nor [ nɔ:] conj.也不；不
neither...nor... 既不…也不…
nor [nɔ:] conj. 也不
This ticket will not be exchanged nor the purchase price refunded.
票不可交换，也不能按购买价退票。
因葡萄酒尚未售出, 近期也难有攻观, 我方目前不能遵照齐滕先生的指示将余额向贵方开出汇票或汇给贵方。
As the wines are not yet disposed of, nor likely to be for some time, we cannot obey Mr. Saito's orders as to drawing on you or remitting you the balance at present.
I have never been dishonest, nor do I plan to start being so now.
我从来没有不诚实过, 现在我也不打算开始破这个例。
I have never been to Paris, nor has my wife.
我从未去过巴黎, 我妻子也没去过。
Eternity has neither a beginning nor an end.
永恒既没有起点，也没有终点。
Neither his colleagues nor his boss accepts his idea.
他的同事和老板都不接受他的主张。
Neither you nor he is wrong． 你没错，他也没错。
He neither smokes nor drinks． 他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplace—pieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists.
阿雅特和罗索尔兄弟都不知道他们销售的大部分都是以前在市场上面没有人见过的东西——只被人们猜想过它的存在，但从来没有考古学家真正发现过。
He can neither read nor write.
他既不会读也不会写。
A horse is neither better nor worse for his trappings.
相马不可凭马的装饰。
Believe not all that you see nor half what you hear.
眼见的不能全信，耳闻的也不能半信。
He may well be contented who need neither borrow nor flatter.
一个既不用借债又不用奉承人的人，可以称得上心满意足。
If there be neither snow nor rain, then will be dear all sorts of grain.
雨雪不调，五谷价高。
Knowledge is the most precious treasure of all things, because it can never be given away, nor stolen nor consumed.
知识是万物中最珍贵的财宝，丢不掉，偷不走，也不会损耗。
Love is neither bought nor sold.
爱情不能买卖。
Money is neither good nor bad, but all depends on what use is made of it.
金钱本身无好坏，要看怎样利用它。
No love is foul, nor prison fair.
没有肮脏的爱情，也没有美丽的监狱。
Nor fame I slight, nor for her favours call; she come unlooked for, if she comes at all.
我不轻蔑名誉，也不需要她的青睐；如果她竟来的话，也是不求而自来的。
Tell not all you know nor judge of all you see if you would live in peace.
知道的不要全部倾吐，看到的不要都加评语，这样生活可以安宁。
Trust not the praise of a friend, nor the contempt of an enemy.
不要信赖朋友的赞扬，也不要仇敌的轻蔑放在心上。
We should never remember the benefit we have offered nor forget the favour received.
施惠莫记，受恩莫忘。
One is never as unhappy as one thinks, nor as happy as one hopes.
Francois La Rochefoucauld, Frcnch writer
一个人永远不像他所想象的那样不幸，也不会像他所希望的那样幸福。
法国作家拉罗什富科.F.
Time cures sorrows and squabbles because we all change, and are no longer the same persons. Neither the offender nor the offended is the same.
Blaise Pascal, French mathematician and philosopher
时间可以去除忧虑和争吵，因为我们大家都在改变，不再与从前一样。触犯者和被触犯者都已经不是从前的那个人了。
法国数学家、哲学家帕斯卡尔.B.
Weep no more, no sigh, nor groan. Sorrow calls no time that's gone.
John Fletcher, British dramalist
别哭泣，别叹息，别呻吟；悲伤唤回流逝的时光。
英国剧作家富莱奇J
Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly alone.
John Clare, British poet
要清闲就完全清闲，要清静就完全清静。
英国诗人克莱尔J.
Everything that lives, lives not alone, nor for itself.
William Black ,British poet.
世上的一切生物，既非孤立生存，亦非只为自身生存。
英国诗人布莱克.W.
Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation.
Franklin Roosevelt, Averican president
永恒的真理如果不在新的社会形势下赋予新的意义，要么就不是真理，要么不是永恒的。
美国总统罗斯福.F.
There can be no war nowadays between civilized nations, nor any peace that is not hollow and delusive unless sustained and backed up by the sentiment of the people who are parties to it.
E. J. Phelps. American lawyer
现在文明国家，如果得不到本国人民真心的支持，就发动不起战争，和平也是空洞而渺茫的。
美国律师费尔普斯。E，J。
Neither beliver nor reject anything, because any other person has rejected of believed it . Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error,. Use it.
