persist [ pə:'sist] vi.坚持，固执；持续
persist [ pə:'sist] vi.持续，存留
persist in 坚持；固执
坚持统一，反对分裂，增加了解，化解歧见
"persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences "
I will persist until I succeed.
坚持不懈直到成功。
The true secret of giving advice is, after you have honestly given it, to be perfectly indifferent whether it is taken or not, and never persist in trying to set people right.
提出忠告的真正秘诀在于：诚心诚意地提出之后，就不再关注它是否被采纳，并且决不固执己见地要求别人按自己的意见行事。
To persist in efforts without losing the aim will finally result in success.
不失目标地坚持努力终将导致成功。
The reasonble man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable man persists in trying to adapt the world to himself, Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.
George Bre4nard Shaw, British dramatist
讲理的人使自己适应世界，不讲理的人坚持要世界适应自己，所以一切进步得靠不讲理的人。
英国剧作家肖伯纳.G.
The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. ( Bernard Shaw )明白事理的人使自己适应世界；不明事理的人想使世界适应自己。(萧伯钠)
persist in 坚持不懈，执着
坚持 [jiān chí] /to continue upholding/to remain committed to/persistence/to persist/to uphold/to insist on/persevere/
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists.
不过，控制水的神话还在继续。
This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.
本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。
The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams.
这个大型工程可能会出现大坝上所有的常见问题。
But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.
但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在他们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。
{adj: dogging, persisting} relentless and indefatigable in pursuit or as if in pursuit
"impossible to escape the dogging fears"
{adj: established, naturalized} introduced from another region and persisting without cultivation
{adj: unaltered, unchanged} remaining in an original state
"persisting unaltered through time"
<-> altered
{n: VX gas} a highly lethal nerve agent used in chemical warfare; a toxic liquid that penetrates the skin or lungs to disrupt the nervous system and stop respiration; in combat VX gas is deployed by detonating a container over the target area and can persist in the environment up to several weeks after release
"VX gas is one of those things we wish we could disinvent"
{n: afterimage, aftersensation} an image (usually a negative image) that persists after stimulation has ceased
{n: bad temper, ill temper} a persisting angry mood
{n: barratry} the offence of vexatiously persisting in inciting lawsuits and quarrels
{n: course, course of action} a mode of action
"if you persist in that course you will surely fail"
"once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place"
{n: cyclothymia, cyclothymic disorder, cyclic disorder} a mild bipolar disorder that persists over a long time
{n: evergreen, evergreen plant} a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year
<-> deciduous plant
{n: heaviness} persisting sadness
"nothing lifted the heaviness of her heart after her loss"
{n: hepatitis A, infectious hepatitis} an acute but benign form of viral hepatitis caused by an RNA virus that does not persist in the blood serum and is usually transmitted by ingesting food or drink that is contaminated with fecal matter
{n: hepatitis B, serum hepatitis} an acute (sometimes fatal) form of viral hepatitis caused by a DNA virus that tends to persist in the blood serum and is transmitted by sexual contact or by transfusion or by ingestion of contaminated blood or other bodily fluids
{n: identity, personal identity, individuality} the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity
"you can lose your identity when you join the army"
{n: metastability} the quality of a physical system that persists in its existing equilibrium when undisturbed (or only slightly disturbed) but able to pass to a more stable equilibrium when sufficiently disturbed
{n: perseverance, persistence, perseveration} the act of persisting or persevering; continuing or repeating behavior
"his perseveration continued to the point where it was no longer appropriate"
{n: perseveration} the tendency for a memory or idea to persist or recur without any apparent stimulus for it
{n: phosphorescence} a fluorescence that persists after the bombarding radiation has ceased
{n: plumule} down feather of young birds; persists in some adult birds
{n: spiny talinum, Talinum spinescens} low cushion-forming plant with rose to crimson-magenta flowers and leaf midribs that persist as spines when the leaves die; southwestern United States
{v: ask for it, ask for trouble} persist with actions or an attitude despite the probability that it will cause trouble
"He is asking for trouble with his behavior"
{v: carry over} transfer or persist from one stage or sphere of activity to another
{v: continue, persist in} carry forward
"We continued our research into the cause of the illness"
{v: last, endure} persist or be long ; in time
"The bad weather lasted for three days"
{v: obstinate} persist stubbornly
"he obstinates himself against all rational arguments"
{v: persevere, persist, hang in, hang on, hold on} be persistent, refuse to stop
"he persisted to call me every night"
"The child persisted and kept asking questions"
{v: persist, remain, stay} stay behind
"The smell stayed in the room"
"The hostility remained long after they made up"
{v: plug, plug away} persist in working hard
"Students must plug away at this problem"
{v: prevail, persist, die hard, run, endure} continue to exist
"These stories die hard"
"The legend of Elvis endures"
But, as in Europe and elsewhere in Asia, certain regulations over the industry will persist.
