occur [ ə'kə:] vi.发生；出现，存在
occur to 被想到
occur to 被想到，被想起
occur to
被想到，被想起
occur [ə'kə:] vi. 发生, 出现
occur [ə'kə:] 发生
Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
What we anticipate seldom occurs; what we lest expected generally happens.
我们所预料的事很少发生，最预料不到的事却往往出现。
There will come a time when a crisis will occur.
危机必将会出现。
The story is a contemporary one; it occurs in the second half of the twentieth century.
这是一个发生在当代的故事--故事发生在20世纪下半叶。
From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images; and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things.
我们在小场合或是粗鲁的场合听到的声音，不容易有强烈的印象或是令人愉悦的形象。对于那些生词，无论什么时候出现，我们要把注意力放到传达意义上。
Temporary shortages do occur, but Simon and other boomsters argue that as long as government doesn’t interfere—by mandating (指令) conservation or setting price controls —people will find alternative.
当代短缺确实出现，但西蒙和其他兴旺论者认为只要政府不干预——通过消费指令或者价格控制——人们总能找到替代品。
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways.
社会变化在有多种人群汇集的社会里比仅有相似人群的社会里更容易发生。
这场旱灾是百年不遇的。
This draught occurs once in a blue moon.
Let difficulties occur but not the loss of courage.
纵使困难重重，也不丧失勇气。
Miracles sometimes occur, but one has to work terribly for them.
C. Weizmann. Irish president
奇迹有时候是会发生的，但是你得为之拼命的努力。
爱尔兰总统魏茨曼.C.
Human felicity is produced not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen, as by little advantages that occur every day.
Benjamin Franklin, American president
与其说人类的幸福来自偶尔发生的鸿运，不如说来自每天都有的小实惠。
美国总统富兰克林.B.
Miracles sometimes occur, but one has to work terribly for them. ( C. Weizmann )
奇迹有时候是会发生的，但是你得为之拼命蒂努力。(魏茨曼)
occur vi. 发生,想到,存在
occur vi. 发生,想到,存在
occur to 被想到，被想起
Claims occur frequently in international trade.
国际贸易中经常发生索赔现象。
If something occurs commonly at a certain time, you can say Usually . . . / Usually . . . e.g.: Usually there’s a match at the Worker’s Stadium / Usually there’s a match at the Worker’s Stadium; Usually on Sundays / Usually on Sundays.
如果某事通常在某个时间发生，你可以说Usually . . . / 通常 . . . 例如: Usually there’s a match at the Worker’s Stadium / 通常在工人体育馆有比赛; Usually on Sundays / 通常是周六。
层见迭出 [céng jiàn dié chū] /to occur frequently/to occur repeatedly/
出 [chū] /to go out/to come out/to occur/to produce/to go beyond/to rise/to put forth/to occur/to happen/(a measure word for dramas, plays, or operas)/
发生 [fā shēng] /to happen/to occur/to take place/
The official statistics are mildly discouraging.
官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。
They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987.
这些数据表明，如果把制造业和服务业合起来算，1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2%。
That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.
这比前10年的平均增长速度略快。
And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average.
自1991年来，生产力每年约增长2%。这比1978年—1987年的平均增长速度高两倍以上。
The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论性证据。
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.
Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.
过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。
如果没有大家称之为记忆的功能，学习便不能发生。
{adj: acrogenic, acrogenous} pertaining to flowerless plants (ferns or mosses) in which growth occurs only at the tip of the main stem
{adj: aphotic} lacking light; especially not reached by sunlight
"the aphotic depths of the sea where no photosynthesis occurs"
{adj: apogean} relating to or characteristic of an apogee
"apogean tides occur when the moon is at the apogee of its orbit"
{adj: at hand, close at hand, imminent, impendent, impending} close in time; about to occur
"retribution is at hand"
"some people believe the day of judgment is close at hand"
"in imminent danger"
"his impending retirement"
{adj: basic} pertaining to or constituting a base or basis
"a basic fact"
"the basic ingredients"
"basic changes in public opinion occur because of changes in priorities"
<-> incidental
{adj: casual, occasional} occuring from time to time
"casual employment"
"a casual correspondence with a former teacher"
"an occasional worker"
{adj: certain, sure} certain to occur; destined or inevitable
"he was certain to fail"
"his fate is certain"
"In this life nothing is certain but death and taxes"- Benjamin Franklin
"he faced certain death"
"sudden but sure regret"
"he is sure to win"
<-> uncertain
{adj: contingent} possible but not certain to occur
"they had to plan for contingent expenses"
{adj: ecdemic} of or relating to a disease that originates outside the locality in which it occurs
<-> endemic, epidemic
{adj: enzootic} of a disease that is constantly present in an animal community but only occurs in a small number of cases
{adj: familial, genetic, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible} tending to occur among members of a family usually by heredity
"an inherited disease"
"familial traits"
"genetically transmitted features"
{adj: harmonic, sympathetic} relating to vibrations that occur as a result of vibrations in a nearby body
"sympathetic vibration"
{adj: improbable, unlikely} not likely to be true or to occur or to have occurred
"legislation on the question is highly unlikely"
"an improbable event"
<-> probable
{adj: interpersonal} occurring among or involving several people
"interpersonal situations in which speech occurs"
{adj: intrapulmonary} being or occuring within a lung
{adj: prescient} perceiving the significance of events before they occur
"extraordinarily prescient memoranda on the probable course of postwar relations"-R.H.Rovere
{adj: proactive} descriptive of any event or stimulus or process that has an effect on events or stimuli or processes that occur subsequently
"proactive inhibition"
"proactive interference"
<-> retroactive
{adj: septic} of or relating to or caused by putrefaction
"the septic action occurs at the bottom of the septic tank"
{adj: synsemantic} of a word or phrase meaningful only when it occurs in the company of other words
{adj: uncertain} not certain to occur; not inevitable
"everything is uncertain about the army"
"the issue is uncertain"
<-> certain
{adv: medially} in a medial position
"this consonant always occurs medially"
{adv: paradoxically} in a paradoxical manner
"paradoxically, ice ages seem to occur when the sun gets hotter"
{adv: predicatively} occuring within the predicate phrase
"predicatively used adjectives"
{adv: spontaneously} in a spontaneous manner
"this shift occurs spontaneously"
{n: El Nino southern oscillation} a more intense El Nino that occurs every few years when the welling up of cold nutrient-rich water does not occur; kills plankton and fish and affects weather patterns
{n: Francisella, genus Francisella} a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occur as pathogens and parasite in many animals (including humans)
{n: Friedreich's ataxia, herediatry spinal ataxia} sclerosis of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord; characterized by muscular weakness and abnormal gait; occurs in children
{n: Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, Schuller-Christian disease} inflammatory histiocytosis associated with disturbance of cholesterol metabolism; occurs chiefly in young children and is characterized by cystic defects of the skull and diabetes insipidus
{n: Jacquemier's sign} a purplish discoloration of the mucous membrane of the vagina that occurs early in pregnancy
{n: Latin square} a square matrix of n rows and columns; cells contain n different symbols so arranged that no symbol occurs more than once in any row or column
{n: Leboyer method of childbirth, Leboyer method} a method of childbirth that tries to minimize the trauma for the newborn; delivery occurs in a quiet dimly lit room and the infant's head is not pulled and immediate bonding between mother and child is encouraged
{n: Pacinian corpuscle} a specialized bulblike nerve ending located in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin; occurs abundantly in the skin of palms and soles and joints and genitals
{n: Rhizobium, genus Rhizobium} the type genus of Rhizobiaceae; usually occur in the root nodules of legumes; can fix atmospheric oxygen
{n: Tay-Sachs disease, Tay-Sachs, Sachs disease, infantile amaurotic idiocy} a hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism occuring most frequently in individuals of Jewish descent in eastern Europe; accumulation of lipids in nervous tissue results in death in early childhood
{n: Werdnig-Hoffman disease} autosomal recessive disease in which the degeneration of spinal nerve cells and brain nerve cells leads to atrophy of skeletal muscles and flaccid paralysis; death usually occurs in early childhood
{n: acrocyanosis, Raynaud's sign} cyanosis of the extremities; can occur when a spasm of the blood vessels is caused by exposure to cold or by strong emotion
{n: acrogen} any flowerless plant such as a fern (pteridophyte) or moss (bryophyte) in which growth occurs only at the tip of the main stem
{n: activation energy, energy of activation} the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur
"catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction"
{n: active site} the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs
{n: adenosine triphosphate, ATP} a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
{n: ader wax, earth wax, mineral wax, ozokerite, ozocerite} a waxy mineral that is a mixture of hydrocarbons and occurs in association with petroleum; some varieties are used in making ceresin and candles
{n: adiabatic process} (thermodynamics) any process that occurs without gain or loss of heat
{n: adult respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS, wet lung, white lung} acute lung injury characterized by coughing and rales; inflammation of the lungs which become stiff and fibrous and cannot exchange oxygen; occurs among persons exposed to irritants such as corrosive chemical vapors or ammonia or chlorine etc.