Thomas Jefferson, American president
不要因为别的人相信或否定了什么东西，你也就去相信它或否定它。上帝赠予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。那你就去运用它吧/
美国总统杰斐逊.T.
Have no doubts because of trouble nor be thou discomtited; for the water of life's fountain springeth from a gloom bed.…
Sit not sad because that time a fitful aspect weareth; Patience is most bitter , yet most sweet the fruit it bearth.
Sadi , Perisian poet
你虽然在困苦中也不惴惴不安，
从暗处往往流出生命之泉。……
不要因为时运不济而郁郁寡欢，忍耐虽然最痛苦，
其果实也最香甜。
波斯诗人萨迪
neither…nor (既)不…也不，(既)非…也非
- make neither head nor tail of...对……摸不着头脑
Tim scribbled a note to me during the lecture. But I couldn't make head or tail of it.
也不 nor
不即不离 [bù jí bù lí] /be neither too familiar nor too distant/keep sb at arm's length/
不亢不卑 [bù kàng bù bēi] /neither haughty nor humble/neither overbearing nor servile/neither supercilious nor obsequious/
不伦不类 [bù lún bù lèi] /neither fish nor fowl/nondescript/
不三不四 [bù sān bù sì] /dubious/shady/neither one thing nor the other/neither fish nor fowl/nondescript/
不学无术 [bù xué wú shù] /have neither learning nor skill/be ignorant and incompetent/
不着边际 [bù zhuó biān jì] /not to the point/wide of the mark/neither here nor there/irrelevant/
罗布泊 [luó bù bó] /Lop Nor (nuclear testing site in Xinjiang)/
也不 [yě bù] /neither/nor/
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指摘的。
"I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍，但并非总能得到正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's.
显然，要将所有A型孩子变成B型孩子既不现实也不可取。
The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment.
这个世界需要各种性格的人，一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。
It is top management.
这才是最好的管理理念。
{adj: advisable} worthy of being recommended or suggested; prudent or wise
"such action is neither necessary nor advisable"
"extreme caution is advisable"
"it is advisable to telephone first"
<-> inadvisable
{adj: apathetic, indifferent} marked by a lack of interest
"an apathetic audience"
"the universe is neither hostile nor friendly; it is simply indifferent"
{adj: aweless, awless, disrespectful} neither feeling nor showing respect
{adj: center} of or belonging to neither the right nor the left politically or intellectually
<-> right, left
{adj: centrist, middle-of-the-road} supporting or pursuing a course of action that is neither liberal nor conservative
{adj: compatible} capable of forming a homogeneous mixture that neither separates nor is altered by chemical interaction
{adj: cool} neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat
"a cool autumn day"
"a cool room"
"cool summer dresses"
"cool drinks"
"a cool breeze"
<-> warm
{adj: equipoised} lacking lateral dominance; being neither right-handed nor left-handed
{adj: global, planetary, world, worldwide, world-wide} involving the entire earth; not limited or provincial in scope
"global war"
"global monetary policy"
"neither national nor continental but planetary"
"a world crisis"
"of worldwide significance"
{adj: impassive, stolid} having or revealing little emotion or sensibility; not easily aroused or excited
"her impassive remoteness"
"he remained impassive, showing neither interest in nor concern for our plight"- Nordhoff & Hall
"a silent stolid creature who took it all as a matter of course"-Virginia Woolf
"her face showed nothing but stolid indifference"
{adj: in-between, mediate, middle} being neither at the beginning nor at the end in a series
"adolescence is an awkward in-between age"
"in a mediate position"
"the middle point on a line"
{adj: indifferent, so-so} being neither good nor bad
"an indifferent performance"
"a gifted painter but an indifferent actor"
"her work at the office is passable"
"a so-so golfer"
"feeling only so-so"
"prepared a tolerable dinner"
"a tolerable working knowledge of French"
{adj: indifferent} neither too great nor too little
"a couple of indifferent hills to climb"
{adj: infinite, non-finite} of verbs; having neither person nor number nor mood (as a participle or gerund or infinitive)
"infinite verb form"
<-> finite
{adj: mysterious, mystic, mystical, occult, secret, orphic} having an import not apparent to the senses nor obvious to the intelligence; beyond ordinary understanding
"mysterious symbols"
"the mystical style of Blake"
"occult lore"
"the secret learning of the ancients"
{adj: natural} (of a key) containing no sharps or flats; (of a note) being neither raised nor lowered by one chromatic semitone
"a natural scale"
"B natural"
<-> sharp, flat
{adj: natural} existing in or in conformity with nature or the observable world; neither supernatural nor magical
"a perfectly natural explanation"
<-> supernatural
{adj: neutral} neither moral nor immoral; neither good nor evil, right nor wrong
{adj: oblique} slanting or inclined in direction or course or position--neither parallel nor perpendicular nor right-angled
"the oblique rays of the winter sun"
"acute and obtuse angles are oblique angles"
"the axis of an oblique cone is not perpendicular to its base"
<-> parallel, perpendicular
{adj: politic} marked by artful prudence, expedience, and shrewdness