不过，如同在欧洲以及亚洲其他地区一样，有关该互联网产业的一些规定仍将存在下去。
Yet the myth persists that genetic determinism is a more implacable kind of fatalism than social determinism.
可是仍然有人坚持这荒诞的看法，即基因决定论是一比社会决定论更难撼动的宿命论。
But that was a critical message for Japan to digest back in the 1950s, and it persists as a national mantra today.
然而，对 20世纪 50年代的日本来说，这却是一条意义非凡的信息，值得日本人深思。而且，这一思想作为一种民族精神一直延续至今。
Interestingly, a few moviegoers persist in believing, even after the final cast and credit roll, that this clever fiction is for real.
有趣的是，即使屏幕上出现演职人员字幕之后，还有一些观众仍坚持认为，这个构思精巧的故事是真实的。
Indeed, says Gray, one reason the 1999 hurricane season has been so active is that the latest La Ni? a has persisted for more than a year.
他认为，发生 1999年飓风的原因之一是持续了一年多的活跃的拉尼娜现象造成的。
Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since.
尽管制片商们甚感不愿，唯恐公众无法跟上由这样的并置画面所构成的情节，但格里菲斯依然我行我素，坚持不懈，并实验电影语言的其它因素，而正是这些因素自从那时起便变作一种标准规范。
.2
Dependence syndrome
A cluster of behavioural, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after
repeated substance use and that typically include a strong desire to take the drug,
difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harm- ful consequences,
a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased
tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state.
The dependence syndrome may be present for a specific psychoactive substance (e.g.
tobacco, alcohol, or diazepam), for a class of substances (e.g. opioid drugs), or for a
wider range of pharmacologically different psychoactive substances.
Chronic alcoholism
Dipsomani
Drug addiction
成瘾徵候群
系指重覆药物使用後发展而成的一组生理、行为及
认知的现象 ， 它包括强烈的欲望想要使用此药物 ，
非常难以克制药物之使用 ， 明明有种种伤害仍继续
使用 ， 忽略应有之责任 ， 而把药物之使用摆在优先
之地位 ， 药物耐受力增加 ， 以及身体之戒断症状等
。
成瘾徵候群可能出现在某一特定的精神作用物质 （
如烟草、酒精或 diazepam） ， 某一类的物质 （ 如鸦片类
药物 ） ， 或者是范围更广的种种精神作用物质。
慢性酒瘾
耽酒狂
药瘾
.7
Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder
A disorder in which alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced changes of cognition,
affect, personality, or behaviour persist beyond the period during which a direct
psychoactive substance-related effect might reasonably be assumed to be operating. Onset
of the disorder should be directly related to the use of the psychoactive substance. Cases
in which initial onset of the state occurs later than episode(s) of such substance use
should be coded here only where clear and strong evidence is available to attribute the
state to the residual effect of the psychoactive substance. Flashbacks may be
distinguished from psychotic state partly by their episodic nature, frequently of very
short duration, and by their duplication of previous alcohol- or other psychoactive
substance-related experiences.
