: many-sided} full of variety or interest
"a many-sided personality"
{adj: molar} pertaining to large units of behavior
"such molar problems of personality as the ego functions"--R.R. Hunt
<-> molecular
{adj: multidimensional} having or involving or marked by several dimensions or aspects
"multidimensional problems"
"a multidimensional proposition"
"a multidimensional personality"
<-> unidimensional
{adj: multiple} having or involving or consisting of more than one part or entity or individual
"multiple birth"
"multiple ownership"
"made multiple copies of the speech"
"his multiple achievements in public life"
"her multiple personalities"
"a pineapple is a multiple fruit"
<-> single
{adj: negative} characterized by or displaying negation or denial or opposition or resistance; having no positive features
"a negative outlook on life"
"a colorless negative personality"
"a negative evaluation"
"a negative reaction to an advertising campaign"
<-> neutral, positive
{adj: neutral} lacking distinguishing quality or characteristics
"a neutral personality that made no impression whatever"
{adj: nonpersonal} lacking personality
"nonpersonal forces"
{adj: personable} (of persons) pleasant in appearance and personality
{adj: personalized} pointedly referring to or concerning a person's individual personality or intimate affairs especially offensively
"unnecessarily personalized remarks"
{adj: personal} concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality
"a personal favor"
"for your personal use"
"personal papers"
"I have something personal to tell you"
"a personal God"
"he has his personal bank account and she has hers"
<-> impersonal
{adj: personal} of or arising from personality
"personal magnetism"
{adj: sociopathic} of or relating to a sociopathic personality disorder
{adj: thyroid} suggestive of a thyroid disorder
"thyroid personality"
{adj: unpleasant} disagreeable to the senses, to the mind, or feelings
"an unpleasant personality"
"unpleasant repercussions"
"unpleasant odors"
<-> pleasant
{adj: untheatrical} not suited to or characteristic of the stage or theater
"a well-written but untheatrical play"
"an untheatrical personality"
<-> theatrical
{adj: warm} psychologically warm; friendly and responsive
"a warm greeting"
"a warm personality"
"warm support"
<-> cool
{adj: well-adjusted, well-balanced} free from psychological disorder
"a well-adjusted personality"
{adv: through, through and through} throughout the entire extent
"got soaked through in the rain"
"I'm frozen through"
"a letter shot through with the writer's personality"
"knew him through and through"
"boards rotten through and through"
{n: California Personality Inventory, CPI} a self-report personality inventory originally derived from the MMPI; consists of several hundred yes-no questions and yields scores on a number of scales including dominance and self acceptance and self control and socialization and achievement etc.
{n: Eysenck Personality Inventory, EPI} a self-report personality inventory based on Hans Eysenck's factor analysis of personality which assumes three basic factors (the two most important being extraversion to introversion and neuroticism)
{n: Eysenck, Hans Eysenck, H. J. Eysenck, Hans Jurgen Eysenck} a British psychologist (born in Germany) noted for his theories of intelligence and personality and for his strong criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis
{n: Jekyll and Hyde} someone with two personalities - one good and one evil
{n: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI} a self-report personality inventory consisting of 550 items that describe feelings or actions which the person is asked to agree with or disagree with; many scales estimating traits and qualities of personality have been developed using MMPI items
{n: Oedipus complex, Oedipal complex} a complex of males; desire to possess the mother sexually and to exclude the father; said to be a source of personality disorders if unresolved
{n: Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, 16 PF} a self-report personality inventory developed by Raymond B. Cattell to measure the 16 personality dimensions that emerged from his factor analysis of a wide range of traits
{n: Williams syndrome} a rare congenital disorder associated with deletion of genetic material in chromosome 7; characterized by mental deficiency and some growth deficiency and elfin faces but an overly social personality and a remarkable gift for vocabulary
{n: anal personality, anal retentive personality} (psychoanalysis) a personality characterized by meticulous neatness and suspicion and reserve; said to be formed in early childhood by fixation during the anal stage of development (usually as a consequence of toilet training)
{n: animatism} the attribution of consciousness and personality to natural phenomena such as thunderstorms and earthquakes and to objects such as plants and stones
{n: antisocial personality disorder, sociopathic personality, psychopathic personality} a personality disorder characterized by amorality and lack of affect; capable of violent acts without guilt feelings (`psychopathic personality' was once widely used but was superseded by `sociopathic personality' to indicate the social aspects of the disorder, but now `antisocial personality disorder' is the preferred term)
{n: attraction, attractiveness} the quality of arousing interest; being attractive or something that attracts
"her personality held a strange attraction for him"
{n: cult of personality} intense devotion to a particular person
{n: dissociation, disassociation} a state in which some integrated part of a person's life becomes separated from the rest of the personality and functions independently
{n: dynamism, pizzazz, pizzaz, oomph, zing} the activeness of an energetic personality
{n: eccentric, eccentric person, flake, oddball, geek} a person with an unusual or odd personality
{n: genital personality} (psychoanalysis) the mature personality which is not dominated by infantile pleasure drives
{n: hebephrenia, hebephrenic schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, disorganized type schizophrenia} a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior; usually becomes evident during puberty; the most common diagnostic category in mental institutions