"it is neither polite nor politic to get into other people's quarrels"
"a politic decision"
"a politic manager"
"a politic old scoundrel"
"a shrewd and politic reply"
<-> impolitic
{adj: solid} of definite shape and volume; firm; neither liquid nor gaseous
"ice is water in the solid state"
<-> liquid, gaseous
{adj: substantial, real, material} having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary
"the substantial world"
"a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical"
"most ponderous and substantial things"- Shakespeare
<-> insubstantial
{adj: uncompassionate} lacking compassion or feeling for others
"nor silver-shedding tears could penetrate her uncompassionate sire"- Shakespeare
<-> compassionate
{adj: uninviting} neither attractive nor tempting
<-> inviting
{adj: unrelaxed} nor relaxed
"his life was drawing to a close in baffled zeal and unrelaxed strain"- U.B.Phillips
{adj: unromantic} neither expressive of nor exciting sexual love or romance
{adj: virginal} untouched or undefiled
"nor is there anything more virginal than the shimmer of young foliage"- L.P.Smith
{adv: north-northeast, nor'-nor'-east} to, toward, or in the north-northeast
{adv: north-northwest, nor'-nor'-west} to, toward, or in the north-northwest
{adv: northeast, north-east, nor'-east} to, toward, or in the northeast
{adv: northwest, north-west, nor'-west} to, toward, or in the northwest
{n: Blighia, genus Blighia} small genus of western African evergreen trees and shrubs bearing fleshy capsular three-seeded fruits edible when neither unripe nor overripe
{n: Nor-Q-D} trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone
{n: O, type O, group O} the blood group whose red cells carry neither the A nor B antigens
"people with type O blood are universal donors"
{n: Plethodontidae, family Plethodontidae} small mostly terrestrial New World salamanders having neither lungs nor gills as adults
{n: Russula, genus Russula} large genus of fungi with stout stems and white spores and neither annulus nor volva; brittle caps of red or purple or yellow or green or blue; differs from genus Lactarius in lacking milky juice
{n: agnosticism} a religious orientation of doubt; a denial of ultimate knowledge of the existence of God
"agnosticism holds that you can neither prove nor disprove God's existence"
{n: bowline, bowline knot} a loop knot that neither slips nor jams
{n: dead letter, dead mail} mail that can neither be delivered nor returned
{n: despite} contemptuous disregard
"she wanted neither favor nor despite"
{n: double-blind procedure, double-blind experiment, double-blind study} an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment
"a double-blind procedure is used to guard against both experimenter bias and placebo effects"
{n: gas} a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely
{n: middlebrow} someone who is neither a highbrow nor a lowbrow
{n: naked mole rat} fetal-looking colonial rodent of East Africa; neither mole nor rat; they feed on tubers and have a social structure similar to that of honeybees and termites
{n: neuter} a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to inanimate objects (neither masculine nor feminine)
{n: north northeast, nor'-nor'-east, NNE} the compass point that is midway between north and northeast
{n: north northwest, nor'-nor'-west, NNW} the compass point that is midway between north and northwest
{n: northeast, nor'-east, northeastward, NE} the compass point midway between north and east; at 45 degrees
{n: northwest, nor'-west, northwestward, NW} the compass point midway between north and west; at 315 degrees
{n: obliqueness} the property of being neither parallel nor perpendicular, but at a slanting angle
{n: principal axis, optic axis} a line that passes through the center of curvature of a lens so that light is neither reflected nor refracted
{n: situation, state of affairs} the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time
"the present international situation is dangerous"
"wondered how such a state of affairs had come about"
"eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation"- Franklin D.Roosevelt
{n: soliton, soliton wave, solitary wave} (physics) a quantum of energy or quasiparticle that can be propagated as a traveling wave in nonlinear systems and is neither preceded nor followed by another such disturbance; does not obey the superposition principle and does not dissipate
"soliton waves can travel long distances with little loss of energy or structure"
{n: television, telecasting, TV, video} broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects
"she is a star of screen and video"
"Television is a medium because it is neither rare nor well done" - Ernie Kovacs
{v: break even} attain a level at which there is neither gain nor loss, as in business, gambling, or a competitive sport
{v: break even} make neither profit nor loss
<-> profit
Nor is it to ignore the fact that some of our problems are of our own making as we know from the record of the first decades of independence.
