perception [ pə'sepʃən] n.感觉；概念；理解力
perception [ pə'sepʃən] n．洞察力，理解力
categorization of perception 感知分类
consumers' perceptions 消费者感知
customers' perception 顾客感知
integration of perception 感知整合
perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解
selective perception 选择性感知/理解
The perception of beauty is a moral test.
对美的理解是道德的检验。
perception n.知觉;认知;理解;知觉力
感觉 [gǎn jué] /to feel/to become aware of/feeling/sense/perception/
知觉 [zhī jué] /perception/
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined.
在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.
影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作用的物质，
Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogen.
它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。
Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.
Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.
兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifestation") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”），因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态。
{adj: adroit, clever, ingenious} skillful (or showing skill) in adapting means to ends
"cool prudence and sensitive selfishness along with quick perception of what is possible--these distinguish an adroit politician"
"came up with a clever story"
"an ingenious press agent"
"an ingenious scheme"
{adj: aware, cognizant, cognisant} (sometimes followed by `of') having or showing knowledge or understanding or realization or perception
"was aware of his opponent's hostility"
"became aware of her surroundings"
"aware that he had exceeded the speed limit"
<-> unaware
{adj: composed} made up of individual elements
"if perception is seen as composed of isolated sense data..."
{adj: insightful} exhibiting insight or clear and deep perception
"an insightful parent"
"the chapter is insightful and suggestive of new perspectives"-R.C.Angell
{adj: mind-altering} producing mood changes or distorted perception
"hallucinogenic drugs are mind-altering substances"
{adj: molecular} relating to simple or elementary organization
"proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception"--G.A. Miller
<-> molar
{adj: observant, observing} quick to notice; showing quick and keen perception
{adj: perceptive} of or relating to perception
"perceptive faculties"
{adj: presentational} of or relating to a presentation (especially in psychology or philosophy)
"what Whitehead calls `perception in the presentational immediacy'"
{adj: psychedelic} (of a mental state) characterized by intense and distorted perceptions and hallucinations and feelings of euphoria or sometimes despair
"a psychedelic experience"
{adj: psychedelic} producing distorted sensory perceptions and feelings or altered states of awareness or sometimes states resembling psychosis
"psychedelic drugs like psilocybin and mescaline"
{adj: subliminal} below the threshold of conscious perception
{adj: unconscious} not conscious; lacking awareness and the capacity for sensory perception as if asleep or dead
"lay unconscious on the floor"
<-> conscious
{adj: unperceptive, unperceiving} lacking perception
"as unperceptive as a boulder"
<-> perceptive
{adj: veridical, real} coinciding with reality
"perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception"- F.A.Olafson
{adv: perceptually} with regard to perception
"this task is perceptually very difficult"
{n: apparition, phantom, phantasm, phantasma, fantasm, shadow} something existing in perception only
"a ghostly apparition at midnight"
{n: auditory hallucination, acousma} illusory auditory perception of strange nonverbal sounds
{n: auditory image} a mental image that is similar to an auditory perception
{n: auditory perception, sound perception} the perception of sound as a meaningful phenomenon
{n: brightness} the location of a visual perception along a continuum from black to white
<-> dullness
{n: chromatism} hallucinatory perception of colored lights
{n: clairvoyance, second sight, extrasensory perception, E.S.P., ESP} apparent power to perceive things that are not present to the senses
{n: cognition, knowledge, noesis} the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning
{n: color, colour} the appearance of objects (or light sources) described in terms of a person's perception of their hue and lightness (or brightness) and saturation
{n: detection, sensing} the perception that something has occurred or some state exists
"early detection can often lead to a cure"
{n: discernability, legibility} distinctness that makes perception easy
{n: discernment, perceptiveness} perception of that which is obscure
{n: dissociative disorder} dissociation so severe that the usually integrated functions of consciousness and perception of self break down
{n: face recognition} the visual perception of familiar faces
{n: fluidity, fluidness} a changeable quality
"a charming Oriental fluidity of manner"
"a certain fluidness in his perception of time made him an unpredictable colleague"
"demographers try to predict social fluidity"
{n: hallucination} illusory perception; a common symptom of severe mental disorder
{n: kinesthesia, kinaesthesia, feeling of movement} the perception of body position and movement and muscular tensions etc