Alcoholic dementia NOS
Chronic alcoholic brain syndrome
Dementia and other milder forms of persisting impairment of cognitive functions
Flashbacks
Late-onset psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorder
Posthallucinogen perception disorder
Residual:
. affective disorder
. disorder of personality and behaviour
Excludes: alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced:
. Korsakov's syndrome (F10-F19 with common fourth char- acter .6)
. psychotic state (F10-F19 with common fourth character .5)
残馀及晚发精神病症
此病症是因酒精或精神作用物质引起认知、情感、
人格或行为的改变 ， 此变化会较原先精神作用质引
起的效果持续续得更久。此病症的发病必须和使用
酒精或精神作用物质直接相关。要有明确及强烈的
证据显示发病是因使用精神作用物质後的残馀效果
时才能归类於此诊断。重现现象 （F1x.70） 与精神病症
是不同的 ， 其区别之要点是其短暂性、阵发性、以
及其重覆先前酒精或其他精神作用物质相关之经验
。
酒精性痴呆症 ， 其他未明示者
慢性酒精性脑徵候群
痴呆症与其他轻型持久性认知功能障碍
重现现象
晚发性精神作用物质引起之精神病性疾病
幻觉剂使用後知觉障碍症
残馀性 ：
． 情感障碍症
． 人格与行为障碍症
不包含 ： 酒精或精神作用物质引起 ：
． 柯沙科夫徵候群 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.6 者 ）
． 精神病性状态 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.5 者 ）
F23
Acute and transient psychotic disorders
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the acute onset of psychotic symptoms
such as delusions, hallucinations, and perceptual disturbances, and by the severe
disruption of ordinary behaviour. Acute onset is defined as a crescendo development of a
clearly abnormal clinical picture in about two weeks or less. For these disorders there is
no evidence of organic causation. Perplexity and puzzlement are often present but
disorientation for time, place and person is not persistent or severe enough to justify a
diagnosis of organically caused delirium (F05.-). Complete recovery usually occurs within
a few months, often within a few weeks or even days. If the disorder persists, a change in
classification will be necessary. The disorder may or may not be associated with acute
stress, defined as usually stressful events preceding the onset by one to two weeks.
急性与短暂性精神病症
此类具高异质性之疾病 ， 其特徵是精神病性症状 ，
如妄想、幻觉、知觉障碍等之急性发作 ， 对日常生
活有严重干扰。急性发作是二星期内渐进性发作。
没有器质性病因之存在。常有迷惘或迷惑之症状 ，
但对人、地与时间之定向感障碍之持续性与严重性
均不足以明显到可做器质性谵妄 (F05.-) 之诊断。一般
在几个月、几星期或甚至几天内即完全恢复。若症
状持续 ， 则要改变诊断。此疾病不一定与急性压力
有关 ， 所谓急性压力是病前一、二星期内压力事件
之发生。
F23.0
Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder without symptoms of schizophrenia
An acute psychotic disorder in which hallucinations, delusions or perceptual disturbances
are obvious but markedly variable, changing from day to day or even from hour to hour.
Emotional turmoil with intense transient feelings of happiness or ecstasy, or anxiety and
irritability, is also frequently present. The polymorphism and instability are
characteristic for the overall clinical picture and the psychotic features do not justify
a diagnosis of schizophrenia (F20.-). These disorders often have an abrupt onset,
developing rapidly within a few days, and they frequently show a rapid resolution of
symptoms with no recurrence. If the symptoms persist the diagnosis should be changed to
persistent delusional disorder (F22.-).
Bouffee delirante without symptoms of schizophrenia or unspecified
Cycloid psychosis without symptoms of schizophrenia or unspecified
无精神分裂症症状之急性多态性精神病症
一种急性精神病症 ， 其幻觉、妄想或知觉障碍都十
分明显 ， 但显着的多样化且变化快速 ， 日日不同 ，
甚或时时不同。情绪骚动伴随强烈而短暂的快乐或
狂喜或焦虑和易怒 ， 常常出现。这种多态性、不稳
定的临床症状相当特异 ， 且其精神病性症状不足以
诊断其为精神分裂症 (F20.-) 。这些症状往往突然发作
， 几天内快速发展 ， 且常常很快消失。若症状持续
超过叁个月 ， 则诊断需更改为持续性妄想症 (F22.-) *
无精神分裂症症状或未明示之 bouffee delirante
无精神分裂症症状或未明示之循环性精神病症
F23.1
Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder with symptoms of schizophrenia
An acute psychotic disorder in which the polymorphic and unstable clinical picture is
present, as described in F23.0; despite this instability, however, some symptoms typical
of schizophrenia are also in evidence for the majority of the time. If the schizophrenic
symptoms persist the diagnosis should be changed to schizophrenia (F20.-).