也不是忽略一个事实，即有些困难是我们自己造成的，这一点从独立最初几十年的记录中我们可以看出。
My grandfather must also have been extremely tall, for I never saw anyone in the whole area address him without having to look up at him, nor did I see him enter a house without having to bend so low that I was put in mind of the way the river wound round behind the wood of acacia trees.
祖父肯定也特别高，因为我从没有看到在这一地区有人跟他讲话时不仰视他；并且也从来没有看到过他不需弯腰就能进一所房子－他弯腰的样子，让我想到那条蜿蜒流向橡胶林后的河流。
Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, " What you don't know can't hurt you. "
不管在医学领域，还是在法律界、政府部门或者在社会科学方面，从下面这句古老的谚语中都找不到慰藉的成分： "不知者不为其所害。 "
Previously sealed autopsy results prove that neither alcoholism nor Parkinson's disease killed Nobel and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Eugene O'Neill.
以前封存的尸检结果证实了既非酒精中毒，也非帕金森氏病夺去了这位诺贝尔文学奖和普利策文学奖得主－剧作家尤金·奥尼尔的生命。
They show the writer did not die from the adverse effects of alcoholism. Nor did he suffer from Parkinson's disease, as previously reported.
尸检结果表明这位作家并非像以前报道的那样死于酗酒中毒副作用或是患有帕金森氏玻
Price therefore concludes that O'Neill's drinking did not contribute to his neurological condition nor his tremors.
由此，普赖斯断定奥尼尔饮酒与他的神经病症状以及他的肌肉颤抖并没有关系。
Doctors caution that patients will feel pain while recovering and shouldn't overexert themselves--no lifting heavy objects nor running.
医生提醒说，恢复时期的病人会感到疼痛，故不应用力过度－切勿抬举重物，也不可跑步。
For the world which seems to lie before us, Like a land of dreams, so various, so beautiful, so new, Has really neither joy nor love, nor light. "
因为我们面前的世界似乎在说谎，像梦幻奇境，那么变化无穷，美丽新奇，但既没有欢乐，也没有爱恋和光明。 "
The spacious old Colaba flat Zoe had inherited from her parents no longer seemed quite so empty.
佐伊从她的父母那里继承来的这套宽敞而古老的可乐巴公寓似乎不再那么空荡荡的了，
Nor the monsoon evening as bleak and lonely as before.
雨季的夜晚也不像以前那样凄凉萧瑟了。
In short, husbands are best off in the pub. Dr Odent is no reactionary, nor is he just any old childcare expert.
总之，丈夫们最好走开呆到小酒馆里去。奥登特医生并不反动，他也绝不同于任何一个老朽的儿童保健专家。
No secret agent in a bricks-and-mortar mall would be capable of such spying, of course. Nor would be tolerated there.
当然，在水泥和砖头构建的商厦里无人能充当这样的密探，人们也不会容忍这样做。
For those with neither the time nor the space to garden for real, RealGarden( www.realgarden.com) provides an electronic alternative.
对那些既没有时间也没有地方从事实际园艺活动的人来说，真实花园网站（ www.realgarden.com ）提供了一电子替代品。
Jeff has neither memory of nor interest in his biological father. " I 've never been curious about him.
杰夫对他的生父没有任何印象，而且一点也不感兴趣。我从来都对他不感兴趣。
Nor does he look - or live - the part, avoiding parties, gossip columns and the company of beautiful models.
他看上去不像是一个喜欢出风头的人，在生活中更是如此。他不参加社交活动，也不接受媒体闲聊专栏记者的采访，更不喜欢与漂亮的时装模特在一起。
Nor is the jewel likely to suffer the slight apparently accorded to the smaller diamonds cut from the Cullinan.