{n: identity, personal identity, individuality} the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity
"you can lose your identity when you join the army"
{n: lobotomy, leukotomy, leucotomy, prefrontal lobotomy, prefrontal leukotomy, prefrontal leucotomy, frontal lobotomy} surgical interruption of nerve tracts to and from the frontal lobe of the brain; often results in marked cognitive and personality changes
{n: narcissistic personality} personality marked by self-love and self-absorption; unrealistic views about your own qualities and little regard for others
{n: neurosis, neuroticism, psychoneurosis} a mental or personality disturbance not attributable to any known neurological or organic dysfunction
{n: obsessive-compulsive personality} personality characterized by a strong need to repeat certain acts or rituals
{n: oral personality} (psychoanalysis) a personality characterized either by generous optimism or aggressive and ambitious selfishness; formed in early childhood by fixation during the oral stage of development
{n: personality disorder} inflexible and maladaptive patterns of behavior
{n: personality inventory, personality assessment} a questionnaire that is supposed to yield a description of a person's personality traits
"a personality inventory is a direct test of personality, as contrasted with a projective test"
{n: personality test} any test that is intended to assess personality
{n: personality} a person of considerable prominence
"she is a Hollywood personality"
{n: personality} the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual
"their different reactions reflected their very different personalities"
"it is his nature to help others"
{n: projective test, projective device, projective technique} any personality test designed to yield information about someone's personality on the basis of their unrestricted response to ambiguous objects or situations
{n: psychosexual development} (psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage
{n: recommendation, passport} any quality or characteristic that gains a person a favorable reception or acceptance or admission
"her pleasant personality is already a recommendation"
"his wealth was not a passport into the exclusive circles of society"
{n: schizotypal personality, schizoid} characterized by symptoms similar to but less severe than schizophrenia
{n: self-analysis} the application of psychotherapeutic principles to the analysis of your own personality
{n: self-report personality inventory, self-report inventory} a personality inventory in which a person is asked which of a list of traits and characteristics describe her or him or to indicate which behaviors and hypothetical choices he or she would make
{n: sociopath, psychopath} someone with a sociopathic personality; a person with an antisocial personality disorder (`psychopath' was once widely used but has now been superseded by `sociopath')
{n: split personality, multiple personality} a relatively rare dissociative disorder in which the usual integrity of the personality breaks down and two or more independent personalities emerge
{n: test, mental test, mental testing, psychometric test} any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc
"the test was standardized on a large sample of students"
{v: compose} form the substance of
"Greed and ambition composed his personality"
{v: find oneself, find} accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation
"My son went to Berkeley to find himself"
{v: introject} incorporate (attitudes or ideas) into one's personality unconsciously
{v: wear} have in one's aspect ; wear an expression of one's attitude or personality
"He always wears a smile"
As to the cloning of dictators and celebrities, or the manufacture of a " super race ", we all understand that genetic identity does not guarantee identical personality and behaviour.
至于独裁者和名人的克隆或是一个 "高级种族 "的制造，我们都清楚，拥有相同的基因并不能保证拥有完全相同的个性和行为。
We 're all familiar with the many styles of handshakes:
我们都熟悉的握手的方式是各种各样的：
the guy with the sweaty palm, the nervous hand-wringer, the Type-A personality who shakes your hand jovially, then quickly breaks off and moves on.
有掌心出汗的人；有紧张得捏得你手疼的人； A 型气质的人总是乐呵呵地同别人握手，然后急忙停下来，又再继续握。
The Wideyes service, one of dozens of new online recruitment agencies, encourages candidates to list their talents and personality traits as well as their qualifications, a feature the company says allows employers to judge whether the applicant fits the corporate culture.
作为众多新型求职网站之一， Wideyes.com 鼓励求职者把自己的特长和性格特点资格证明一并列出。该公司称，此举能让雇主更好地判断求职者是否应公司文化。
POP QUIZ: From trivia to personality tests, quiz sites are all the rage on the Net these days.
热门测验：现在非常时兴提供各测验的网站，内容涉及难题问题乃至人的性格。
It's not because he lacks the tools. He has a personality that is both oversize and ultra-authentic.
这倒并不是因为他不够资格，而是因为他那过于庞大的身躯和过分纯朴的外表。
F07
Personality and behavioural disorders due to brain disease, damage and
dysfunction
Alteration of personality and behaviour can be a residual or concomitant disorder of brain
disease, damage or dysfunction.
器质性人格与行为障碍症
人格与行为的改变可以是脑部疾病、损伤、或功能
失调之残馀性或共存的疾患。
F07.0
Organic personality disorder
A disorder characterized by a significant alteration of the habitual patterns of behaviour
displayed by the subject premorbidly, involving the expression of emotions, needs and
impulses. Impairment of cognitive and thought functions, and altered sexuality may also be
PART of the clinical picture.
Organic:
. pseudpsychopathic personality
. pseudoretarded personality
Syndrome:
. frontal lobe
. limbic epilepsy personality
. lobotomy
. postleucotomy
Excludes: enduring personality change after:
. catastrophic experience (F62.0)
. psychiatric illness (F62.1)
postconcussional syndrome (F07.2)
postencephalitic syndrome (F07.1)
specific personality disorder (F60.-)
器质性人格障碍症
此疾患之特徵为病前习性的明显改变。特别是影响
到情绪、需求、与冲动的表现。认知功能的缺陷与
性行为、性欲之变化也许可能是临床之表现。
器质性 ：
． 器质性假性精神病性人格
． 器质性假性迟滞性人格
徵候群 ：
． 额叶徵候群
． 边缘叶癫痫人格徵候群
． 脑叶白质切割徵候群
． 白质切割後遗徵候群
不包含 ：
． 灾难性经验後之永续性人格改变 (F62.0)
． 精神疾病後之永续性人格改变 (F62.1)
脑震汤後徵候群 (F07.2)
脑炎後徵候群 (F07.1)
特殊类别人格障碍症 (F60.-)
F07.1
Postencephalitic syndrome
Residual nonspecific and variable behavioural change following recovery from either viral
or bacterial encephalitis. The principal difference between this disorder and the organic
personality disorders is that it is reversible.