{n: agglutination test} a blood test used to identify unknown antigens; blood with the unknown antigen is mixed with a known antibody and whether or not agglutination occurs helps to identify the antigen; used in tissue matching and blood grouping and diagnosis of infections
{n: alanine} a crystalline amino acid that occurs in many proteins
{n: allomorph} any of several different crystalline forms of the same chemical compound
"calcium carbonate occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite"
{n: alpha rhythm, alpha wave} the normal brainwave in the electroencephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed; occurs with a frequency of 8-12 hertz
{n: aluminum hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide, hydrated aluminum oxide, hydrated aluminium oxide} white crystalline compound that occurs naturally as the mineral gibbsite
{n: alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar rhabdosarcoma} form of rhabdomyosarcoma occuring mainly in adolescents and young adults
{n: alveolitis, dry socket} inflammation in the socket of a tooth; sometimes occurs after a tooth is extracted and a blood clot fails to form
{n: amyl} a hydrocarbon radical that occurs in many organic compounds
{n: anamorphism} metamorphism that occurs deep under the earth's surface; changes simple minerals into complex minerals
<-> katamorphism
{n: angiosarcoma} a rare malignant neoplasm arising from vascular tissue; usually occurs in the breast and skin and is believed to originate from the endothelial cells of blood vessels
{n: aspiration pneumonia} inflammation of the lungs caused by inhaling or choking on vomitus; may occur during unconsciousness (anesthesia or drunkenness or seizure or cardiac arrest)
{n: asynchronism, asynchrony, desynchronization, desynchronisation, desynchronizing} the relation that exists when things occur at unrelated times
"the stimulus produced a desynchronizing of the brain waves"
<-> synchronism, synchronization, synchronizing
{n: asynchronous operation} operations that occur without a regular or predictable time relation to other events
<-> synchronous operation
{n: automatism} any reaction that occurs automatically without conscious thought or reflection (especially the undirected behavior seen in psychomotor epilepsy)
{n: basal body temperature method of family planning, basal body temperature method} natural family planning in which the fertile period of the woman's menstrual cycle is inferred by noting the rise in basal body temperature that typically occurs with ovulation
{n: beta rhythm, beta wave} the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake and alert; occurs with a frequency between 12 and 30 hertz
{n: betaine} a sweet tasting alkaloid that occurs in sugar beets
{n: biochemistry} the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occuring in organisms; the effort to understand biology within the context of chemistry
{n: black mangrove, Avicennia marina} a mangrove of the West Indies and the southern Florida coast; occurs in dense thickets and has numerous short roots that bend up from the ground
{n: blastula, blastodermic vesicle} early stage of an embryo produced by cleavage of an ovum; a liquid-filled sphere whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells; during this stage (about eight days after fertilization) implantation in the wall of the uterus occurs
{n: blood extravasation} the leakage of blood from a vessel into tissues surrounding it; can occur in injuries or burns or allergic reactions
{n: boron, B, atomic number 5} a trivalent metalloid element; occurs both in a hard black crystal and in the form of a yellow or brown powder
{n: bound morpheme, bound form} a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction; eg an -s at the end of plural nouns
{n: breach of warranty} a breach that occurs when an item is deficient according to the terms of a warranty
{n: bush vetch, Vicia sepium} European purple-flowered with slender stems; occurs as a weed in hedges
{n: butane} occurs in natural gas; used in the manufacture of rubber and fuels
{n: cadenza} a brilliant solo passage occuring near the end of a piece of music
{n: cadmium, Cd, atomic number 48} a soft bluish-white ductile malleable toxic bivalent metallic element; occurs in association with zinc ores
{n: candelilla wax} a hard brown wax that occurs as a coating on candelilla shrubs
{n: carbon, C, atomic number 6} an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds
{n: change, alteration, modification} an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another
"the change was intended to increase sales"
"this storm is certainly a change for the worse"
"the neighborhood had undergone few modifications since his last visit years ago"
{n: chemical element, element} any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
{n: chlorine, Cl, atomic number 17} a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; best known as a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt (as in sea water)
{n: chlorite} a generally green or black mineral; it occurs as a constituent of many rocks typically in the form of a flat crystal
{n: citrulline} an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is an intermediate in the conversion of ornithine to arginine
{n: classical conditioning} conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex; the stimulus that evokes the reflex is given whether or not the conditioned response occurs until eventually the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the reflex
{n: coelenterate, cnidarian} radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures; they occur in polyp and medusa forms
{n: complication} any disease or disorder that occurs during the course of (or because of) another disease
"bed sores are a common complication in cases of paralysis"
{n: conditional probability, contingent probability} the probability that an event will occur given that one or more other events have occurred
{n: copper, Cu, atomic number 29} a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor
{n: coupling, mating, pairing, conjugation, union, sexual union} the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes
"the casual couplings of adolescents"
"the mating of some species occurs only in the spring"
{n: creatine, creatin} an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates both in the free form and as phosphocreatine; supplies energy for muscle contraction
{n: cryogenics, cryogeny} the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures
{n: cutin} (biochemistry) a waxy transparent material that occurs in the cuticle of plants and consists of highly polymerized esters of fatty acids
{n: cyanobacteria, blue-green algae} predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton
{n: cycle, rhythm, round} an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs
"the never-ending cycle of the seasons"
{n: cyclic neutropenia} neutropenia that occurs periodically
{n: cymene} any of three isotopes of a colorless aromatic liquid hydrocarbon occuring in the volatile oil of cumin and thyme and used in the manufacture of synthetic resins
{n: cystocele, colpocystocele} hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes through the wall of the vagina; sometimes occurs after childbirth
{n: daily variation} fluctuations that occur between one day and the next
{n: darnel, tare, bearded darnel, cheat, Lolium temulentum} weedy annual grass often occurs in grainfields and other cultivated land; seeds sometimes considered poisonous
{n: decalescence} phenomenon that occurs when a metal is being heated and there is a sudden slowing in the rate of temperature increase; slowing is caused by a change in the internal crystal structure of the metal
{n: deictic, deictic word} a word specifying identity or spacial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs
"words that introduce particulars of the speaker's and hearer's shared cognitive field into the message"- R.Rommetveit
{n: deixis} the function of pointing or specifying from the perspective of a participant in an act of speech or writing; aspects of a communication whose interpretation depends on knowledge of the context in which the communication occurs
{n: delta rhythm, delta wave} the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person in deep dreamless sleep; occurs with high voltage and low frequency (1 to 4 hertz)
{n: dioxin} any of several toxic or carcinogenic hydrocarbons that occur as impurities in herbicides
{n: diurnal variation} fluctuations that occur during each day
{n: dog, domestic dog, Canis familiaris} a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds
"the dog barked all night"
{n: dramatic irony} (theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play
{n: durbar} the room in the palace of a native prince of India in which audiences and receptions occur
{n: eburnation} a change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory
{n: electrolytic cell} a cell containing an electrolyte in which an applied voltage causes a reaction to occur that would not occur otherwise (such as the breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen)
<-> voltaic cell
{n: endometrium} (pregnancy) the mucous membrane that lines the uterus; thickens under hormonal control and (if pregnancy does not occur) is shed in menstruation; if pregnancy occurs it is shed along with the placenta at parturition
{n: enkephalin} an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere
{n: enteric bacteria, enterobacteria, enterics, entric} rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; most occur normally or pathogenically in intestines of humans and other animals
{n: enterobiasis} an infestation with or a resulting infection caused by the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis; occurs especially in children
{n: epicanthus, epicanthic fold} a vertical fold of skin over the nasal canthus; normal for Mongolian peoples; sometimes occurs in Down's syndrome
{n: erbium, Er, atomic number 68} a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs with yttrium
{n: erythroblastosis fetalis} severe anemia in newborn babies; the result of Rh incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood; typically occurs when the child of an Rh-negative mother inherits Rh-positive blood from the father; can be diagnosed before birth by amniocentesis
{n: esprit de l'escalier} a witty remark that occurs to you too late
{n: estradiol, oestradiol} the most powerful female hormone that occurs naturally; synthesized and used to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer
{n: exposition} (music) the section of a movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes first occur
{n: external gill} occurs in some mollusks and in tadpoles and other immature amphibians
{n: external-combustion engine} a heat engine in which ignition occurs outside the chamber (cylinder or turbine) in which heat is converted to mechanical energy
{n: eye contact} contact that occurs when two people look directly at each other
"a teacher should make eye contact with the students"
{n: facilitation} (neurophysiology) phenomenon that occurs when two or more neural impulses that alone are not enough to trigger a response in a neuron combine to trigger an action potential