它也不会像从卡利南割出来的小钻石那样当众受到冷落。
Nor do manufacturers of so-called nutriceuticals?? he unregulated natural " Medications " found in health-food stores and supermarkets.
更不用说那些所谓的滋补药物──保健食品商店和超市出售的不受管制的天然药物──的制造商了。
Nor, she warns, are they always aware that in a shrinking world, polio and other infectious diseases can be " Only a plane ride away. "
她警告说，他们也没有注意到，在这样一个小小的地球上，麻疹和其它传染病可能会只隔一段飞机的旅程。
Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism.
莎士比亚（Shakespeare）的《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）一剧并不是有关优柔寡断的王子之行为或政治权力之运用的一部宣传性小册子，而毕加索（Picasso）的《格尔尼卡》（Guernica）从根本上来说亦不是有关西班牙内战或法西斯罪恶的某种命题陈述。
In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct.
简而言之，她的作品既不美化，亦不说教。
In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.
在某些方面，她最为雄心勃勃的作品更接近于环境艺术品，而与传统雕塑相去甚远。
但这样一来，无论是路易丝·奈维尔森还是她的作品，都无法被归纳到任何泾渭分明的范畴中。
But, unlike the cores of the inner planets, the Moon's core contains little or nor iron, while the typical planet-forming materials were quite rich in iron.
但是，与内侧行星的核心所不同的是，月亮的核心所包含的铁寥寥无几，或根本没有，尽管典型的能够形成行星的材料中含铁量相当丰富。
For cooperation to succeed, however, Mr. Kojm said that U.S. policies must not alienate partners and allies, nor should they alienate potential future partners and allies. He noted that the September 11 Commission was not tasked with judging the efficacy of current U.S. foreign policy. But he said that success in Iraq along with progress in resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict would greatly aid overall anti-terror efforts.
科基姆说，要想合作获得成功，美国的政策无论如何决不能“疏远”美国的夥伴和盟友，也不能“疏远”潜在的、未来的夥伴和盟友。他指出：9-11事件调查委员会的任务并不是挑剔现美国政府的对外政策的。然而他说， 在伊拉克问题上的成功、在解决以、巴冲突上所取得的进展，都大大地帮助了在反恐方面所做出的努力。
软硬适中 neither too hard nor too soft
HS03056940
Tilapia, salted but not dried nor smoked and fish in brine
盐腌及盐渍的罗非鱼
HS0401
Milk and cream, not concentrated nor containing added sugar or other sweetening matter
未浓缩未加糖或其他甜物质的乳及奶油
HS6501
Hat-forms, hat bodies and hoods of felt, neither blocked to shape nor with made brims; platea
毡呢帽坯、帽身、帽兜和圆帽片及制帽毡呢筒
F20
Schizophrenia
The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in general by fundamental and characteristic
distortions of thinking and perception, and affects that are inappropriate or blunted.
Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually maintained although certain
cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of time. The most important psychopathological
phenomena include thought echo; thought insertion or withdrawal; thought broadcasting;
delusional perception and delusions of control; influence or passivity; hallucinatory
voices commenting or discussing the patient in the third person; thought disorders and
negative symptoms .
The course of schizophrenic disorders can be either continuous, or episodic with
progressive or stable deficit, or there can be one or more episodes with complete or
incomplete remission. The diagnosis of schizophrenia should not be made in the presence of
extensive depressive or manic symptoms unless it is clear that schizophrenic symptoms
antedate the affective disturbance. Nor should schizophrenia be diagnosed in the presence
of overt brain disease or during states of drug intoxication or withdrawal. Similar
disorders developing in the presence of epilepsy or other brain disease should be
classified under F06.2, and those induced by psychoactive substances under F10-F19 with
common fourth character .5.