Excludes: organic personality disorder (F07.0)
脑炎後徵候群
此徵候群包含自病毒性或细菌性脑炎复原後所残馀
之非特异性且多变样之行为改变。此疾患通常是可
逆性的 ， 这是此疾患与器质性人格障碍间主要之差
异。
不包含 ： 脑震汤後徵候群 (F07.0)
F07.8
Other organic personality and behavioural disorders due to brain
disease, damage and dysfunction
Right hemispheric organic affective disorder
其他器质性人格与行为障碍症
右大脑半球器质性情感疾患
F07.9
Unspecified organic personality and behavioural disorder due to brain
disease, damage and dysfunction
Organic psychosyndrome
未明示的器质性人格与行为障碍症
器质性精神病性候群
.7
Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder
A disorder in which alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced changes of cognition,
affect, personality, or behaviour persist beyond the period during which a direct
psychoactive substance-related effect might reasonably be assumed to be operating. Onset
of the disorder should be directly related to the use of the psychoactive substance. Cases
in which initial onset of the state occurs later than episode(s) of such substance use
should be coded here only where clear and strong evidence is available to attribute the
state to the residual effect of the psychoactive substance. Flashbacks may be
distinguished from psychotic state partly by their episodic nature, frequently of very
short duration, and by their duplication of previous alcohol- or other psychoactive
substance-related experiences.
Alcoholic dementia NOS
Chronic alcoholic brain syndrome
Dementia and other milder forms of persisting impairment of cognitive functions
Flashbacks
Late-onset psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorder
Posthallucinogen perception disorder
Residual:
. affective disorder
. disorder of personality and behaviour
Excludes: alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced:
. Korsakov's syndrome (F10-F19 with common fourth char- acter .6)
. psychotic state (F10-F19 with common fourth character .5)
残馀及晚发精神病症
此病症是因酒精或精神作用物质引起认知、情感、
人格或行为的改变 ， 此变化会较原先精神作用质引
起的效果持续续得更久。此病症的发病必须和使用
酒精或精神作用物质直接相关。要有明确及强烈的
证据显示发病是因使用精神作用物质後的残馀效果
时才能归类於此诊断。重现现象 （F1x.70） 与精神病症
是不同的 ， 其区别之要点是其短暂性、阵发性、以
及其重覆先前酒精或其他精神作用物质相关之经验
。
酒精性痴呆症 ， 其他未明示者
慢性酒精性脑徵候群
痴呆症与其他轻型持久性认知功能障碍
重现现象
晚发性精神作用物质引起之精神病性疾病
幻觉剂使用後知觉障碍症
残馀性 ：
． 情感障碍症
． 人格与行为障碍症
不包含 ： 酒精或精神作用物质引起 ：
． 柯沙科夫徵候群 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.6 者 ）
． 精神病性状态 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.5 者 ）
F21
Schizotypal disorder
A disorder characterized by eccentric behaviour and anomalies of thinking and affect which
resemble those seen in schizophrenia, though no definite and characteristic schizophrenic
anomalies occur at any stage. The symptoms may include a cold or inappropriate affect;
anhedonia; odd or eccentric behaviour; a tendency to social withdrawal; paranoid or
bizarre ideas not amounting to true delusions; obsessive ruminations; thought disorder and
perceptual disturbances; occasional transient quasi-psychotic episodes with intense
illusions, auditory or other hallucinations, and delusion-like ideas, usually occurring
without external provocation. There is no definite onset and evolution and course are
usually those of a personality disorder.
Latent schizophrenic reaction
Schizophrenia:
. borderline
. latent
. prepsychotic
. prodromal
. pseud neurotic
. pscudopsychopathic
Schizotypal personality disorder
Excludes: Asperger's syndrome (F84.5)
schizoid personality disorder (F60.1)
准精神分裂症
此类疾患通常以行为怪异、思考与情感异常 ， 这些
症状很像精神分裂症的表现 ， 但始终没有确定的、
特有的精神分裂症状之发生。此疾病之症状包含淡
漠或不恰当情感 ； 没有快乐感 ； 怪异行为 ； 孤立倾
向 ； 妄想性或怪怪之念头 ， 但未形成妄想 ； 强迫性
冥想 ； 思考障碍与知觉障碍之偶见短暂性类似精神
病性的发作 ， 伴随明显错觉、听幻觉或其他幻觉 ，
也有类似妄想想法 ， 常在没有任何外界刺激下产生
。没有明确的初次发病现象与病程之演变 ， 病程似
一种人格障碍症。
潜伏型精神分裂症反应
精神分裂症 ：
． 边缘型
． 潜伏型
． 精神病性前
． 前驱性
． 假性精神官能性
． 假性精神病质性
准精神分裂性人格障碍症
不包含 ： 艾斯伯格 (Aspergers) 徵候群 (F84.5)
分裂性人格违常 (F60.1)
F22.0
Delusional disorder
A disorder characterized by the development either of a single delusion or of a set of
related delusions that are usually persistent and sometimes lifelong. The content of the
delusion or delusions is very variable. Clear and persistent auditory hallucinations
(voices), schizophrenic symptoms such as delusions of control and marked blunting of
affect, and definite evidence of brain disease are all incompatible with this diagnosis.