{n: false alarm} a warning that is given about something that fails to occur
{n: fascioliasis, fasciolosis} infestation with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica; liver damage sometimes occurs; related to liver rot
{n: favus} a contagious fungal infection of the scalp; occurs mainly in Africa and the Middle East
{n: femtochemistry} the branch of chemistry that studies elementary (often very fast) chemical reactions as they occur; the experimental methods are often based on the use of femtosecond laser pulses
{n: festination} involuntary shortening of stride and quickening of gait that occurs in some diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease)
{n: fetoprotein, foetoprotein} any of several antigens that occur naturally in the fetus and sometimes in adults with cancer
{n: fieldstone} stone that occurs naturally in fields; often used as building material
{n: finger grass} any grass of the genus Chloris; occurs in short grassland especially on waste ground or poor soils
{n: first person} pronouns and verbs used to refer to the speaker or writer of the language in which they occur
{n: florida selaginella, Selaginella eatonii} occurs widely in Florida
{n: footfault} a fault that occurs when the server in tennis fails to keep both feet behind the baseline
{n: foretaste} an early limited awareness of something yet to occur
{n: foryml} (chemistry) the negative univalent acyl radical CHO that occurs in aldehydes
{n: free morpheme, free form} a morpheme that can occur alone
{n: gallium, Ga, atomic number 31} a rare silvery (usually trivalent) metallic element; brittle at low temperatures but liquid above room temperature; occurs in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores
{n: geophagy, geophagia, pica} eating earth or clay or chalk; occurs in some primitive tribes or sometimes in cases of nutritional deficiency
{n: germanium, Ge, atomic number 32} a brittle grey crystalline element that is a semiconducting metalloid (resembling silicon) used in transistors; occurs in germanite and argyrodite
{n: glyceride, acylglycerol} an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils
"fresh fats contain glycerides of fatty acids and very little free acid"
{n: gold, Au, atomic number 79} a soft yellow malleable ductile (trivalent and univalent) metallic element; occurs mainly as nuggets in rocks and alluvial deposits; does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine and aqua regia
{n: granular pearlite, globular pearlite} if steel or iron cool very slowly the cementite may occur in globules instead of in layers
{n: grey birch, gray birch, American grey birch, American gray birch, Betula populifolia} medium-sized birch of eastern North America having white or pale grey bark and valueless wood; occurs often as a second-growth forest tree
{n: gromwell, Lithospermum officinale} European perennial branching plant; occurs in hedgerows and at the edge of woodlands
{n: ground swell} an obvious change of public opinion or political sentiment that occurs without leadership or overt expression
"there was a ground swell of antiwar sentiment"
{n: habitat, home ground} the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs
"a marine habitat"
"he felt safe on his home grounds"
{n: helium, He, atomic number 2} a very light colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; the most difficult gas to liquefy; occurs in economically extractable amounts in certain natural gases (as those found in Texas and Kansas)
{n: hematite, haematite} the principal form of iron ore; consists of ferric oxide in crystalline form; occurs in a red earthy form
{n: hemophilia A, haemophilia A, classical hemophilia, classical haemophilia} hemophilia caused by a congenital deficiency of factor VIII; occurs almost exclusively in men
{n: hepatic coma} coma that can occur in severe cases of liver disease
{n: herniated disc, ruptured intervertebral disc, slipped disc} a painful rupture of the fibrocartilage of the disc between spinal vertebrae; occurs most often in the lumbar region
{n: holmium, Ho, atomic number 67} a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs together with yttrium; forms highly magnetic compounds
{n: hyaline, hyalin} a glassy translucent material that occurs in hyaline cartilage or in certain skin conditions
{n: hyperpnea} energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders
<-> hypopnea
{n: indium, In, atomic number 49} a rare soft silvery metallic element; occurs in small quantities in sphalerite
{n: instrumental conditioning} operant conditioning that pairs a response with a reinforcement in discrete trials; reinforcement occurs only after the response is given
{n: internal-combustion engine, ICE} a heat engine in which combustion occurs inside the engine rather than in a separate furnace; heat expands a gas that either moves a piston or turns a gas turbine
{n: iodine, iodin, I, atomic number 53} a nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; used especially in medicine and photography and in dyes; occurs naturally only in combination in small quantities (as in sea water or rocks)
{n: iridium, Ir, atomic number 77} a heavy brittle metallic element of the platinum group; used in alloys; occurs in natural alloys with platinum or osmium
{n: irony} a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs
{n: irony} incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs
"the irony of Ireland's copying the nation she most hated"
{n: isoantibody, alloantibody} an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species
{n: isochrone} an isogram connecting points at which something occurs or arrives at the same time
{n: itaconic acid} a crystalline carboxylic acid; occurs in some fermentations of sugars
{n: juncture, occasion} an event that occurs at a critical time
"at such junctures he always had an impulse to leave"
"it was needed only on special occasions"
{n: katamorphism} metamorphism that occurs at or near the earth's surface; breaks down complex minerals into simpler ones
<-> anamorphism
{n: keratin, ceratin} a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair feathers nails and hooves
{n: ketoacidosis, diabetic acidosis} acidosis with an accumulation of ketone bodies; occurs primarily in diabetes mellitus
{n: krypton, Kr, atomic number 36} a colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; occurs in trace amounts in air
{n: kyanite, cyanite} a grey or greenish-blue mineral consisting of aluminum silicate in crystalline form; occurs in metaphoric rock, used as a refractory
{n: lactose, milk sugar} a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk
"cow's milk contains about 4.7% lactose"
{n: lactosuria} presence of lactose in the urine; can occur during pregnancy or lactation
{n: lamellar mixture} a mixture in which substances occur in distinct layers
{n: lanthanum, La, atomic number 57} a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth
{n: leiomyosarcoma} sarcoma of smooth muscle; occurs most often digestive tract or uterus or bladder or prostate
{n: lichen} any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.
{n: life} the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living
"he hoped for a new life in Australia"
"he wanted to live his own life without interference from others"
{n: lightening} descent of the uterus into the pelvic cavity that occurs late in pregnancy; the fetus is said to have dropped
{n: limekiln} a kiln used to reduce naturally occuring forms of calcium carbonate to lime
{n: linolenic acid} a liquid polyunsaturated fatty acid that occurs in some plant oils; an essential fatty acid
{n: lithium, Li, atomic number 3} a soft silver-white univalent element of the alkali metal group; the lightest metal known; occurs in several minerals
{n: luminescence} light not due to incandescence; occurs at low temperatures
{n: lutetium, lutecium, Lu, atomic number 71} a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; usually occurs in association with yttrium
{n: lysine} an essential amino acid found in proteins; occurs especially in gelatin and casein
{n: magnesium carbonate} a very white crystalline salt that occurs naturally as magnesite or as dolomite
{n: magnesium, Mg, atomic number 12} a light silver-white ductile bivalent metallic element; in pure form it burns with brilliant white flame; occurs naturally only in combination (as in magnesite and dolomite and carnallite and spinel and olivine)
{n: manganese, Mn, atomic number 25} a hard brittle grey polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic; used in making steel; occurs in many minerals
{n: meal} any of the occasions for eating food that occur by custom or habit at more or less fixed times
{n: measles, rubeola, morbilli} an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash; occurs primarily in children
{n: mechanism, chemical mechanism} the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction
"he determined unique mechanisms for the photochemical reactions"
{n: menorrhea, menstrual blood, menstrual flow} flow of blood from the uterus; occurs at roughly monthly intervals during a woman's reproductive years
{n: menstrual cycle} a recurring cycle (beginning at menarche and ending at menopause) in which the endometrial lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy; if pregnancy does not occur the lining is shed at menstruation
"the average menstrual cycle is 28 days"
{n: menthol} a crystalline compound that has the cool and minty taste and odor that occurs naturally in peppermint oil; used as a flavoring and in medicine to relieve itching, pain, and nasal congestion
{n: metallic bond} a chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs
{n: metamorphosis, metabolism} the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals
{n: migraine, megrim, sick headache, hemicrania} a severe recurring vascular headache; occurs more frequently in women than men
{n: misfire, dud} an explosion that fails to occur
{n: motion sickness, kinetosis} the state of being dizzy or nauseated because of the motions that occur while traveling in or on a moving vehicle
{n: mucopolysaccharide} complex polysaccharides containing an amino group; occur chiefly as components of connective tissue
{n: muton} the smallest unit of DNA where a mutation can occur
{n: mydriasis} reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward; occurs in response to a decrease in light or certain drugs
{n: myeloblast} a precursor of leukocytes that normally occurs only in bone marrow
{n: natural immunity, innate immunity} immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
{n: neodymium, Nd, atomic number 60} a yellow trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs in monazite and bastnasite in association with cerium and lanthanum and praseodymium
{n: neon, Ne, atomic number 10} a colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube; one of the six inert gasses; occurs in the air in small amounts
{n: neurochemical} any organic substance that occurs in neural activity
{n: nickel, Ni, atomic number 28} a hard malleable ductile silvery metallic element that is resistant to corrosion; used in alloys; occurs in pentlandite and smaltite and garnierite and millerite