Bouffee delirante with symptoms of schizophrenia
Cycloid psychosis with symptoms of schizophrenia
有精神分裂症症状之急性多态性精神病症
一种急性精神病 ， 其多态性与不稳定性的精神病性症
状 ， 有如 F23.0 所定义者。虽然症状不稳定 ， 但典型之
精神分裂症症状大都时间均存在。若精神分裂症症
状持续 （ 超过一个月 ） ， 则诊断应该更改为精神分
裂症 (F20.-) 。
有精神分裂症症状之 bouffee delirante
有精神分裂症症状之循环性精神病症
F23.2
Acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder
An acute psychotic disorder in which the psychotic symptoms are comparatively stable and
justify a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but have lasted for less than about one month; the
polymorphic unstable features, as described in F23.0, are absent. If the schizophrenic
symptoms persist the diagnosis should be changed to schizophrenia (F20.-).
Acute (undifferentiated) schizophrenia
Brief schizophreniform:
. disorder
. psychosis
Oneirophrenia
Schizophrenic reaction
Excludes: organic delusional [schizophrenia-like] disorder (F06.2)
schizophreniform disorder NOS (F20.8)
急性类精神分裂性精神病症
一种急性精神病 ， 有相当稳定的精神病性症状 ， 符
合精神分裂症的诊断准则 (F20.-) ， 但持续短於一个月
。但没有 F23.0 中症状的多变性及不稳定性。若精神分
裂的症状持续 ， 诊断应该更改为精神分裂症 (F20.-)
急性 （ 未分化 ） 精神分裂症
． 短暂拟精神分裂症
． 短暂拟精神分裂性精神病症
似梦精神病症 (oneirophrenia)
精神分裂性反应
不包含 ： 器质性妄想〔类精神分裂〕症 (F06.2)
拟精神分裂症 ， 其他未明示者 (F20.8)
F23.3
Other acute predominantly delusional psychotic disorders
Acute psychotic disorders in which comparatively stable delusions or hallucinations are
the main clinical features, but do not justify a diagnosis of schizophrenia (F20.-). If
the delusions persist the diagnosis should be changed to persistent delusional disorder
(F22.-).
Paranoid reaction
Psychogenic paranoid psychosis
其他妄想为主之急性精神病症
一种急性精神病 ， 以比较稳定的妄想或幻觉为主要
症状 ， 但并不符合精神分裂症的诊断准则 (F20.-) 。若
妄想症状持续 ， 诊断应更换为持续性妄想症 (F22.-) 。
妄想性反应
心因性妄想性精神病症
F42.0
Predominantly obsessional thoughts or ruminations
These may take the form of ideas, mental images, or impulses to act, which are nearly
always distressing to the subject. Sometimes the ideas are an indecisive, endless
consideration of alternatives, associated with an inability to make trivial but necessary
decisions in day-to-day living. The relationship between obsessional ruminations and
depression is particularly close and a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder should
be preferred only if ruminations arise or persist in the absence of a depressive episode.
强迫思考或反刍思考为主
它们主要的型式是意念 ， 心象或想做事的冲动 ， 对
病人几乎都会造成困扰。有时这些意念是犹疑不决
的 ， 无止尽的思考可能的方案 ， 它使病人在日常生
活当中无法做一些细微但却必要的决定。强迫性的
反刍与忧郁特别有关连 ， 强迫症的诊断只有在忧郁
症不存在下 ， 而又出现一些反刍思考时才能优先考
虑。
F43.0
Acute stress reaction
A transient disorder that develops in an individual without any other apparent mental
disorder in response to exceptional physical and mental stress and that usually subsides
within hours or days. Individual vulnerability and coping capacity play a role in the
occurrence and severity of acute stress reactions. The symptoms show a typically mixed and
changing picture and include an initial state of "daze" with some constriction
of the field of consciousness and narrowing of attention, inability to comprehend stimuli,
and disorientation. This state may be followed either by further withdrawal from the
surrounding situation (to the extent of a dissociative stupor－F44.2), or by agitation
and over-activity (flight reaction or fugue). Autonomic signs of panic anxiety
(tachycardia, sweating, flushing) are commonly present. The symptoms usually appear within
minutes of the impact of the stressful stimulus or event, and disappear within two to
three days (often within hours). Partial or complete amnesia (F44.0) for the episode may
be present. If the symptoms persist, a change in diagnosis should be considered.