However, the presence of occasional or transitory auditory hallucinations, particularly in
elderly patients, does not rule out this diagnosis, provided that they are not typically
schizophrenic and form only a small part of the overall clinical picture.
Paranoia
Paranoid:
. psychosis
. state
Paraphrenia (late)
Sensitiver Beziehungswahn
Excludes: paranoid:
. personality disorder (F60.0)
. psychosis, psychogenic (F23.3)
. reaction (F23.3)
. schizophrenia (F20.0)
妄想症
一群疾病 ， 其症状以单一或一组妄想为主 ， 常是持
续性的 ， 甚至可能是终身的。妄想内容呈现多样性
。若有清楚而持续的幻觉或精神分裂症症状 ， 如被
控制妄想、表情显着平淡 ， 以及肯定的脑部病变的
话 ， 都不能下此诊断。然而 ， 特别是老人家 ， 偶发
或短暂的幻听 ， 并不足以排除此一诊断 ， 只要它们
并非典型的精神分裂症的幻听或只占临床症状的一
小部就可以了。
妄想病
妄想性 ：
． 精神病
． 状态
晚发型妄想性精神病
敏感性关系妄想
不包含 ： 妄想性 ：
． 人格障碍症 (F60.0)
． 精神病症 ， 心因性 (F23.3)
． 反应 (F23.3)
． 精神分裂症 (F23.0)
F34.0
Cyclothymia
A persistent instability of mood involving numerous periods of depression and mild
elation, none of which is sufficiently severe or prolonged to justify a diagnosis of
bipolar affective disorder (F31.-) or recurrent depressive disorder (F33.-). This disorder
is frequently found in the relatives of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Some
patients with cyclothymia eventually develop bipolar affective disorder.
Affective personality disorder
Cycloid personality
Cyclothymic personality
循环性情感障碍症 (cyclothymia)
持久的情绪不稳 ， 包含多次轻度忧郁及轻度情感高
扬。但其严重度与时间都不足以符合双相情感障碍
症 (F31.-) ， 或复发性郁症 (F33.-) 的诊断准则。在双相 （
极 ） 情感障碍症 (F31.-) 病患家属中常见此症 ， 并且有
些循环性情感障碍症 ， 终会发展成双相 （ 极 ） 情感
障碍症。
情感性人格障碍症 (affective persanality disorder)
循环性人格 (cycloid persanality)
循环情感性人格 (cyclothymic personality) 〕。
F34.1
Dysthymia
A chronic depression of mood, lasting at least several years, which is not sufficiently
severe, or in which individual episodes are not sufficiently prolonged, to justify a
diagnosis of severe, moderate, or mild recurrent depressive disorder (F33.-).
Depressive:
. neurosis
. personality disorder
Neurotic depression
Persistent anxiety depression
Excludes: anxiety depression (mild or not persistent) (F41.2)
轻郁情感障碍症 (Dysthymia)
一种慢性忧郁情绪 ， 其发病期间至少数年以上。其
严重度、或单次忧郁期间 ， 不符合轻度或中度或重
度复发性郁症 (F33.-) 的诊断准则。
忧郁性
． 精神官能症
． 人格障碍症
官能性忧郁症 （ 有二年以上者 ）
持久焦虑性忧郁症
不包含 ： 轻度或不持续的焦虑性忧郁症 (F41.2) 。
F42
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
The essential feature is recurrent obsessional thoughts or compulsive acts. Obsessional
thoughts are ideas, images, or impulses that enter the patient's mind again and again in a
stereotyped form. They are almost invariably distressing and the patient often tries,
unsuccessfully, to resist them. They are, however, recognized as his or her own thoughts,
even though they are involuntary and often repugnant. Compulsive acts or rituals are
stereotyped behaviours that are repeated again and again. They are not inherently
enjoyable, nor do they result in the completion of inherently useful tasks. Their function
is to prevent some objectively unlikely event, often involving harm to or caused by the
patient, which he or she fears might otherwise occur. Usually, this behaviour is
recognized by the patient as pointless or ineffectual and repeated attempts are made to
resist. Anxiety is almost invariably present. If compulsive acts are resisted the anxiety
gets worse.