{n: nicotine} an alkaloid poison that occurs in tobacco; used in medicine and as an insecticide
{n: niobium, Nb, atomic number 41} a soft grey ductile metallic element used in alloys; occurs in niobite; formerly called columbium
{n: nondevelopment} failure of normal development to occur
<-> development
{n: nonlinear distortion, amplitude distortion} distortion that occurs when the output signal does not have a linear relation to the input signal
{n: one-off} a happening that occurs only once and is not repeated
{n: opportunistic infection} any infection caused by a microorganism that does not normally cause disease in humans; occurs in persons with abnormally functioning immune systems (as AIDS patients or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs)
{n: ornithine} an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is important in the formation of urea
{n: orpiment} a yellow mineral occuring in conjunction with realgar; an ore of arsenic
{n: orthochorea} a form of chorea in which spasms occur mainly when the patient is erect
{n: orthodox sleep, nonrapid eye movement sleep, NREM sleep, nonrapid eye movement, NREM} a recurring sleep state during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming does not occur; accounts for about 75% of normal sleep time
{n: osteoblastoma} benign tumor of bone and fibrous tissue; occurs in the vertebrae or femur or tibia or arm bones (especially in young adults)
{n: osteochondroma} benign tumor containing both bone and cartilage; usually occurs near the end of a long bone
{n: overflow incontinence} urinary incontinence that occurs when the bladder is so full that it continually leaks urine; often attributable to a blocked urethra (e.g., due to prostate enlargement) or weak bladder muscles or nerve damage
{n: oxidation, oxidization, oxidisation} the process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons; always occurs accompanied by reduction
{n: ozone sickness} illness that can occur to persons exposed to ozone in high-altitude aircraft; characterized by sleepiness and headache and chest pains and itchiness
{n: palladium, Pd, atomic number 46} a silver-white metallic element of the platinum group that resembles platinum; occurs in some copper and nickel ores; does not tarnish at ordinary temperatures and is used (alloyed with gold) in jewelry
{n: pantothenic acid, pantothen} a vitamin of the vitamin B complex that performs an important role in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates and certain amino acids; occurs in many foods
{n: paradoxical sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, REM sleep, rapid eye movement, REM} a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleep
{n: pectic acid} a complex acid that occurs in ripe fruit and some vegetables
{n: pectin} any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables; used in making fruit jellies and jams
{n: periclase, magnesia, magnesium oxide} a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase; a source of magnesium
{n: phase, form} (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary
"the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system"
{n: phosphorus, P, atomic number 15} a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms
{n: plasminogen} an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents
{n: platinum, Pt, atomic number 78} a heavy precious metallic element; grey-white and resistant to corroding; occurs in some nickel and copper ores and is also found native in some deposits
{n: playing field} the circumstances under which competition occurs
"the government's objective is to insure a genuinely level playing field for American industry and commerce in Europe"
{n: polonium, Po, atomic number 84} a radioactive metallic element that is similar to tellurium and bismuth; occurs in uranium ores but can be produced by bombarding bismuth with neutrons in a nuclear reactor
{n: precognition, foreknowledge} knowledge of an event before it occurs
{n: premenstrual syndrome, PMS} a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation
{n: prepuberty} a period of two years immediately prior to the onset of puberty when growth and changes leading to sexual maturity occur
{n: prevailing westerly, westerly} the winds from the west that occur in the temperate zones of the Earth
{n: probability, chance} a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible
"the probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5"
{n: prodrome, prodroma} an early symptom that a disease is developing or that an attack is about to occur
{n: program, programme} an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event
"you can't tell the players without a program"
{n: progressive vaccinia, vaccinia gangrenosa} a severe or even fatal form of vaccinia that occurs mainly in persons with an immunological deficiency; characterized by progressive enlargement of the initial lesion
{n: psoriasis} a chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales; occurs especially on the scalp and ears and genitalia and the skin over bony prominences
{n: psychoanalytic process} a process that is assumed to occur in psychoanalytic theory
{n: quantum theory} (physics) a physical theory that certain properties occur only in discrete amounts (quanta)
{n: radium, Ra, atomic number 88} an intensely radioactive metallic element that occurs in minute amounts in uranium ores
{n: radon, Rn, atomic number 86} a radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration of radium; the heaviest of the inert gasses; occurs naturally (especially in areas over granite) and is considered a hazard to health
{n: raffinose} a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals
{n: real time} (computer science) the time it takes for a process under computer control to occur
{n: real time} the actual time that it takes a process to occur
"information is updated in real time"
{n: receptiveness, receptivity, openness} willingness or readiness to receive (especially impressions or ideas)
"he was testing the government's receptiveness to reform"
"this receptiveness is the key feature in oestral behavior, enabling natural mating to occur"
"their receptivity to the proposal"
{n: rectocele, proctocele} protrusion or herniation of the rectum into the vagina; can occur if pelvic muscles are weakened by childbirth
{n: reduction, reducing} any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent
{n: rennin, chymosin} an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
{n: retinoblastoma} malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells; usually occurs before the third year of life; composed of primitive small round retinal cells
{n: retrial} a new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court; occurs when the initial trial is found to have been improper or unfair due to procedural errors
{n: rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, rhythm, calendar method of birth control, calendar method} natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle)
{n: rubidium, Rb, atomic number 37} a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali metal group; burns in air and reacts violently in water; occurs in carnallite and lepidolite and pollucite
{n: rutile} a mineral consisting of titanium dioxide in crystalline form; occurs in metamorphic and plutonic rocks and is a major source of titanium
{n: sabbatia} any of various plants of the genus Sabbatia having usually pink cymose flowers; occur from acid bogs to brackish marshes
{n: safe period} that time during a woman's menstrual cycle during which conception is least likely to occur (usually immediately before of after menstruation)
{n: samarium, Sm, atomic number 62} a grey lustrous metallic element of the rare earth group; is used in special alloys; occurs in monazite and bastnasite
{n: samarskite} a complex black mineral occuring in pegmatites
{n: sapphirine} a rare light blue or green mineral; consists of aluminum and magnesium silicate and occurs as small grains in some metamorphic rocks
{n: scaler} an electronic pulse counter used to count pulses that occur too rapidly to be recorded individually
{n: scandium, Sc, atomic number 21} a white trivalent metallic element; sometimes classified in the rare earth group; occurs in the Scandinavian mineral thortveitite
{n: scene} the place where some action occurs
"the police returned to the scene of the crime"
{n: schedule} an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur
{n: schwa, shwa} a neutral middle vowel; occurs in unstressed syllables
{n: screen saver} (computer science) a moving design that appears on a computer screen when there has been no input for a specified period of time
"screen savers prevent the damage that occurs when the same areas of light and dark are displayed too long"
{n: second person} pronouns and verbs used to refer to the person addressed by the language in which they occur
{n: secretory phase, luteal phase} the second half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation; the corpus luteum secretes progesterone which prepares the endometrium for the implantation of an embryo; if fertilization does not occur then menstrual flow begins
{n: selenium, Se, atomic number 34} a toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium; occurs in several allotropic forms; a stable grey metallike allotrope conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark and is used in photocells; occurs in sulfide ores (as pyrite)
{n: separation} the space where a division or parting occurs
"he hid in the separation between walls"
{n: sexual intercourse, intercourse, sex act, copulation, coitus, coition, sexual congress, congress, sexual relation, relation, carnal knowledge} the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur
{n: siderosis} fibrosis of the lung caused by iron dust; occurs among welders and other metal workers
{n: silica, silicon oxide, silicon dioxide} a white or colorless vitreous insoluble solid (SiO2); various forms occur widely in the earth's crust as quartz or cristobalite or tridymite or lechartelierite
{n: silicon, Si, atomic number 14} a tetravalent nonmetallic element; next to oxygen it is the most abundant element in the earth's crust; occurs in clay and feldspar and granite and quartz and sand; used as a semiconductor in transistors
{n: silver, Ag, atomic number 47} a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography
{n: slam dunk} something that is a sure to occur; a foregone conclusion
"predicting his success was a slam dunk"
{n: sleep apnea} apnea that occurs during sleep
{n: sleep terror disorder, pavor nocturnus} a disorder of sleep characterized by a dream of terrifying dimensions far worse than a typical nightmare; they occur during NREM sleep
{n: sodalite} a vitreous mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate and sodium chloride in crystalline form; occurs in igneous rocks
{n: sodium, Na, atomic number 11} a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt)
{n: spinel} a hard glassy mineral consisting of an oxide of magnesium and aluminum; occurs in various colors that are used as gemstones