{n: melody, tonal pattern} the perception of pleasant arrangements of musical notes
{n: memory picture} a memory image that is similar to a visual perception
{n: musical perception} the auditory perception of musical sounds
{n: noumenon, thing-in-itself} the intellectual conception of a thing as it is in itself, not as it is known through perception
{n: object recognition} the visual perception of familiar objects
{n: penetration, insight} clear or deep perception of a situation
{n: percept, perception, perceptual experience} the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a concept
{n: perception} a way of conceiving something
"Luther had a new perception of the Bible"
{n: perception} knowledge gained by perceiving
"a man admired for the depth of his perception"
{n: perception} the process of perceiving
{n: phonetics} the branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and perception and acoustic analysis
{n: physiological nystagmus} small involuntary tremors of the eyeballs; when it is eliminated by stabilizing the image on the retina, visual perception fades rapidly from fatigue of the retinal receptors
{n: psychic} a person apparently sensitive to things beyond the natural range of perception
{n: psychoactive drug, mind-altering drug, consciousness-altering drug, psychoactive substance} a drug that can produce mood changes and distorted perceptions
{n: psychological operation, psyop} military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments
{n: sensing, perception} becoming aware of something via the senses
{n: sight} an instance of visual perception
"the sight of his wife brought him back to reality"
"the train was an unexpected sight"
{n: smell, odor, odour, olfactory sensation, olfactory perception} the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form
"she loved the smell of roses"
{n: somesthesia, somaesthesia, somatesthesia, somatic sensation} the perception of tactual or proprioceptive or gut sensations
"he relied on somesthesia to warn him of pressure changes"
{n: somesthesia, somesthesis, somaesthesia, somaesthesis, somatesthesia, somataesthesis, somatosensory system, somatic sensory system, somatic sense} the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs
{n: speech perception} the auditory perception (and comprehension) of speech
{n: tactual sensation, tactility, touch perception, skin perceptiveness} the faculty of perceiving (via the skin) pressure or heat or pain
{n: taste, taste sensation, gustatory sensation, taste perception, gustatory perception} the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus
"the candy left him with a bad taste"
"the melon had a delicious taste"
{n: telegnosis} apparent knowledge of distant events without using sensory perceptions
{n: telepathy, thought transference} apparent communication from one mind to another without using sensory perceptions
{n: visual hallucination} illusory visual perception
{n: visual image, visualization, visualisation} a mental image that is similar to a visual perception
{n: visual perception, beholding, seeing} perception by means of the eyes
{n: visual space} the visual perception of space
{n: wits, marbles} the basic human power of intelligent thought and perception
"he used his wits to get ahead"
"I was scared out of my wits"
"he still had all his marbles and was in full possession of a lively mind"
{v: feel} have a feeling or perception about oneself in reaction to someone's behavior or attitude
"She felt small and insignificant"
"You make me feel naked"
"I made the students feel different about themselves"
The paper finds that commonly held perceptions about how our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong.
论文指出，在有关我们的大脑如何工作以及我们的记忆能达到什么程度方面，人们普遍持有的一些看法常常是错误的。
I don't have an attitude problem. You have a perception problem.
不是我的态度有问题，而是你的感觉有问题。
Yet there's a lingering perception that the big consultancies are still lagging the trend. They are moving into it, says Bryan Hickson, recruitment consultant at BLT, a London management recruiter, but is it quickly enough?
但是，人们还是认为，那些大咨询公司仍落后于时代。伦敦管理人才招聘公司 BLT 的顾问布赖恩·希克森说：它们正在进入这一领域，但速度不会那么快。
Obesity also presents a problem of perception: many people regard it as the domain of lazy slobs who eat too much.
肥胖症还引起了一个观念方面的问题：许多人认为只有好吃懒做的人才会得这个玻
Like Mother, Like Daughter Contrary to popular perceptions, children of single mothers are no less ready for school than children from two-parent families with the same education, according to a new study in the Journal of Family Psychology.
有其母必有其女《家庭心理学》杂志的一项新研究证明，就入学准备状况而言，单身母亲抚养的孩子并不亚于学历相当的父母双方共同抚养的孩子。
The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine's "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context.
无庸置疑，这一现象的原因在于计算机的“智能”过于狭隘地集中在其自身感知的细节上——即它无法接受任何较广泛的背景的指导。
Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive.
我们的视觉感知（visual perception）取决于我们能否接收到从我们所希望感知的物体所折射或辐射出来的能量。
And these quanta would be useful, as long as we only wanted to measure energy, but a completely accurate perception of the world will depend also on the exact measurement of the lengths and positions of what we wish to perceive.