Includes: anankastic neurosis
obsessive-compulsive neurosis
Excludes: obsessive-compulsive personality (disorder) (F60.5)
强迫症
基本的特徵是反覆的强迫性思考或强迫性行动。强
迫性思考是指意念、心象或冲动以一种刻板的方式
， 一次又一次的进入病人的思绪当中。这些通常是
令人困扰的 ， 病人通常会试着去抵抗上述意念 ， 但
都不会成功。这些意念一向被病人认为是自己的思
考 ， 纵使他们是非志愿或厌恶的。强迫性行动或仪
式行动是一种刻板的行为 ， 被一次又一无可奈何次
的重复。这些并不令人感到愉快 ， 也不能达成有用
的任务。病人通常把这些行动视为是一种用来避免
在客观上并不可能发生的对患者或他人的伤害 ， 这
些行为通常会被病人认为是没有意义的或亳无作用
的 ， 而且屡次地想来抵抗此行动 ， 同时会有焦虑。
若试图抵抗此重覆行为 ， 焦虑会加重。
包含 ： 强迫性精神官能症 （anankastic neurosis）
强迫性精神官能症 （obsessive-compulsive neurosis）
不包含 ： 强迫性人格障碍症 （F60.5）
F43.1
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Arises as a delayed or protracted response to a stressful event or situation (of either
brief or long duration) of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature, which is
likely to cause pervasive distress in almost anyone. Predisposing factors, such as
personality traits (e.g. compulsive, asthenic) or previous history of neurotic illness,
may lower the threshold for the development of the syndrome or aggravate its course, but
they are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain its occurrence. Typical features
include episodes of repeated reliving of the trauma in intrusive memories
("flashbacks"), dreams or nightmares, occurring against the persisting
background of a sense of "numbness" and emotional blunting, detachment from
other people, unresponsiveness to surroundings, anhedonia, and avoidance of activities and
situations reminiscent of the trauma. There is usually a state of autonomic hyperarousal
with hypervigilance, an enhanced startle reaction, and insomnia. Anxiety and depression
are commonly associated with the above symptoms and signs, and suicidal ideation is not
infrequent. The onset follows the trauma with a latency period that may range from a few
weeks to months. The course is fluctuating but recovery can be expected in the majority of
cases. In a small proportion of cases the condition may follow a chronic course over many
years, with eventual transition to an enduring personality change (F62.0).
Traumatic neurosis
创伤後障碍症
源自於对某一压力事件或某种长、短期存在之压力
情境 ， 以迟缓或且拖延的反应来表现。这类事件或
情境具有异常之威胁性或是大灾难的性质 ， 它几乎
可使任何人痛苦。如果有某一些人格特质因素存在
的话 （ 如个性上较强迫性格或柔弱 ） ， 或过去有精
神官能症 ， 可能会使此种症候发生的临界点降低或
使其病程恶化 ， 但它仍不足以完全解释此症候的发
生。典型症状包含 ： 过去创伤的情节会一再侵入记
忆而重现 （flashbacks） ， 常做梦或梦魔 ， 一直感觉 ” 麻
木 ” 及情感迟钝 ， 和别人疏离 ， 对环境没有反应 ，
快乐感缺失 ， 及逃避会使其回忆创伤的种种活动和
情境。自律神经经常属於过度激发状态 ， 伴随有过
度警戒、易有惊吓反应及失眠。忧郁和焦虑常与以
上的症状、徵候在一起 ， 自杀的念头也不少见。创
伤之後到疾病产生之间的潜伏期有数周到数月之久
， 但很少超过六个月。病程起起伏伏 ， 但大部分的
个案都能预期会恢复。不过少部分个案会慢性化而
历经好多年 ， 以致形成人格的永久改变。 （见F62.0）
创伤性精神官能症。
F44.3
Trance and possession disorders
Disorders in which there is a temporary loss of the sense of personal identity and full
awareness of the surroundings. Include here only trance states that are involuntary or
unwanted, occurring outside religious or culturally accepted situations.
Excludes: states associated with:
. acute and transient psychotic disorders (F23.-)
. organic personality disorder (F07.0)
. postconcussional syndrome (F07.2)
. psychoactive substance intoxication (F10-F19 with common fourth character .0)
. schizophrenia (F20.-)
迷蒙与附身症
此类病有暂时性自我认同、环境辨识能力丧失的表
现 ， 此处仅包含在宗教或文化上不被接受的非主动
或非所欲的状况下发生的迷蒙障碍。
不包含 ： 伴随状态 ：
． 急性与短暂性精神病 (F23.-）
． 器质性人格障碍症 (F07.0）
． 脑震汤後徵候群 (F07.2）
． 精神作用性物质中毒 （F10-F19， 伴有共同第四码.0）
． 精神分裂症 （F20.-）
F44.7
Mixed dissociative [conversion] disorders
Combination of disorders specified in F44.0-F44.6
Ganser's syndrome
Multiple personality
Psychogenic:
. confusion
. twilight state
混合性解离〔转化〕症
F44.0－44.6 各症 ， 混合表现者。
甘瑟徵候群
双重人格
心因性 ：
． 混乱
． 朦朦
Disorders of adult personality and
behaviour (F60-F69)
This block includes a variety of conditions and behaviour patterns of clinical
significance which tend to be persistent and appear to be the expression of the
individual's characteristic lifestyle and mode of relating to himself or herself and
others. Some of these conditions and patterns of behaviour emerge early in the course of
individual development, as a result of both constitutional factors and social experience,
while others are acquired later in life. Specific personality disorders (F60.-), mixed and
other personality disorders (F61.-), and enduring personality changes (F62.-) are deeply
ingrained and enduring behaviour patterns, manifesting as inflexible responses to a broad
range of personal and social situations. They represent extreme or significant deviations
from the way in which the average individual in a given culture perceives, thinks, feels
and, particularly, relates to others. Such behaviour patterns tend to be stable and to
encompass multiple domains of behaviour and psychological functioning. They are
frequently, but not always, associated with various degrees of subjective distress and
problems of social performance.