Acute:
. crisis reaction
. reaction to stress
Combat fatigue
Crisis state
Psychic shock
急性压力反应
一种短暂的疾病 ， 发生於原来无其他精神疾病的人
， 当遇到严重的身体或精神压力时发作 ， 但於数小
时或数天内消逝。个体的脆弱性或适应能力在急性
压力反应的发作及严重度扮演重大角色。典型的临
床表现是混合性与多变性的症状 ， 包含一开始出现
昏眩并伴随意识的领域紧缩 ， 注意力变得窄化 ， 失
去理解刺激的能力及定向感障碍等。接下来可能发
生从周遭环境退缩的情形 （ 甚至到达解离性静呆状
态的程度 ， 见F44.2） 或是变得激动与过度躁动 （ 逃跑
反应或解离性迷走 ） 。这些症状在压力事件的冲击
後数分钟内即出现 ， 而在二至叁天内消失 （ 通常数
小时内 ） ， 对此事件可能发生部分或完全失忆 （见F44.0）
。若症状持续则就要考虑诊断之改变。
． 急性危机反应
． 急性压力反应
战斗衰竭症
危机状态
心因性休克
F43.1
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Arises as a delayed or protracted response to a stressful event or situation (of either
brief or long duration) of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature, which is
likely to cause pervasive distress in almost anyone. Predisposing factors, such as
personality traits (e.g. compulsive, asthenic) or previous history of neurotic illness,
may lower the threshold for the development of the syndrome or aggravate its course, but
they are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain its occurrence. Typical features
include episodes of repeated reliving of the trauma in intrusive memories
("flashbacks"), dreams or nightmares, occurring against the persisting
background of a sense of "numbness" and emotional blunting, detachment from
other people, unresponsiveness to surroundings, anhedonia, and avoidance of activities and
situations reminiscent of the trauma. There is usually a state of autonomic hyperarousal
with hypervigilance, an enhanced startle reaction, and insomnia. Anxiety and depression
are commonly associated with the above symptoms and signs, and suicidal ideation is not
infrequent. The onset follows the trauma with a latency period that may range from a few
weeks to months. The course is fluctuating but recovery can be expected in the majority of
cases. In a small proportion of cases the condition may follow a chronic course over many
years, with eventual transition to an enduring personality change (F62.0).
Traumatic neurosis
创伤後障碍症
源自於对某一压力事件或某种长、短期存在之压力
情境 ， 以迟缓或且拖延的反应来表现。这类事件或
情境具有异常之威胁性或是大灾难的性质 ， 它几乎
可使任何人痛苦。如果有某一些人格特质因素存在
的话 （ 如个性上较强迫性格或柔弱 ） ， 或过去有精
神官能症 ， 可能会使此种症候发生的临界点降低或
使其病程恶化 ， 但它仍不足以完全解释此症候的发
生。典型症状包含 ： 过去创伤的情节会一再侵入记
忆而重现 （flashbacks） ， 常做梦或梦魔 ， 一直感觉 ” 麻
木 ” 及情感迟钝 ， 和别人疏离 ， 对环境没有反应 ，
快乐感缺失 ， 及逃避会使其回忆创伤的种种活动和
情境。自律神经经常属於过度激发状态 ， 伴随有过
度警戒、易有惊吓反应及失眠。忧郁和焦虑常与以
上的症状、徵候在一起 ， 自杀的念头也不少见。创
伤之後到疾病产生之间的潜伏期有数周到数月之久
， 但很少超过六个月。病程起起伏伏 ， 但大部分的
个案都能预期会恢复。不过少部分个案会慢性化而
历经好多年 ， 以致形成人格的永久改变。 （见F62.0）
创伤性精神官能症。
F50.0
Anorexia nervosa
A disorder characterized by deliberate weight loss, induced and sustained by the patient.