Excludes: schizophrenia:
. acute (undifferentiated) (F23.2)
. cyclic (F25.2)
sehizophrenie reaction (F23.2)
schizotypal disorder (F21)
精神分裂症
精神分裂性疾病一般的特徵是思考及知觉的基本、
特有的歪曲 ， 以及不适当的或迟钝的情感。虽然一
些认知的缺陷在疾病的过程中呈现出来 ， 通常维持
清楚的意识及心智的能力。最重要的精神病理现象
包含思想回声、思想插入或剥夺、思想广播、妄想
性知觉、被控制、被影响或被动等妄想、以第叁人
称批评或讨论病人的听幻觉、思考流程障碍与负性
症状。
精神分裂症之病程 ， 有的是持续性、有的是阵发性
合并进行性或稳定性之退化、有的是一次或多次阵
发性 ， 且完全或不完全之康复。若同时有显着的忧
郁或躁症症状 ， 除非精神分裂的症状於情感障碍之
前发生 ， 否则不作精神分裂症的诊断。若病人有明
显脑部疾患或正处於药物中毒或戒断时期 ， 则不作
精神分裂症之诊断若有精神分裂症的疾病出现於癫
痫或其他脑部疾患时 ， 归类於 F06.2 ， 若是由精神作用
物质引起 ， 则归类於 F10-F19 中第四码.5 者。
不包含 ： 精神分裂症 :
． 急性 （ 未分化的 ） （F23.2）
． 循环性 （F25.2)
精神分裂反应 （F23.2）
准精神分裂症 （F21）
F42
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
The essential feature is recurrent obsessional thoughts or compulsive acts. Obsessional
thoughts are ideas, images, or impulses that enter the patient's mind again and again in a
stereotyped form. They are almost invariably distressing and the patient often tries,
unsuccessfully, to resist them. They are, however, recognized as his or her own thoughts,
even though they are involuntary and often repugnant. Compulsive acts or rituals are
stereotyped behaviours that are repeated again and again. They are not inherently
enjoyable, nor do they result in the completion of inherently useful tasks. Their function
is to prevent some objectively unlikely event, often involving harm to or caused by the
patient, which he or she fears might otherwise occur. Usually, this behaviour is
recognized by the patient as pointless or ineffectual and repeated attempts are made to
resist. Anxiety is almost invariably present. If compulsive acts are resisted the anxiety
gets worse.
Includes: anankastic neurosis
obsessive-compulsive neurosis
Excludes: obsessive-compulsive personality (disorder) (F60.5)
强迫症
基本的特徵是反覆的强迫性思考或强迫性行动。强
迫性思考是指意念、心象或冲动以一种刻板的方式
， 一次又一次的进入病人的思绪当中。这些通常是
令人困扰的 ， 病人通常会试着去抵抗上述意念 ， 但
都不会成功。这些意念一向被病人认为是自己的思
考 ， 纵使他们是非志愿或厌恶的。强迫性行动或仪
式行动是一种刻板的行为 ， 被一次又一无可奈何次
的重复。这些并不令人感到愉快 ， 也不能达成有用
的任务。病人通常把这些行动视为是一种用来避免
在客观上并不可能发生的对患者或他人的伤害 ， 这
些行为通常会被病人认为是没有意义的或亳无作用
的 ， 而且屡次地想来抵抗此行动 ， 同时会有焦虑。
若试图抵抗此重覆行为 ， 焦虑会加重。
包含 ： 强迫性精神官能症 （anankastic neurosis）
强迫性精神官能症 （obsessive-compulsive neurosis）
不包含 ： 强迫性人格障碍症 （F60.5）
F43
Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders
This category differs from others in that it includes disorders identifiable on the basis
of not only symptoms and course but also the existence of one or other of two causative
influences: an exceptionally stressful life event producing an acute stress reaction, or a
significant life change leading to continued unpleasant circumstances that result in an
adjustment disorder. Although less severe psychosocial stress ("life events")
may precipitate the onset or contribute to the presentation of a very wide range of
disorders classified elsewhere in this chapter, its etiological importance is not always
clear and in each case will be found to depend on individual, often idiosyncratic,
vulnerability, i.e. the life events are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain the
occurrence and form of the disorder. In contrast, the disorders brought together here are
thought to arise always as a direct consequence of acute severe stress or continued
trauma. The stressful events or the continuing unpleasant circumstances are the primary
and overriding causal factor and the disorder would not have occurred without their
impact. The disorders in this section can thus be regarded as maladaptive responses to
severe or continued stress, in that they interfere with successful coping mechanisms and
therefore lead to problems of social functioning.