成人人格与行为违常 (F60-F69)
这一节包含了各种较具有临床意义之状态及行为模
式 ， 它们倾向於较具持久性 ， 表现出个人生活型态
之特徵以及个人与他人之应对模式。上述这些有意
义的状态及行为模式 ， 有些是在个体发展的早期就
表现出来 ， 可说是体质因素和社会经验的结果 ； 然
而其馀则是在个体生命的後期方形成的 ， 无论是特
定人格障碍症、混合型与其他人格障碍症及持续的
人格改变 ， 都是根深蒂固持续的行为模式。显示出
他们对个人的与对社会情境采取较僵化的反应。他
们与相同文化 ， 思想 ， 经验的一般大众比较之下显
示有极大差异 ， 这些行为模式倾向於固定 ， 而且表
现在多方面的行为及心理功能上。经常会造成个案
本人痛苦 ， 以及其社会功能表现的问题。
F60
Specific personality disorders
These are severe disturbances in the personality and behavioural tendencies of the
individual; not directly resulting from disease, damage, or other insult to the brain, or
from another psychiatric disorder; usually involving several areas of the personality;
nearly always associated with considerable personal distress and social disruption; and
usually manifest since childhood or adolescence and continuing throughout adulthood.
特定人格违常
是指个性组成与行为倾向有严重障碍 ， 并非直接导
因於疾病 ， 脑伤或其他精神疾病 ， 障碍通常涉及一
个人个性组成的许多层面 ， 而且总会引起本人的痛
苦及社会功能缺损。往往通常自儿童或青少年时期
就表现出来且持续至成人时期。
F60.0
Paranoid personality disorder
Personality disorder characterized by excessive sensitivity to setbacks, unforgiveness of
insults; suspiciousness and a tendency to distort experience by misconstruing the neutral
or friendly actions of others as hostile or contemptuous; recurrent suspicions, without
justification, regarding the sexual fidelity of the spouse or sexual partner; and a
combative and tenacious sense of personal rights. There may be excessive self-importance,
and there is often excessive self-reference.
Personality (disorder):
. expansive paranoid
. fanatic
. querulant
. paranoid
. sensitive paranoid
Excludes: paranoia (F22.0)
. querulans (F22.8)
paranoid:
. psychosis (F22.0)
. schizophrenia (F20.0)
. state(F22.0)
妄想型人格违常
妄想型人格违常的特质即对挫折过度的敏感 ， 无法
宽恕别人的侮辱 ； 持怀疑的态度且倾向於误解别人
中性或友善的动作为敌意或轻视 ， 藉此扭曲其个人
经验 ， 未经证实而反覆的质疑配偶或性伴侣的忠实
； 会因固执其个人权利之维护而较好战。这些人通
常较过度看重自己 ， 而且过度质疑外界的事物跟自
己有关。
人格 （ 违常 ） ：
． 扩展性妄想人格违常
． 狂热性人格违常
． 易怒人格违常
． 妄想人格违常
． 敏感性妄想人格违常
不包含 ：
． 易怒型妄想病 (F22.8)
． 精神病性妄想 (F22.0)
． 妄想型精神分裂症 (F20.0)
． 妄想状态 (F22.0)
F60.1
Schizoid personality disorder
Personality disorder characterized hy withdrawal from affectionAl, social and other
contacts with preference for fantasy, solitary activities, and introspection. There is a
limited capacity to express feelings and to experience pleasure.
Excludes: Asperger's syndrome (F84.5)
delusional disorder (F22.0)
schizoid disorder of childhood (F84.5)
schizophrenia (F20.-)
schizotypal disorder (F21)
分裂性人格违常
分裂性人格违常的特质为退缩性的情绪反应与社交
关系。宁可选择幻想 ， 个人活动及内省。在表露情
感及体会愉悦能力上有所限制。
不包含 ： Asperger's syndrome (F84.5)
妄想病 (F22.0)
儿童时期的类精神分裂症 (F84.5)
精神分裂症 (F20.-)
准精神分裂症F21)
F60.2
Dissocial personality disorder
Personality disorder characterized by disregard for social obligations, and callous
unconcern for the feelings of others. There is gross disparity between behaviour and the
prevailing social norms. Behaviour is not readily modifiable by adverse experience,
including punishment. There is a low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for
discharge of aggression, including violence; there is a tendency to blame others, or to
offer plausible rationalizations for the behaviour bringing the patient into conflict with
society.
Personality (disorder):
. amoral
. antisocial
. asocial
. psychopathic
. sociopathic
Excludes: conduct disorders (F91.-)
emotionally unstable personality disorder (F60.3)
异规性人格违常
此种人格违常的特质为漠视社会规范、以及漠视他
人的感受 ， 其行为和一般社会规范之间有很大的差
异 ， 其行为并不会经由惩罚等方式而轻易地修改。
挫折耐受力低而且好攻击 ， 包含暴力的使用 ； 倾向
於责备他人或对於自己的行为与社会有冲突之处提
出看似有理的合理化说明。
人格 ( 违常 ) ：
． 反道德性人格违常
． 反社会人格违常
． 非社会性人格违常
． 精神病性反社会人格违常
． 非社会性人格违常
不包含 ： 行为障碍症 (F91.-)
情绪不稳性人格违常 (F60.3)
F60.3
Emotionally unstable personality disorder
Personality disorder characterized by a definite tendency to act impulsively and without
consideration of the consequences, the mood is unpredictable and capricious. There is a
liability to outbursts of emotion and an incapacity to control the behavioural explosions.