{n: sponge, poriferan, parazoan} primitive multicellular marine animal whose porous body is supported by a fibrous skeletal framework; usually occurs in sessile colonies
{n: spree killer} a serial killer whose murders occur within a brief period of time
{n: sprue, tropical sprue} a chronic disorder that occurs in tropical and non-tropical forms and in both children and adults; nutrients are not absorbed; symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation
{n: stay} a judicial order forbidding some action until an event occurs or the order is lifted
"the Supreme Court has the power to stay an injunction pending an appeal to the whole Court"
{n: stearic acid, octadecanoic acid} a waxy saturated fatty acid; occurs widely as a glyceride in animal and vegetable fats
{n: stress incontinence} urinary incontinence that occurs when involuntary pressure is put on the bladder by coughing or laughing or sneezing or lifting or straining
{n: strontium, Sr, atomic number 38} a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element of the alkali metal group; turns yellow in air; occurs in celestite and strontianite
{n: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, SSPE, inclusion body encephalitis, subacute inclusion body encephalitis, sclerosing leukoencephalitis, subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis, Bosin's disease, Dawson's encephalitis, Van Bogaert encephalitis} a rare chronic progressive encephalitis caused by the measles virus and occurring primarily in children and young adults; death usually occurs within three years; characterized by primary measles infection before the age of two years
{n: subordinating conjunction} the subordination that occurs when a conjunction makes one linguistic unit a constituent of another
{n: sulfur dioxide, sulphur dioxide} a colorless toxic gas (SO2) that occurs in the gases from volcanoes; used in many manufacturing processes and present in industrial emissions; causes acid rain
{n: sulfur, S, sulphur, atomic number 16} an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions)
{n: superinfection} infection that occurs while you are being treated for another infection
{n: synchronism, synchrony, synchronicity, synchroneity, synchronization, synchronisation, synchronizing} the relation that exists when things occur at the same time
"the drug produces an increased synchrony of the brain waves"
<-> asynchronism, desynchronization, desynchronizing
{n: synchronization, synchronisation, synchronizing, synchronising} an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison
{n: synesthesia, synaesthesia} a sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated
{n: tantalite} a mineral consisting of tantalum oxide of iron and manganese that occurs with niobite or in coarse granite; an ore of tantalum
{n: tantalum, Ta, atomic number 73} a hard grey lustrous metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion; occurs in niobite and fergusonite and tantalite
{n: tardive dyskinesia} involuntary rolling of the tongue and twitching of the face or trunk or limbs; often occurs in patients with Parkinsonism who are treated with phenothiazine
{n: technetium, Tc, atomic number 43} a crystalline metallic element not found in nature; occurs as one of the fission products of uranium
{n: tellurium, Te, atomic number 52} a brittle silver-white metalloid element that is related to selenium and sulfur; it is used in alloys and as a semiconductor; occurs mainly as tellurides in ores of copper and nickel and silver and gold
{n: tentacle} any of various elongated tactile or prehensile flexible organs that occur on the head or near the mouth in many animals; used for feeling or grasping or locomotion
{n: terbium, Tb, atomic number 65} a metallic element of the rare earth group; used in lasers; occurs in apatite and monazite and xenotime and ytterbite
{n: term} one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition
"the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
{n: test-tube baby} a baby conceived by fertilization that occurs outside the mother's body; the woman's ova are removed and mixed with sperm in a culture medium - if fertilization occurs the blastocyte is implanted in the woman's uterus
{n: tetanus, lockjaw} an acute and serious infection of the central nervous system caused by bacterial infection of open wounds; spasms of the jaw and laryngeal muscles may occur during the late stages
{n: thallium, Tl, atomic number 81} a soft grey malleable metallic element that resembles tin but discolors on exposure to air; it is highly toxic and is used in rodent and insect poisons; occurs in zinc blende and some iron ores
{n: theta rhythm, theta wave} the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed and drowsy; occurs with low frequency and low amplitude
{n: third person} pronouns and verbs that are used to refer to something other than the speaker or addressee of the language in which they occur
{n: thorium, Th, atomic number 90} a soft silvery-white tetravalent radioactive metallic element; isotope 232 is used as a power source in nuclear reactors; occurs in thorite and in monazite sands
{n: threonine} a colorless crystalline amino acid found in protein; occurs in the hydrolysates of certain proteins; an essential component of human nutrition
{n: thulium, Tm, atomic number 69} a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group; isotope 170 emits X-rays and is used in small portable X-ray machines; it occurs in monazite and apatite and xenotime
{n: time frame} a time period during which something occurs or is expected to occur
"an agreement can be reached in a reasonably short time frame"
{n: tin, Sn, atomic number 50} a silvery malleable metallic element that resists corrosion; used in many alloys and to coat other metals to prevent corrosion; obtained chiefly from cassiterite where it occurs as tin oxide
{n: topaz} a mineral (fluosilicate of aluminum) that occurs in crystals of various colors and is used as a gemstone
{n: tourmaline} a mineral that is a complex borosilicate and hydroxide of aluminum containing iron and magnesium and calcium and lithium and sodium; it is usually black but occurs in transparent colored forms that are used as gemstones
{n: toxic shock, toxic shock syndrome, TSS} syndrome resulting from a serious acute (sometimes fatal) infection associated with the presence of staphylococcus; characterized by fever and diarrhea and nausea and diffuse erythema and shock; occurs especially in menstruating women using highly absorbent tampons
{n: trace element} an element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes
{n: tradeoff, trade-off} an exchange that occurs as a compromise
"I faced a tradeoff between eating and buying my medicine"
{n: triolein, olein} a naturally occuring glyceride of oleic acid that is found in fats and oils
{n: tryptophan, tryptophane} an amino acid that occurs in proteins; is essential for growth and normal metabolism; a precursor of niacin
{n: unipolar depression} a major depressive episode that occurs without the manic phase that occurs in the classic form of bipolar disorder
{n: uranium, U, atomic number 92} a heavy toxic silvery-white radioactive metallic element; occurs in many isotopes; used for nuclear fuels and nuclear weapons
{n: vanadium, V, atomic number 23} a soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys; it occurs in several complex minerals including carnotite and vanadinite
{n: vector-borne transmission} indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vector bites or touches a person
{n: vehicle-borne transmission} indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vehicle (or fomite) touches a person's body or is ingested
{n: vesuvianite, vesuvian, idocrase} a green or yellow or brown mineral consisting of a hydrated silicate; it occurs as crystals in limestone and is used a gemstone
{n: vitamin A1, retinol} an unsaturated alcohol that occurs in marine fish-liver oils and is synthesized biologically from carotene
{n: water, H2O} binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent
{n: whiteout} an arctic atmospheric condition with clouds over snow produce a uniform whiteness and objects are difficult to see; occurs when the light reflected off the snow equals the light coming through the clouds
{n: windfall profit} profit that occurs unexpectedly as a consequence of some event not controlled by those who profit from it
{n: winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes} an edible agaric that is available in early spring or late fall when few other mushrooms are; has a viscid smooth orange to brown cap and a velvety stalk that turns black in maturity and pallid gills; often occur in clusters
{n: wish list} a list of events that you wish would occur
{n: writing} (usually plural) the collected work of an author
"the idea occurs with increasing frequency in Hemingway's writings"
{n: xanthelasma} xanthoma of the eyelids; occurs chiefly in the elderly
{n: xanthopsia} visual defect in which objects appear to have a yellowish hue; sometimes occurs in cases of jaundice
{n: ytterbium, Yb, atomic number 70} a soft silvery metallic element; a rare earth of the lanthanide series; it occurs in gadolinite and monazite and xenotime
{n: zeaxanthin} yellow carotenoid (isomeric with lutein and occurs widely with it) that is the main pigment in yellow Indian corn
{n: zinc, Zn, atomic number 30} a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs as zinc sulphide in zinc blende
{n: zirconium, Zr, atomic number 40} a lustrous grey strong metallic element resembling titanium; it is used in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber; it occurs in baddeleyite but is obtained chiefly from zircon
{v: anticipate} be a forerunner of or occur earlier than
"This composition anticipates Impressionism"
{v: arise, come up} occur
"A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion"
{v: be} happen, occur, take place
"I lost my wallet ; this was during the visit to my parents' house"
"There were two hundred people at his funeral"
"There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
{v: bring, work, play, wreak, make for} cause to happen or to occur as a consequence
"I cannot work a miracle"
"wreak havoc"
"bring comments"
"play a joke"
"The rain brought relief to the drought-stricken area"
{v: cause, do, make} give rise to ; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally
"cause a commotion"
"make a stir"
"cause an accident"
{v: coincide, co-occur, cooccur} go with, fall together
{v: collocate with, construe with, cooccur with, co-occur with, go with} go or occur together
"The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'"
{v: collocate} have a strong tendency to occur side by side
"The words 'new' and 'world' collocate"
{v: come forth, emerge} happen or occur as a result of something
{v: come} exist or occur in a certain point in a series
"Next came the student from France"
{v: desynchronize, desynchronise} cause to become desynchronized ; cause to occur at unrelated times
<-> synchronise, synchronize
{v: fall} occur at a specified time or place
"Christmas falls on a Monday this year"
"The accent falls on the first syllable"
{v: give} occur
"what gives?"