It occurs most commonly in adolescent girls and young women, but adolescent boys and young
men may also be affected, as may children approaching puberty and older women up to the
menopause. The disorder is associated with a specific psychopathology whereby a dread of
fatness and flabbiness of body contour persists as an intrusive overvalued idea, and the
patients impose a low weight threshold on themselves. There is usually undernutrition of
varying severity with secondary endocrine and metabolic changes and disturban- ces of
bodily function. The symptoms include restricted dietary choice, excessive exercise,
induced vomiting and purgation, and use of appetite suppressants and diuretics.
Excludes: loss of appetite (R63.0)
.psychogenic (F50.8)
厌食症
此病之特徵在於出现由病人所主动引起且蓄意要继
续下去的体重减轻。它最常出现在青春期女孩和年
轻女性成人 ， 但青春期男孩和年轻男性成人 ， 甚至
接近青春期的儿童和年纪较大接近停经年龄的女性
也可能出现。此种疾患伴随有特殊的精神病理 ， 也
就是病人会持续地过份恐惧肥胖和身体轮廓的松弛
变形 ， 因而强迫自己的体重必须到达一很低的程度
。往往病人会出现不同程度的营养不良 ， 伴随有续
发性的内分泌与代谢上的改变以及身体功能的障碍
。病人表现的症状还包含自我限制饮食的选择性 ，
过度运动 ， 自己引发的呕吐和吃泻药 ， 以及使用食
欲抑制剂及利尿剂。
不包含 ： 丧失食欲 (R63.0)
． 心因性丧失食欲 (F50.8)
F51.0
Nnorganic insomnia
A condition of unsatisfactory quantity and/or quality of steep, which persists for a
considerable period of time, including difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying
asleep, or early final wakening. Insomnia is a common symptom of many mental and physical
disorders, and should be classified here in addition to the basic disorder only if it
dominates the clinical picture.
Excludes: insomnia (organic) (G47.0)
非器质性失眠症
此诊断的病人会抱怨在一段相当长的时间内持续有
睡眠的质或量的问题 ， 包含难以入眠 ， 难以维持睡
眠或容易早醒。失眠常是许多精神和身体疾病所表
现出来的症状 ， 只有在失眠是主要临床症状时才能
放此诊断 ， 并加上引起失眠的疾病诊断。
不包含 ： 失眠 （ 器质性 ） (G47.0)
F62.1
Enduring personality change after psychiatric illness
Personality change, persisting for at least two years, attributable to the traumatic
experience of suffering from a severe psychiatric illness. The change cannot be explained
by a previous personality disorder and should be differentiated from residual
schizophrenia and other states of incomplete recovery from an antecedent mental disorder.
This disorder is characterized by an excessive dependence on and a demanding attitude
towards others; conviction of being changed or stigmatized by the illness, leading to an
inability to form and maintain close and confiding personal relationships and to social
isolation; passivity, reduced interests, and diminished involvement in leisure activities;
persistent complaints of being ill, which may be associated with hypochondriacal claims
and illness behaviour; dysphoric or labile mood, not due to the presence of a current
mental disorder or antecedent mental disorder with residual affective symptoms; and
longstanding problems in social and occupational functioning.
精神疾病後长久人格变异症
由於承受严重精神疾病的创伤经验所引发的人格改
变 ， 至少得持续两年。此种改变无法以先前存在的
人格违常来解释 ， 必须与精神分裂症残馀症状及其
他先前存在精神疾病未完全康复状态做鉴别诊断 ，
此种人格违常之特质 ： 对他人过度依赖且过度要求
， 由於疾病所影响或心中烙印此一疾病 ， 导致无法
与他人形成且维持亲密而信赖的人际关系 ， 造成社
会孤立 ； 显得较被动 ； 兴趣变的较低落 ， 且减少休
闲活动之参与 ， 不断抱怨处於生病之中 ， 可能附带
虑病性的要求及生病行为 ； 其低落情绪或不稳定之
情绪 ， 并非源自目前存在的精神疾病或先前存在的
精神疾病之残存症状 ； 并且长期有社会功能和职业
功能方面的问题。
F84.5
Asperger's syndrome
A disorder of uncertain nosological validity, characterized by the same type of
qualitative abnormalities of reciprocal social interaction that typify autism, together
with a restricted, stereotyped, repetitive repertoire of interests and activities. It
differs from autism primarily the fact that there is no general delay or retardation in
language or in cognitive development. This disorder is often associated with marked
clumsiness. There is a strong tendency for the abnormalities to persist into adolescence
and adult life. Psychotic episodes occasionally occur in early adult life.