There is a tendency to quarrelsome behaviour and to conflicts with others, especially when
impulsive acts are thwarted or censored. Two types may be distinguished: the impulsive
type, characterized predominantly by emotional instability and lack of impulse control,
and the borderline type, characterized in addition by disturbances in self-image, aims,
and internal preferences, by chronic feelings of emptiness, by intense and unstable
interpersonal relationships, and by a tendency to self- destructive behaviour, including
suicide gestures and attempts.
Personality (disorder):
. aggressive
. borderline
. explosive
Excludes: dissocial personality disorder (F60.2)
情绪不稳定性人格违常
此种人格违常的特质是没经过考虑而做出冲动的行
为 ， 同时伴随有不稳定的情绪 ， 当面临他人的批评
或与其意见相左时 ， 经常是无法事前经过深思熟虑
就爆发强烈的愤怒而引起暴力行为。此类人格违常
之诊断中 ， 又常被区分有下列二亚型 ， 而其都有冲
动和缺乏自我控制之共同特性。冲动型 （impulsive type）
， 其主要之特徵为情绪不稳定及缺少冲动控制的能
力 ； 边缘型 （borderline type） ， 主要特徵除上述之外 ， 再
加上有对自我之形象、人生目标以及内心之取向 （
包含性取向 ） 常不清楚或有困扰。其常有长期的空
虚感。因其不安定之情绪状态 ， 而常陷於强烈不稳
定的人际关系 ， 而常有自杀的威胁及自伤的行为。
人格 （ 违常 ） ：
． 攻击性人格违常
． 边缘性人格违常
． 爆发性人格违常
不包含 ： 异规性人格违常 (F60.2)
F60.4
Histrionic personality disorder Personality disorder characterized by shallow and labile affectivity, self- dramatization, theatricality, exaggerated expression of emotions, suggestibility, egocentricity, self-indulgence, lack of consideration for others, easily hurt feelings, and continuous seeking for appreciation, excitement and attention. Personality (disorder):
. hysterical
. psyco infantile
剧化性人格违常
此种人格违常之特质为肤浅而不稳定的情感状态 ，
戏剧化的 ， 夸大的情绪表现 ， 易受暗示 ， 自我中心
取向 ， 自我放纵 ， 不为他人作考虑 ， 易有被伤害的
感受 ， 渴望被重视 ， 被注意及刺激感。
人格 （ 违常 ） ：
． 歇斯底里的人格违常
． 精神幼稚性人格违常
F60.5
Anankastlc personality disorder
Personality disorder characterized by feelings of doubt, perfectionism, excessive
conscientiousness, checking and preoccupation with details, stubbornness, caution, and
rigidity. There may be insistent and unwelcome thoughts or impulses that do not attain the
severity of an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Personality (disorder):
. compulsive
. obsessional
. obsessive-compulsive
Excludes: obsessive-compulsive disorder (F42.-)
完美性人格违常
此种人格违常的特质为犹豫不决 ， 要求完美 ， 对良
心道德过度忠诚 ， 反覆检查事物且专注於细节 ， 顽
固不屈 ， 谨慎小心 ， 而且坚持己见。或许有未达强
迫性精神官能症的强迫思想或冲动。
人格 （ 违常 ） ：
． 强迫行为人格违常
． 强迫思考人格违常
． 强迫思考与行为人格违常
不包含 ： 强迫性精神官能症 (F42.-)
F60.6
Anxious [avoidant] personality disorder
Personality disorder characterized by feelings of tension and apprehension, insecurity and
inferiority. There is a continuous yearning to be liked and accepted, a hypersensitivity
to rejection and criticism with restricted personal attachments, and a tendency to avoid
certain activities by habitual exaggeration of the potential dangers or risks in everyday
situations.
焦虑性 （ 畏避性 ） 人格违常
此种人格违常之特质为易表现出紧张、恐惧、不安
全感、及自卑感。总是渴望自己能被喜欢 ， 被他人
接受 ； 敏锐地感受别人的拒绝和批评 ， 因而少与他
人接触 ， 并且藉者夸大日常生活中潜藏的危险性来
避开某些活动。
F60.7
Dependent personality disorder
Personality disorder characterized by pervasive passive reliance on other people to make
one's major and minor life decisions, great fear of abandonment, feelings of helplessness
and incompetence, passive compliance with the wishes of elders and others, and a weak
response to the demands of daily life. Lack of vigour may show itself in the intellectual
or emotional spheres; there is often a tendency to transfer responsibility to others.
Personality (disorder):
. asthenic
. inadequate
. passive
. self-defeating
依赖性人格违常
此种人格违常有下列特徵 ： 依赖他人为自己做重大
事情和日常生活之决定 ； 非常害怕被放弃 ； 感到无
助和无法胜任事情 ； 被动地顺从长者或他人的期望
； 对日常生活所需不太有反应。在智力功能或情绪
方面常表现出缺乏精力 ； 有将责任托附在别人身上
之倾向。
人格 （ 违常 ） ：
． 无力性人格违常
． 不能胜任性人格违常
． 被动性人格违常
． 自我贬抑性人格违常
F60.8
Other specific personality disorders
Personality (disorder):
. eccentric
. "haltlose" type
. immature
. narcissistic
. passive-aggressive
. psychoneurotic
其他的特异性人格违常
人格 （ 违常 ） ：
． 偏离性人格违常
． 脱性人格违常
． 不成熟性人格违常
． 自恋的人格违常
． 被动攻击性人格违常
． 神经质性人格违常
F60.9
Personality disorder, unspecified
Character neurosis NOS
Pathological personality NOS
未明示之人格违常
其他未明示之神经质
其他未明示之病态性人格
F61
Mixed and other personality disorders
This category is intended for personality disorders that are often troublesome but do not
demonstrate the specific pattern of symptoms that characterize the disorders described in
F60.-. As a result they are often more difficult to diagnose than the disorders in F60.-.