{v: happen, befall, bechance} happen, occur, or be the case in the course of events or by chance
"It happens that today is my birthday"
"These things befell" (Santayana)
{v: happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, pass, fall out, come about, take place} come to pass
"What is happening?"
"The meeting took place off without an incidence"
"Nothing occurred that seemed important"
{v: induce, stimulate, rush, hasten} cause to occur rapidly
"the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions"
{v: intervene} occur between other event or between certain points of time
"the war intervened between the birth of her two children"
{v: occur, come} come to one's mind ; suggest itself
"It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary"
"A great idea then came to her"
{v: occur} to be found to exist
"sexism occurs in many workplaces"
"precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil"
{v: pair, geminate} occur in pairs
{v: produce, bring about, give rise} cause to occur or exist
"This procedure produces a curious effect"
"The new law gave rise to many complaints"
"These chemicals produce a noxious vapor"
{v: recur, repeat} happen or occur again
"This is a recurring story"
{v: roll, undulate} occur in soft rounded shapes
"The hills rolled past"
{v: run} occur persistently
"Musical talent runs in the family"
{v: synchronize, synchronise, contemporize, contemporise} arrange or represent events so that they co-occur
"synchronize biblical events"
{v: time} adjust so that a force is applied an an action occurs at the desired time
"The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely"
{v: transpire} come about, happen, or occur
"Several important events transpired last week"
The order in which the different nucleic acids occur along the spiral staircase carries the genetic information that enables the DNA molecule to assemble an organism around it and reproduce itself.
这些不同的核酸沿着螺旋式楼梯排列成的序列携带着基因信息，使 DNA分子能围绕着它聚集成一个有机体并自我复制。
Price says the disease afflicts roughly one in a million people and occurs when certain brain cells that regulate muscle tone and coordinate movement die.
普赖斯说，大约每 100万人里有一人患有此症，而且这种疾病在某些调节肌肉紧张程度和协调运动的脑细胞死亡时发生。
For Jeremy Spake, used to dealing with all the breakdowns that, can occur at airports, there's no problem which can not be sorted out.
杰里米·斯佩克早已习惯于处理机场上可能发生的种种事故，对他来说没有什么问题是不能解决的。
The disease occurs only when you have a combination of schizophrenia-prone genes and schizophrenia-inducing experiences.
只有当你同时具有精神分裂基因和精神分裂诱导性经历时，这种疾病才可能发作。
Blood does not always mean colon cancer, and colon cancer can occur without bleeding, he said,
他说，出血并不总意味着结肠癌而结肠癌的发生也可能见不到出血，
adding that whether a home test shows positive or negative, it is wise to have an annual physical examination after age 50 ;
他还补充说，不论家庭测试显示为阳性或阴性，明智的做法是 50岁之后每年进行一次体检；
earlier if there are risk factors such as polyps or a family history of the disease.
如果存在危险因素，诸如有结肠息肉或是有该疾病的家族史，这种体检应更早一些进行。
If that scenario occurs, it will mean an end to ways of doing business that date back to the early part of the 20th century.
如果出现这种情况，那将意味着一种可以追溯到 20世纪早期的商业模式的终结。
Then many deaths occur and the population drops.
这样，死亡率就会增加，种群数量就随之下降。
The microscopic bits that remain must be washed away by drink or saliva( morning breath occurs because salivation stops at night. )
剩下的食物微粒必须用饮料或唾液冲洗掉（早晨口腔里有气味是因为夜间唾液腺停止分泌的缘故）。
The greatest chance of infecting a baby occurs during the child's first five months of life.
婴儿出生后头五个月内感染爱滋病毒的危险性最大。
New HIV infections will occur predominately in the underclass, with rates 10 times as high in minority groups.
新的 HIV 感染绝大部分会发生在社会底层，在少数族群中，其感染率可高达一般的十倍。
Indeed, doctors claim that the onset of autism often occurs in toddlers at the same time they are scheduled for shots and is likely to be entirely coincidental.
事实上，医生们认为孤独症常常始发于 12.5岁的儿童，而此时正是他们接受这种疫苗注射的时期，这可能完全是一种偶然。
If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromosome, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur.
如果这样的一个基因发生在一个能决定性别（sex-determiningX或Y）的染色体上，则极度反常的性别比例便告出现。
It would be wonderful to observe a singularity and obtain direct evidence of the undoubtedly bizarre phenomena that occur near one.
倘若能观察到一颗奇点，并获取直接的证据以反映出发生在某一奇点附近那些无疑是离奇怪异的现象，那将令人叹止。
An interacting—and complicating— phenomenon is wind-to-water transfer of momentum that occurs when waves are formed.
一种发生交互作用——并使问题趋于复杂化——的现象是在波浪形成之时所发生的由风至水的动量转移（wind-to-water transfer of momentum）。
However, if one applies energies of millions of electron volts, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, and the processes of radioactivity occur; our elementary particles then are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
但是，当我们应用数百万电子伏特的能量时，核反应，即核裂变为核聚变，以及放射过程一并发生；这样，我们的基本粒子便是质子（proton）、中子、以及电子。
As long as we are dealing with the atomic or nuclear realm, these new types of particles do not occur and the nucleons remain inert.
只我们所处理的是原子的或核的范围，这些新的类型的粒子便不会产生，核子保持其惰性特征。
Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.
铝土矿是所有那些大量出现的含铝岩石中含量最丰富的岩石，它产生氧化铝（alumina），一种制造铝所必不可少的中间产品。
Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity,and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.
氧化铝亦作为刚玉（corundum）这种矿物质自然发生，然而，刚玉无法以高纯度、大储量被发现，因此，它不是一种切实可和的冶炼铝的矿源。
The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people.
在北美英国殖民地的法规中，只有在1660年之后才首次对奴隶制度有所提及——亦即第一批黑人被输入到美洲后约四十年。
This rapid chilling occurs when lava erupts directly into water (or beneath ice) or when it flows across a shoreline and into a body of water.
当溶岩喷发直接进入水中（或至冰下），或当它流过海岸并进入一片水体时，这一急骤的冷却便告发生。
It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.
研究证明，细微但仍可测量到的差异会自然发生在铜的同位素构成中。
An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.
可供替代的另一种选择是铅，而铅这种金属也存在于青铜时代绝大部分铜和青铜制物之中，其含量与来自铜矿石的铅以及与有可能来自助溶剂的铅保持一致。
Problems occur only if a contradiction develops between a new observation, say, "That ball is blue," and the preexisting statements.
只有当新的观察，如“那个球是蓝色的”，与既存的陈述之间发生矛盾时，问题才会发生。
Organic, including symptomatic, mental
disorders (F00-F09)
This block comprises a range of mental disorders grouped together on the basis of their
having in common a demonstrable etiology in cerebral disease, brain injury, or other
insult leading to cerebral dysfunction. The dysfunction may be primary, as in diseases,
injuries, and insults that affect the brain directly and selectively; or secondary, as in
systemic diseases and disorders that attack the brain only as one of the multiple organs
or systems of the body that are involved.
Dementia (F00-F03) is a syndrome due to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic or
progressive nature, in which there is disturbance of multiple higher cortical functions,
including memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity,
language, and judgement. Consciousness isnot clouded. The impairments of cognitive
function are commonly accompanied, and occasionally preceded, by deterioration in
emotional control, social behaviour, or motivation. This syndrome occurs in Alzheimer's
disease, in cerebrovascular disease, and in other conditions primarily or secondarily
affecting the brain.
Use additional code, if desired, to identify the underlying disease.
器质性 （ 包含症状性 ） 精神疾病 (F00-F09)
本节所包含的这组精神疾患 ， 相同的是它们都能经
检查而发现有大脑疾病、脑伤、或其他伤害 ， 而导
致大脑功能失调 ， 因此置於同一组。此功能失调可
以是原发性的 ， 就如直接影响或作用於脑部的一些
疾病、伤害、与外伤 ； 也可以是续发性的 ， 如一些
系统性疾病与疾患 ， 其对脑部的侵袭仅仅是全身性
多重器官或系统影响的一部份。
痴呆 (F00-F03) 是由於脑部疾病造成的徵候群 ， 通常为慢
性或进行性之本质 ， 可造成多种高级皮质功能之障
碍 ， 包含记忆、思考、定向感、理解能力、计算、
学习能力、语言及判断能力。意识状态并没有混淆
。认知功能障碍常合并有情绪控制、社会行为或动
机等功能之退化 ， 这些功能之退化 ， 有时会比认知
功能障碍更早出现。此徵候群发生於阿兹海默症、
脑血管疾病、以及其他原发或续发性影响脑部的种
种状况。
如有需要 ， 使用附码以标示其基本疾病类别。
F06.0
Organic hallucinosis
A disorder of persistent or recurrent hallucinations, usually visual or auditory, that
occur in clear consciousness and may or may not be recognized by the subject as such.