只要我们仅想测量能量这些量子将会是有用的；然则，一种对世界绝然精确的感知，还将有赖于对我们所期望感知的物体的长度以及位置作出准确的测量。
Ms. Hughes acknowledges the job will be difficult, saying perceptions do not change quickly or easily.
休斯女士承认，这是一相艰巨的工作，她说，人们的观点不会很快，也不会很轻易地改变。
In an interview recorded after his talks Friday with President Bush at the White House, Mr. Blair spoke at some length about public perceptions, on both sides of the Atlantic, of the situation in Iraq. He said people often forget that Iraq was not a stable country under Saddam Hussein. "There were thousands of people brutally killed. It was a country that within the last couple of decades started two major wars," he said.
布莱尔星期五在白宫会晤了布什总统。布莱尔在随后录制的电视采访中详细阐述了大西洋两岸民众对伊拉克局势的看法。他说，人民通常忽略了这样一个事实，那就是，在萨达姆的统治下，伊拉克并不是一个稳定的国家。布莱尔说：“当时在伊拉克有数以千计的人惨遭杀戮。在过去的几十年中，伊拉克先后发动过两场大的战争。”
Initially, Mr. Sharon's plan called for a four-stage withdrawal of all 21 Jewish settlements from Gaza and four small ones from the West Bank to take place in the second half of 2005. Mr. Sharon has said the disengagement is vital for Israel's security. Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who is one of Mr. Sharon main political rivals within Likud, said he's not opposed to the withdrawal plan, but he wants a slower and more measured approach. Mr. Netanyahu said the withdrawal should be gradual to avoid chaos and the perception that Israel is giving in to terrorism and fleeing from attacks by Palestinian militants.
沙龙最终要从加沙撤走所有21个犹太定居点，并从约旦河西岸撤走4个小型定居点。最初，沙龙的方案分成四个阶段，而且撤离行动原定在2005年后半年开始进行。沙龙说，他的撤离方案对以色列的安全来说至关重要。沙龙在利库德集团内的主要政治对手、以色列财政部长内塔尼亚胡表示，他不反对撤离方案，但是他希望撤离行动能够放缓步骤，并有条不紊地进行。内塔尼亚胡说：撤离行动要循序渐进，以避免混乱，而且不要让人误认为以色列是在向恐怖主义屈服、是在巴勒斯坦激进分子的攻击面前临阵脱逃。
spsc-42183041
Color perception testing lanterns
色觉测试灯
spsc-42183042
Depth perception apparatus
深度知觉仪器
spsc-60102700
Patterning or matching or spatial perception or logical thinking teacher resource materials
图形、镶嵌、空间知觉、逻辑思维教师参考材料
F04
Organic amnesic syndrome, not induced by alcohol and other psychoactive
substances
A syndrome of prominent impairment of recent and remote memory while immediate recall is
preserved, with reduced ability to learn new material and disorientation in time.
Confabulation may be a marked feature, but perception and other cognitive functions,
including the intellect, are usually intact. The prognosis depends on the course of the
underlying lesion.
Korsakov's psychosis or syndrome, nonalcoholic
Excludes: amnesia:
. NOS (R41.3)
. anterograde (R41.1)
. dissociative (F44.0)
. retrograde (R41.2)
Korsakov's syndrome:
. alcohol-induced or unspecified (F10.6)
. induced by other psychoactive substances (F11- F19 with common fourth character .6)
非因酒精及其他精神作用物质引起之器质性失忆徵
候群
为一近程与远程记忆力明显缺损之徵候群。立即性
回忆仍被保守 ， 但学习新事务之能力明显地降低 ，
导致对时间之定向感障碍。虚谈现象可以是一个明
显的表徵 ， 但知觉及其他认知功能 ， 包含智能 ， 通
常是完整的。预後则依其潜在病灶之病程而定。
柯沙科夫氏徵候群或精神病症 ， 非酒精性
不包含 ： 失忆症 ：
． 其他未明示的 (R41.3)
． 前行性 (R41.1)
． 解离性 (F44.0)
． 逆行性 (R41.2)
柯沙科夫徵候群 ：
． 酒精性或未明示的 (F10.6)
． 其他精神作用物质引起的 (F11-F19 中具第 4 码 .6 者 )
F05
Delirium, not induced by alcohol and other psychoactive substances
An etiologically nonspecific organic cerebral syndrome characterized by concurrent
disturbances of consciousness and attention, perception, thinking, memory, psychomotor
behaviour, emotion, and the sleep- wake schedule. The duration is variable and the degree
of severity ranges from mild to very severe.