严重压力之反应与适应障碍症
此一类诊断与其他类不同乃在於要确认此种疾病 ，
不仅要基於症状学和病程 ， 而且也要基於一两个影
响的原因 － 包含一个非比寻常的压力事件产生压力
反应 ， 或是一个显着的生活改变导致继续不适意的
环境因而引起适应障碍症。虽然较不严重的心理社
会压力 （ 生活事件 ） 会发生或促发在本章中处处所
提的较广范围之疾病表现 ， 然而此类压力在病因学
上的重要性并不一定清楚 ， 而每个个案上的特异性
与脆弱性是较为重要的。它们并不必然也不充分能
够解释疾病的发生及型式 * 相对地 ， 本项疾病被认为
是直接导因於急性严重的压力或持续创伤所致之後
果。此种压力事件或持续的不愉快情境是主要的或
具决定性的因子 ， 如果没有此种冲击疾病必然不会
发生。本节之疾病可以说是对严重或持续压力之不
良反应 ， 此情况会干扰个体应付事情之机转 ， 以致
引起社会性功能之障碍。
F43.1
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Arises as a delayed or protracted response to a stressful event or situation (of either
brief or long duration) of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature, which is
likely to cause pervasive distress in almost anyone. Predisposing factors, such as
personality traits (e.g. compulsive, asthenic) or previous history of neurotic illness,
may lower the threshold for the development of the syndrome or aggravate its course, but
they are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain its occurrence. Typical features
include episodes of repeated reliving of the trauma in intrusive memories
("flashbacks"), dreams or nightmares, occurring against the persisting
background of a sense of "numbness" and emotional blunting, detachment from
other people, unresponsiveness to surroundings, anhedonia, and avoidance of activities and
situations reminiscent of the trauma. There is usually a state of autonomic hyperarousal
with hypervigilance, an enhanced startle reaction, and insomnia. Anxiety and depression
are commonly associated with the above symptoms and signs, and suicidal ideation is not
infrequent. The onset follows the trauma with a latency period that may range from a few
weeks to months. The course is fluctuating but recovery can be expected in the majority of
cases. In a small proportion of cases the condition may follow a chronic course over many
years, with eventual transition to an enduring personality change (F62.0).
Traumatic neurosis
创伤後障碍症
源自於对某一压力事件或某种长、短期存在之压力
情境 ， 以迟缓或且拖延的反应来表现。这类事件或
情境具有异常之威胁性或是大灾难的性质 ， 它几乎
可使任何人痛苦。如果有某一些人格特质因素存在
的话 （ 如个性上较强迫性格或柔弱 ） ， 或过去有精
神官能症 ， 可能会使此种症候发生的临界点降低或
使其病程恶化 ， 但它仍不足以完全解释此症候的发
生。典型症状包含 ： 过去创伤的情节会一再侵入记
忆而重现 （flashbacks） ， 常做梦或梦魔 ， 一直感觉 ” 麻
木 ” 及情感迟钝 ， 和别人疏离 ， 对环境没有反应 ，
快乐感缺失 ， 及逃避会使其回忆创伤的种种活动和
情境。自律神经经常属於过度激发状态 ， 伴随有过
度警戒、易有惊吓反应及失眠。忧郁和焦虑常与以
上的症状、徵候在一起 ， 自杀的念头也不少见。创
伤之後到疾病产生之间的潜伏期有数周到数月之久
， 但很少超过六个月。病程起起伏伏 ， 但大部分的
个案都能预期会恢复。不过少部分个案会慢性化而
历经好多年 ， 以致形成人格的永久改变。 （见F62.0）
创伤性精神官能症。
INFECTIOUS ARTHROPATHIES (M00-M03)
Note: This block comprises arthropathies due to microbiological agents. Distinction is
made between the following types of etiological relationship:
(a) direct infection of joint, where organisms invade synovial tissue and microbial
antigen is present in the joint;
(b) indirect infection, which may be of two types: a reactive arthropathy, where microbial
infection of the body is estab- lished but neither organisms nor antigens can be
identified in the joint, and a postinfective arthropathy, where microbial antigen is
present but recovery of an organism is inconstant and evidence of local multiplication is
lacking.
感染性关节病变 (M00-M03)
注 ： 这部份由肇因於微生物因子之关节病变组成。
由下列病原学关系之型式以示区别 ：
(a) 直接关节感染 ， 其病原体侵犯滑膜组织而且微生
物抗原存在於关节中 ；
(b) 间接感染 ， 其可分为两种型式 ： 一种反应性关节
病变 ， 其身体之微生物感染被确立 ， 但既无生物也
无抗原能在关节中被确认 ， 及一种感染後关节病变
， 其微生物抗原存在但病原体的复原为不定的且无
局部增殖的证据。
NOR gate 「或非」门，「非或」门
Darya-I-nor 光之河
N/R(NOR) note of readiness 备妥通知书
船舶准备就绪通知书 Notice of Readiness (NOR)
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