Delusional elaboration of the hallucinations may occur, but delusions do not dominate the
clinical picture; insight may be preserved.
Organic hallucinatory state (nonalcoholic)
Excludes: alcoholic hallucinosis (F10.5)
schizophrenia (F20.-)
器质性幻觉症
一持续性或反覆性出现幻觉之疾患 ， 通常为视觉或
听觉 ， 在意识清醒的状态下发生 ， 个案自己可能清
楚它是幻觉 ， 也可能不清楚。病患可能会进一步对
其幻觉做妄想性解释 ， 但妄想并不是临床上最明显
之表徵 ， 可能仍有病识感。
器质性幻觉状态 （ 非酒精性 ）
不包含 ： 酒精幻觉症 (F10.5)
精神分裂症 (F20.-)
F07.2
Postconcussional syndrome
A syndrome that occurs following head trauma (usually sufficiently severe to result in
loss of consciousness) and includes a number of disparate symptoms such as headache,
dizziness, fatigue, irritability, difficulty in concentration and performing mental tasks,
impairment of memory, insomnia, and reduced tolerance to stress, emotional excitement, or
alcohol.
Postcontusional syndrome (encephalopathy)
Post-traumatic brain syndrome, nonpsychotic
脑震汤後徵候群
此徵候群发生於头部创伤 （ 通常严重到造成意识丧
失 ） 之後 ， 并包含一些不同的症状 ， 诸如头痛、头
晕 （ 通常缺乏真正眩晕的现象 ） ， 疲倦 ， 易激怒性
， 专心操作心智事务产生困难 ， 记忆缺损 ， 失眠 ，
以及对压力、情绪兴奋、或酒精之忍受力降低。
脑挫伤後徵候群 （ 脑病变 ）
创伤後脑徵候群 ， 非精神病性
.4
Withdrawal state with delirium
A condition where the withdrawal state as defined in the common fourth character .3 is
complicated by delirium as defined in F05.-. Convulsions may also occur. When organic
factors are also considered to play a role in the etiology, the condition should be
classified to F05.8.
Delirium tremens (alcohol-induced)
并有谵妄之戒断状态
此情形发生在戒断状态 （F1x.3) 时并发谵妄 （请参阅
F05.-) ， 可能并发痉挛。若器质因素被考虑为其病因时
， 此情形应归类於 F05.8 。
震颤性谵妄 （ 酒精引起 ） 。
.5
Psychotic disorder
A cluster of psychotic phenomena that occur during or following psychoactive substance use
but that are not explained on the basis of acute intoxication alone and do not form part
of a withdrawal state. The disorder is characterized by hallucinations (typically
auditory, but often in more than one sensory modality), perceptual distortions, delusions
(often of a paranoid or persecutory nature), psychomotor disturbances (excitement or
stupor), and an abnormal affect, which may range from intense fear to ecstasy. The
sensorium is usually clear but some degree of clouding of consciousness, though not severe
confusion, may be present.
Alcoholic:
. hallllcinosis
. jealousy
. paranoia
. psychosis NOS
Excludes: alcohol- or other psychoactive substance-induced residual and late-onset
psychotic disorder (F10-F19 with common fourth character .7)
精神病症
精神作用物质在使用中或刚用过後 ， 可能会产生许
多种类的精神病性症状 ， 这些症状不是急性中毒 ，
也不是戒断状态之症状 ， 即为此分类 （.5） 之精神病
症 ， 此病症之特点是幻觉 （ 最典型的是幻听 ， 常常
有不止一种的幻觉型态 ） 、知觉扭曲、妄想 （ 常常
是被害的特性 ） 、精神运动障碍 （ 如激动或静呆 ）
及情感异常 （ 如极度恐惧或得意忘形 ） 。意识状态
通常是清醒的 ， 但也有时虽不至於到意识混乱的程
度 ， 但也可能有不同程度的意识模糊。
酒精性 ：
． 幻觉症
． 嫉妒
． 妄想症
． 精神病症 ， 其他未明示者
不包含 ： 酒精或其他精神作用物质引起的残留晚发
性精神病症 （F10-F19中有第 ４ 码.7 者 ）
.7
Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder
A disorder in which alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced changes of cognition,
affect, personality, or behaviour persist beyond the period during which a direct
psychoactive substance-related effect might reasonably be assumed to be operating. Onset
of the disorder should be directly related to the use of the psychoactive substance. Cases
in which initial onset of the state occurs later than episode(s) of such substance use
should be coded here only where clear and strong evidence is available to attribute the
state to the residual effect of the psychoactive substance. Flashbacks may be
distinguished from psychotic state partly by their episodic nature, frequently of very
short duration, and by their duplication of previous alcohol- or other psychoactive
substance-related experiences.
Alcoholic dementia NOS
Chronic alcoholic brain syndrome
Dementia and other milder forms of persisting impairment of cognitive functions
Flashbacks
Late-onset psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorder
Posthallucinogen perception disorder
Residual:
. affective disorder
. disorder of personality and behaviour
Excludes: alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced:
. Korsakov's syndrome (F10-F19 with common fourth char- acter .6)
. psychotic state (F10-F19 with common fourth character .5)
残馀及晚发精神病症
此病症是因酒精或精神作用物质引起认知、情感、
人格或行为的改变 ， 此变化会较原先精神作用质引
起的效果持续续得更久。此病症的发病必须和使用
酒精或精神作用物质直接相关。要有明确及强烈的
证据显示发病是因使用精神作用物质後的残馀效果
时才能归类於此诊断。重现现象 （F1x.70） 与精神病症
是不同的 ， 其区别之要点是其短暂性、阵发性、以
及其重覆先前酒精或其他精神作用物质相关之经验
。
酒精性痴呆症 ， 其他未明示者
慢性酒精性脑徵候群
痴呆症与其他轻型持久性认知功能障碍
重现现象
晚发性精神作用物质引起之精神病性疾病
幻觉剂使用後知觉障碍症
残馀性 ：
． 情感障碍症
． 人格与行为障碍症
不包含 ： 酒精或精神作用物质引起 ：
． 柯沙科夫徵候群 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.6 者 ）
． 精神病性状态 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.5 者 ）
F21
Schizotypal disorder
A disorder characterized by eccentric behaviour and anomalies of thinking and affect which
resemble those seen in schizophrenia, though no definite and characteristic schizophrenic
anomalies occur at any stage. The symptoms may include a cold or inappropriate affect;
anhedonia; odd or eccentric behaviour; a tendency to social withdrawal; paranoid or
bizarre ideas not amounting to true delusions; obsessive ruminations; thought disorder and
perceptual disturbances; occasional transient quasi-psychotic episodes with intense
illusions, auditory or other hallucinations, and delusion-like ideas, usually occurring
without external provocation. There is no definite onset and evolution and course are
usually those of a personality disorder.
Latent schizophrenic reaction
Schizophrenia:
. borderline
. latent
. prepsychotic
. prodromal
. pseud neurotic
. pscudopsychopathic
Schizotypal personality disorder
Excludes: Asperger's syndrome (F84.5)
schizoid personality disorder (F60.1)
准精神分裂症
此类疾患通常以行为怪异、思考与情感异常 ， 这些
症状很像精神分裂症的表现 ， 但始终没有确定的、
特有的精神分裂症状之发生。此疾病之症状包含淡
漠或不恰当情感 ； 没有快乐感 ； 怪异行为 ； 孤立倾
向 ； 妄想性或怪怪之念头 ， 但未形成妄想 ； 强迫性
冥想 ； 思考障碍与知觉障碍之偶见短暂性类似精神
病性的发作 ， 伴随明显错觉、听幻觉或其他幻觉 ，
也有类似妄想想法 ， 常在没有任何外界刺激下产生
。没有明确的初次发病现象与病程之演变 ， 病程似
一种人格障碍症。
潜伏型精神分裂症反应
精神分裂症 ：
． 边缘型
． 潜伏型
． 精神病性前
． 前驱性
． 假性精神官能性
． 假性精神病质性
准精神分裂性人格障碍症
不包含 ： 艾斯伯格 (Aspergers) 徵候群 (F84.5)
分裂性人格违常 (F60.1)
F23
Acute and transient psychotic disorders
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the acute onset of psychotic symptoms
such as delusions, hallucinations, and perceptual disturbances, and by the severe
disruption of ordinary behaviour. Acute onset is defined as a crescendo development of a
clearly abnormal clinical picture in about two weeks or less. For these disorders there is
no evidence of organic causation. Perplexity and puzzlement are often present but
disorientation for time, place and person is not persistent or severe enough to justify a
diagnosis of organically caused delirium (F05.-). Complete recovery usually occurs within
a few months, often within a few weeks or even days. If the disorder persists, a change in
classification will be necessary. The disorder may or may not be associated with acute
stress, defined as usually stressful events preceding the onset by one to two weeks.