Includes: acute or subacute:
. brain syndrome
. confusional state (nonalcoholic)
. infective psychosis
. organic reaction
. psycho-organic syndrome
Excludes: delirium tremens, alcohol-induced or unspecified (F10.4)
非因酒精及其他精神作用物质引起之谵妄
为在病因学上非特异性之徵候群 ， 其特徵为同时出
现意识与注意力、知觉、思考、记忆、精神运动行
为、情绪、以及睡醒循环之障碍。有着各种不同持
续期间且轻重程度不一的徵候群。
包含 ： 急性或亚急性 ：
． 脑徵候群
． 混乱状态〔非酒精性〕
． 发炎性精神病
． 器质性反应
． 精神器质性徵候群
不包含 ： 震颤性谵妄 ， 酒精引起或未明示的 (F10.4)
.0
Acute intoxication
A condition that follows the administration of a psychoactive substance resulting in
disturbances in level of consciousness, cognition, perception, affect or behaviour, or
other psychophysiological functions and responses. The disturbances are directly related
to the acute pharmacological effects of the substance and resolve with time, with complete
recovery, except where tissue damage or other complications have arisen. Complications may
include trauma, inhalation of vomitus, delirium, coma, convulsions, and other medical
complications. The nature of these complications depends on the pharmacological class of
substance and mode of administration.
Acute drunkenness in alcoholism
"Bad trips" (drugs)
Drunkenness NOS
Pathological intoxication
Trance and possession disorders in psychoactive substance intoxication
急性中毒
系指服用精神作用物质後所产生的障碍 ， 包含意识
混乱、认知或知觉异常、情感障碍或行为偏差 ， 以
及其他心理生理功能和反应的失调。这种障碍是药
物直接之急性药理作用所引起 ， 随时间而消失 ， 除
非有组织伤害或其他并发症发生 ， 这种伤害会完全
康复。可能之并发症包括外伤、呕吐物吸入呼吸道
、谵妄、昏迷、痉挛与其他内科并发症。这些并发
症之性质视所使用药物之药理性质与使用方式而定
。
酒瘾之酒醉
梦之旅 (bad trips) （ 由於幻觉剂所致 ）
醉酒 ， 其他未明示者
病态中毒
精神作用物质中毒引起之朦胧症与附身症
.7
Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder
A disorder in which alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced changes of cognition,
affect, personality, or behaviour persist beyond the period during which a direct
psychoactive substance-related effect might reasonably be assumed to be operating. Onset
of the disorder should be directly related to the use of the psychoactive substance. Cases
in which initial onset of the state occurs later than episode(s) of such substance use
should be coded here only where clear and strong evidence is available to attribute the
state to the residual effect of the psychoactive substance. Flashbacks may be
distinguished from psychotic state partly by their episodic nature, frequently of very
short duration, and by their duplication of previous alcohol- or other psychoactive
substance-related experiences.
Alcoholic dementia NOS
Chronic alcoholic brain syndrome
Dementia and other milder forms of persisting impairment of cognitive functions
Flashbacks
Late-onset psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorder
Posthallucinogen perception disorder
Residual:
. affective disorder
. disorder of personality and behaviour
Excludes: alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced:
. Korsakov's syndrome (F10-F19 with common fourth char- acter .6)
. psychotic state (F10-F19 with common fourth character .5)
残馀及晚发精神病症
此病症是因酒精或精神作用物质引起认知、情感、
人格或行为的改变 ， 此变化会较原先精神作用质引
起的效果持续续得更久。此病症的发病必须和使用
酒精或精神作用物质直接相关。要有明确及强烈的
证据显示发病是因使用精神作用物质後的残馀效果
时才能归类於此诊断。重现现象 （F1x.70） 与精神病症
是不同的 ， 其区别之要点是其短暂性、阵发性、以
及其重覆先前酒精或其他精神作用物质相关之经验
。
酒精性痴呆症 ， 其他未明示者
慢性酒精性脑徵候群
痴呆症与其他轻型持久性认知功能障碍
重现现象
晚发性精神作用物质引起之精神病性疾病
幻觉剂使用後知觉障碍症
残馀性 ：
． 情感障碍症
． 人格与行为障碍症
不包含 ： 酒精或精神作用物质引起 ：
． 柯沙科夫徵候群 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.6 者 ）
． 精神病性状态 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.5 者 ）
F20
Schizophrenia
The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in general by fundamental and characteristic
distortions of thinking and perception, and affects that are inappropriate or blunted.
Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually maintained although certain
cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of time. The most important psychopathological
phenomena include thought echo; thought insertion or withdrawal; thought broadcasting;
delusional perception and delusions of control; influence or passivity; hallucinatory
voices commenting or discussing the patient in the third person; thought disorders and
negative symptoms .
The course of schizophrenic disorders can be either continuous, or episodic with
progressive or stable deficit, or there can be one or more episodes with complete or
incomplete remission. The diagnosis of schizophrenia should not be made in the presence of
extensive depressive or manic symptoms unless it is clear that schizophrenic symptoms
antedate the affective disturbance. Nor should schizophrenia be diagnosed in the presence
of overt brain disease or during states of drug intoxication or withdrawal. Similar
disorders developing in the presence of epilepsy or other brain disease should be
classified under F06.2, and those induced by psychoactive substances under F10-F19 with
common fourth character .5.
Excludes: schizophrenia:
. acute (undifferentiated) (F23.2)
. cyclic (F25.2)
sehizophrenie reaction (F23.2)
schizotypal disorder (F21)
精神分裂症
精神分裂性疾病一般的特徵是思考及知觉的基本、
特有的歪曲 ， 以及不适当的或迟钝的情感。虽然一
些认知的缺陷在疾病的过程中呈现出来 ， 通常维持
清楚的意识及心智的能力。最重要的精神病理现象
包含思想回声、思想插入或剥夺、思想广播、妄想
性知觉、被控制、被影响或被动等妄想、以第叁人
称批评或讨论病人的听幻觉、思考流程障碍与负性
症状。
精神分裂症之病程 ， 有的是持续性、有的是阵发性
合并进行性或稳定性之退化、有的是一次或多次阵
发性 ， 且完全或不完全之康复。若同时有显着的忧
郁或躁症症状 ， 除非精神分裂的症状於情感障碍之
前发生 ， 否则不作精神分裂症的诊断。若病人有明
显脑部疾患或正处於药物中毒或戒断时期 ， 则不作
精神分裂症之诊断若有精神分裂症的疾病出现於癫
痫或其他脑部疾患时 ， 归类於 F06.2 ， 若是由精神作用
物质引起 ， 则归类於 F10-F19 中第四码.5 者。
不包含 ： 精神分裂症 :
． 急性 （ 未分化的 ） （F23.2）
． 循环性 （F25.2)
精神分裂反应 （F23.2）
准精神分裂症 （F21）
H53.3
Other disorders of binocular vision
Abnormal retinal correspondence
Fusion with defective stereopsis
Simultaneous visual perception without fusion
Suppression of binocular vision
两眼视觉的其他疾患
视网膜影像不相称
视像凑合伴有实体视缺损
同时视知觉未伴有视像凑合
两眼视知觉压抑
4
1/60(finger counting
at 1 metre)
Light perception
5
No light perception
H91
Other hearing loss
Excludes: abnormal auditory perception (H93.2)
hearing loss as classified in H90.-
impacted cerumen (H61.2)
noise-induced hearing loss (H83.3)
psychogenic deafness (F44.6)
transient ischaemic deafness (H93.0)
其他之听障
不包含 ： 不正常之听觉 (H93.2)
已归类於 H90.- 之听障
盯栓塞 (H61.2)
噪声性听障 (H83.3)
心因性耳聋 (F44.6)
瞬时缺血性耳聋 (H93.0)
H93.2
Other abnormal auditory perceptions
Auditory recruitment
Diplacusis
Hyperacusis
Temporary auditory threshold shift
Excludes: auditory hallucinations (R44.0)
其他异常之听觉
听觉重振
复听
听觉过敏
暂时性听阈移
不包含 ： 幻听 (R44.0)
SYMPTOMS AND SINGS INVOLVING COGNITION,
PERCEPTION, EMOTIONAL STATE AND BEHAVIOUR (R40-R46)
Excludes: those constituting part of a pattern of mental disorder (F00-F99)
涉及认知、知觉、情绪状态与行为之症状与候 （R40-R46）
R44
Other symptoms and signs involving general sensations and perceptions
Excludes: disturbances of skin sensation (R20.-)
其他涉及整体感觉及知觉之症状及候
不包含 ： 皮肤感觉障碍 （R20.-）
R44.8
Other and unspecified symptoms and signs involving general sensatinos
and perceptions
涉及一般感觉及知觉之其他及未明示的症状及候
105 paragraphs, 404 lines displayed. Top
(Alt+Z : Reinput words.) (You can doubleclick on the English words you are searching for.)