Examples include:
. mixed personality disorders with features of several of the disorders in F60.- but
without a predominant set of symptoms that would allow a more specific diagnosis
. troublesome personality changes, not classifiable to F60.- or F62.-, and regarded as
secondary to a main diagnosis of a coexisting affective or anxiety disorder.
Excludes: accentuated personality traits (Z73.1)
混合型及其馀型式人格违常
这里所讨论的人格违常 ， 不同於 F60.- 各种各具特异症
状的人格违常 ， 而是较困难 ， 较麻烦的一类。与 F60
相较之下 ， 这里所讨论的人格违常较难诊断。
包含以下实例 ：
． 混合 F60 中几种人格违常的表现 ， 但无较优势之几
个症状 ， 足以归纳於某一特定人格违常疾病之诊断
。
． 较麻烦困难的人格改变 ， 并不能分类到 F60.- 或 F62.-
， 并可视之为续发於某种并存的情感性疾病或焦虑
性疾病。
不包含 ： 突显性人格特质
F62
Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and
disease
Disorders of adult personality and behaviour that have developed in persons with no
previous personality disorder following exposure to catastrophic or excessive prolonged
stress, or following a severe psychiatric illness. These diagnoses should be made only
when there is evidence of a definite and enduring change in a person's pattern of
perceiving, relating to, or thinking about the environment and himself or herself. The
personality change should be significant and be associated with inflexible and maladaptive
behaviour not present before the pathogenic experience. The change should not be a direct
manifestation of another mental disorder or a residual symptom of any antecedent mental
disorder.
Excludes: personality and behavioural disorder due to brain disease, damage and
dysfunction (F07.-)
非器质性人格变异症
某些成人并非原先存在人格违常或行为违常 ， 而是
续发於发生灾难之後 ， 暴露在长期压力之後或续发
於严重精神疾病之後。除非有证据显示 ， 以下情形
才做此诊断 ： 此病人对环境及自我的看法与他人的
关系确定有一长期持续的改变。此种人格改变必需
是明显的、僵化的、不适应的而且此种现象在此病
态经验之前不曾出现过。此一人格违常并非直接是
另一精神疾病的临床表现 ， 亦非任何先前存在的精
神疾病之残馀症状。
不包含 ： 由於脑部疾病 ， 受损及功能障碍所引发的
人格及行为违常 (F07.-)
F62.0
Enduring personality change after catastrophic experience ,br>
Enduring personality change, present for at least two years, following exposure to
catastrophic stress. The stress must be so extreme that it is not necessary to consider
personal vulnerability in order to explain its profound effect on the personality. The
disorder is characterized by a hostile or distrustful attitude towards the world, social
withdrawal feelings of emptiness or hopelessness, a chronic feeling of "being on
edge" as if constantly threatened, and estrangement. Post-traumatic stress disorder
(F43.1) may precede this type of personality change.
Personality change after:
. concentration camp experiences
. disasters
. prolonged:
. captivity with an imminent possibility of being killed
. exposure to life-threatening situations such as being a victim of terrorism
. torture
Excludes: post-traumatic stress disorder (F43.1)
灾难後长久人格变异症
续发於经历灾难之後 ， 至少持续两年的人格改变。
此灾难构成的压力极大以致於我们不须考虑用个人
的脆弱性来解释此压力在人格所造成的重大作用。
此种人格违常之特质 ： 对世界抱持敌对、不信任的
态度 ， 变得较退缩 ， 感到空虚或绝望 ， 长期紧张像
是持续受到威胁一样 ， 有疏离感。在此种人格改变
之前可以有创伤後压力徵候群之存在。
人格改变发生在以下事件之後 ：
． 集中营
． 大灾难
． 持续的 ：
． 被囚禁且即将可能被处死
． 暴露在生命受威胁的情境之下 ， 如身为恐怖政治
下的牺牲者。
． 折磨的苦痛
不包含 ： 创伤後压力徵候群 (F43.1)
F62.1
Enduring personality change after psychiatric illness
Personality change, persisting for at least two years, attributable to the traumatic
experience of suffering from a severe psychiatric illness. The change cannot be explained
by a previous personality disorder and should be differentiated from residual
schizophrenia and other states of incomplete recovery from an antecedent mental disorder.
This disorder is characterized by an excessive dependence on and a demanding attitude
towards others; conviction of being changed or stigmatized by the illness, leading to an
inability to form and maintain close and confiding personal relationships and to social
isolation; passivity, reduced interests, and diminished involvement in leisure activities;
persistent complaints of being ill, which may be associated with hypochondriacal claims
and illness behaviour; dysphoric or labile mood, not due to the presence of a current
mental disorder or antecedent mental disorder with residual affective symptoms; and
longstanding problems in social and occupational functioning.
精神疾病後长久人格变异症
由於承受严重精神疾病的创伤经验所引发的人格改
变 ， 至少得持续两年。此种改变无法以先前存在的
人格违常来解释 ， 必须与精神分裂症残馀症状及其
他先前存在精神疾病未完全康复状态做鉴别诊断 ，
此种人格违常之特质 ： 对他人过度依赖且过度要求
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