急性与短暂性精神病症
此类具高异质性之疾病 ， 其特徵是精神病性症状 ，
如妄想、幻觉、知觉障碍等之急性发作 ， 对日常生
活有严重干扰。急性发作是二星期内渐进性发作。
没有器质性病因之存在。常有迷惘或迷惑之症状 ，
但对人、地与时间之定向感障碍之持续性与严重性
均不足以明显到可做器质性谵妄 (F05.-) 之诊断。一般
在几个月、几星期或甚至几天内即完全恢复。若症
状持续 ， 则要改变诊断。此疾病不一定与急性压力
有关 ， 所谓急性压力是病前一、二星期内压力事件
之发生。
F33
Recurrent depressive disorder
A disorder characterized by repeated episodes of depression as described for depressive
episode (F32.-), without any history of independent episodes of mood elevation and
increased energy (mania). There may however, be brief episodes of mild mood elevation and
overactivity (hypomania) immediately after a depressive episode, sometimes precipitated by
antidepressant treatment. The more severe forms of recurrent depressive disorder (F33.2
and F33.3) have much in common with earlier concepts such as manic-depressive depression,
melancholia vital depression and endogenous depression. The first episode may occur at any
age from childhood to old age, the onset may be either acute or insidious, and the
duration varies from a few weeks to many months. The risk that a patient with recurrent
depressive disorder will have an episode of mania never disappears completely, however
many depressive episodes have been experienced. If such an episode does occur, the
diagnosis should be changed to bipolar affective disorder (F31 .-).
Includes: recurrent episodes of:
. depressive reaction
. psychogenic depression
. reactive depression
seasonal depressive disorder
Excludes: recurrent brief depressive episodes (F38.1)
复发性郁症
疾病特徵是重覆发作的郁症 (F32.-) ， 而且没有躁症如
情绪高昂、活动过度的发作病史。然而若一忧郁发
作之後 ， 立即有轻微情绪高昂与过动的短暂轻躁症
发作有时是因抗郁剂治疗忧郁症所诱发的 ， 仍要使
用此项分类。较严重之复发性郁症 (F33.2和F33.3) 与以前
躁郁性郁症 ， melancholia , 生机性郁症与内因性郁症之概
念相似。初次发作可以由孩童期到老年期之任何年
龄 ； 发作或急性或渐近性 ； 其生病期间可以是几星
期至几个月不一定。复发性郁症者会发生躁症发作
的危险性 （ 无论经验多少次的忧郁发作 ） 决不会完
全消失。若发生躁症发作应将诊断改为双相情感障
碍症 （F31.-） 。
包含 ： 重覆发作 ：
． 忧郁性反应 (depressive reaction)
． 心因性忧郁 (psychogenic depression)
． 反应性忧郁症 (reactive depression)
季节性情感障碍症 (sasonal affective disorder)(F33.0或F33.1)
不包含 ： 复发性短暂忧郁发作 (F38.1)
F42
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
The essential feature is recurrent obsessional thoughts or compulsive acts. Obsessional
thoughts are ideas, images, or impulses that enter the patient's mind again and again in a
stereotyped form. They are almost invariably distressing and the patient often tries,
unsuccessfully, to resist them. They are, however, recognized as his or her own thoughts,
even though they are involuntary and often repugnant. Compulsive acts or rituals are
stereotyped behaviours that are repeated again and again. They are not inherently
enjoyable, nor do they result in the completion of inherently useful tasks. Their function
is to prevent some objectively unlikely event, often involving harm to or caused by the
patient, which he or she fears might otherwise occur. Usually, this behaviour is
recognized by the patient as pointless or ineffectual and repeated attempts are made to
resist. Anxiety is almost invariably present. If compulsive acts are resisted the anxiety
gets worse.
Includes: anankastic neurosis
obsessive-compulsive neurosis
Excludes: obsessive-compulsive personality (disorder) (F60.5)
强迫症
基本的特徵是反覆的强迫性思考或强迫性行动。强
迫性思考是指意念、心象或冲动以一种刻板的方式
， 一次又一次的进入病人的思绪当中。这些通常是
令人困扰的 ， 病人通常会试着去抵抗上述意念 ， 但
都不会成功。这些意念一向被病人认为是自己的思
考 ， 纵使他们是非志愿或厌恶的。强迫性行动或仪
式行动是一种刻板的行为 ， 被一次又一无可奈何次
的重复。这些并不令人感到愉快 ， 也不能达成有用
的任务。病人通常把这些行动视为是一种用来避免
在客观上并不可能发生的对患者或他人的伤害 ， 这
些行为通常会被病人认为是没有意义的或亳无作用
的 ， 而且屡次地想来抵抗此行动 ， 同时会有焦虑。
若试图抵抗此重覆行为 ， 焦虑会加重。
包含 ： 强迫性精神官能症 （anankastic neurosis）
强迫性精神官能症 （obsessive-compulsive neurosis）
不包含 ： 强迫性人格障碍症 （F60.5）
F45.4
Persistent somatoform pain disorder
The predominant complaint is of persistent, severe, and distressing pain, which cannot be
explained fully by a physiological process or a physical disorder, and which occurs in
association with emotional . conflict or psychosocial problems that are sufficient to
allow the t conclusion that they are the main causative influences. The result is usually
a marked increase in support and attention, either personal or medical. Pain presumed to
be of psychogenic origin occurring during the course of depressive disorders or
schizophrenia should not be included here.
Psychalgia
Psychogenic:
. backache
. headache
Somatoform pain disorder
Excludes: backache NOS (M54.9)
pain:
. NOS (R52.9)
. acute (R52.0)
. chronic (R52.2)
. intractable (R52.1)
tension headache (G44.2)
持久拟身体疼痛症
病人会主诉持续 ， 严重且难过的痛 ， 无法完全以生
理机转或身体疾患来解释 ， 而可以确定是由情绪冲
突或心理社会问题所引起的 ， 其结果平常是显着增
加他人或医疗上的支持与注意。必须排除由忧郁症
或精神分裂症病程中所引起的心因性疼痛。
心因性疼痛
心因性背痛或头痛
拟身体障碍疼痛疾患。
不包含 ： 背痛 ， 其他未明示者 （M54.9）
疼痛 ：
． 其他未明示者 （R52.9）
． 急性 (R52.0)
． 慢性 (R52.2)）
． 顽固性 （R52.1）
紧张性头痛 （G44.2） 。
F45.8 Other somatoform disorders
Any other disorders of sensation, function and behaviour, not due to physical disorders,
which are not mediated through the autonomic nervous system, which are limited to specific
systems or parts of the body, and which are closely associated in time with stressful
events or problems.
Psychogenic:
. dysmenorrhoea
. dysphagia, including "glouss hysteri us"
. pruritus
. torticollis
Teeth-grinding
其他拟身体障碍症 :
包含其他非器质性的感觉功能与行为障碍。这些症
状与神经系统无关 ， 只局限於某特定器官系统或某
部位 ， 且其发生此等在时间上与压力事件或问题有
密切关联。
心因性 :
． 痛经症
． 吞困难
． 搔痒症斜颈
磨牙
F48.0
Neurasthenia
Considerable cultural variations occur in the presentation of this disorder, and two main
types occur, with substantial overlap. In one type, the main feature is a complaint of
increased fatigue after mental effort, often associated with some decrease in occupational
performance or coping efficiency in daily tasks. The mental fatiguability is typically
described as an unpleasant intrusion of distracting associations or recollections,
difficulty in concentrating, and generally inefficient thinking. In the other type, the
emphasis is on feelings of bodily or physical weakness and exhaustion after only minimal
effort, accompanied by a feeling of muscular aches and pains and inability to relax. In
both types a variety of other unpleasant physical feelings is common, such as dizziness,
tension headaches, and feelings of general instability. Worry about decreasing mental and
bodily well-being, irritability, anhedonia, and varying minor degrees of both depression
and anxiety are all common. Sleep is often disturbed in its initial and middle phases but
hypersomnia may also be prominent.
Fatigue syndrome
Use additional code, if desired, to identify previous physical illness.
Excludes: asthenia NOS (R53)
burn-out (Z73.0)
malaise and fatigue (R53)
postviral fatigue syndrome (G93.3)
psychasthenia (F48.8)
神经衰弱症
此疾患之出现有相当不同的文化背景因素 ， 而可见
两类 ， 但重叠性高。第一类之主要表现在精神活动
之後抱怨的疲惫感 ， 常伴随工作表现或每天日常生
活效率的减低。典型的精神疲惫状况可以时常以侵
入不愉快且不相关的联想、集中注意力困难及完全
无效率的思考等来描述。第二类即强调在稍微活动
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