Autistic psychopathy
Schizoid disorder of childhood
艾斯柏格徵候群
此种疾病分类之效度仍未确定。具有与自闭症相同
型式的社交互动本质障碍及局限、固定、重覆的兴
趣及活动项目为特徵。与自闭症主要的不同在於无
语言或认知发展的延缓或迟滞。常出现有明显的笨
拙。此种异常多半会持续至少年期及成人期 ， 在成
人期早期偶有精神病发作。
自闭性精神病态
儿童期精神分裂性障碍症
F94.2
Disinhibited attachment disorder of childhood
A particular pattern of abnormal social functioning that arises during the first five
years of life and that tends to persist despite marked changes in environmental
circumstances, e.g. diffuse, nonselectively focused attachment behaviour,
attention-seeking and indiscriminately friendly behaviour, poorly modulated peer
interactions; depending on circumstances there may also be associated emotional or
behavioural disturbance .
Affectionless psychopathy
Institutional syndrome
Excludes: Asperger's syndrome (F84.5)
hospitalism in children (F43.2)
hyperkinetic disorders (F90.-)
reactive attachment disorder of childhood (F94.1)
儿童期无选择性依恋障碍症
在五岁以前发生 ， 不因环境变动而改变的特殊社会
功能异常。例如广泛而无选择性的依恋行为 ， 显得
特别黏人 ； 引人注意和亲疏不分的友善行为 ； 而且
与同侪的关系也常不理想 ； 视情况也可能并有情绪
和行为障碍。
无感情之精神变态
机构徵候群
不包含 ： 艾斯柏格徵候群 (F84.5)
儿童之医院病 (F43.2)
过动症或注意力缺损障碍症 (F90.-)
儿童期反应性依恋症 (F94.1)
F95.0
Transient tic disorder
Meets the general criteria for a tic disorder but the tics do not persist longer than 12
months. The tics usually take the form of eye-blinking, facial grimacing, or head-jerking.
一过性抽搐症
符合抽搐症的一般诊断标准 ， 但是时间不持续超过
十二个月。通常以眨眼、做鬼脸、甩头的形式表现
。
F95.2
Combined vocal and multiple motor tic disorder [de la Tourette]
A form of tic disorder in which there are, or have been, multiple motor tics and one or
more vocal tics, although these need not have occurred concurrently. The disorder usually
worsens during adolescence and tends to persist into adult life. The vocal tics are often
multiple with explosive repetitive vocalizations, throat-clearing, and grunting, and there
may be the use of obscene words or phrases. Sometimes there is associated gestural
echopraxia which may also be of an obscene nature (copropraxia) .
合并发声及多发动作抽搐症 （ 得拉土雷徵候群 ）
是一种多种动作抽搐合并一种或多种的声音抽搐的
徵候群 ， 这些抽搐不需要在同时发生。几乎总是在
儿童期或少年期发作。这种症状经常在少年期恶化
， 而且常会持续到成人期。声音抽搐常是多发性、
爆发性的重覆发声、清喉咙、发出哼声、并且可能
说出淫猥的字或片语。有时并有模仿动作 ， 其可能
属猥亵行为性质 （ 秽亵行为 ） 。
Z63.0
Problems in relationship with spouse or partner
Discord between partners resulting in severe or prolonged loss of control, in
generalization of hostile or critical feelings or in a persisting atmosphere of severe
interpersonal violence (hitting or striking).
与配偶或伴侣关系的问题
配偶间的不和谐导致严重及长久失控 ， 处於敌对或
互相挑惕的情形或双方诉诸暴力的持续状态 ( 打击或
敲击 )
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