individual [ indi'vidjuəl] a.个别的；独特的
individual [ indi'vidjuəl] a.特殊的
individual [7indi'vidjuəl] a. 个别的,单独的 n. 个人,个体
individual [indi'vidjuəl] 个别的
个人收入应税申报制度 the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment
眼前利益服从长远利益,局部利益服从整体利益,个人和集体利益服从国家利益
subordinate immediate interests to long-term interests, partial interests to overall interests and the interests of individuals and collectives to those of the state
individual brand 个别品牌
individual value 个人价值
individual elector 个人选民
individual voting 个人投票
Standard Form of Receipt for Donations to Individual Candidate on the Geographical Constituency List 捐赠地方选区个别名单候选人划一收据
voting by individuals 个人投票
Individual 单个的，个体的，单独的
individual economy 个体经济
individual enterprise 私人企业
individual labour 个体劳动者
individual operation 个体经营
individual ownership 个体所有
individual retirement account 个人退休金帐户
individual income tax 个人所得税
Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.
成功的秘诀就是四个简单的字：多一点点。
What is the thing called health? Simply a state in which the individual happens transiently to be perfectly adapted to his environment. Obviously, such states cannot be common, for the environment is in constant flux.
称为健康的东西是什么？不过是一种状态，处于这种状态的人刚好一时对环境完全适应。这种状态显然不可能常见，因为环境是在不断改变的。
The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.
归根结底，国家的价值就是组成它的个人的价值。
In science, the total absorption of the individual event in the generalization is the goal; on the other hand, the humanities are concerned rather with providing for the special meaning of the individual event within an appropriate general system.
自然科学以在归纳中全部吸收个别情况为目标，人文科学则更关心在适当的一般性体系之内提供个别情况的特殊意义。
The mark of the historic is the nonchalance with which it picks up an individual and deposits him in a trend, like a house playfully moved in a tornado.
历史性事件的标志是冷漠，它拈起一个人置于某种趋势中，使之像龙卷风里的房子那样儿戏般地翻滚。
She always treated her clients as individuals.
她总是把每个客户视为不同的个体。
The rights of the individual are sometimes the most important rights in a free society.
在自由社会里有时个人的权利是最为重要的权利。
There is no disputing, says the proverb, about taste—though, in fact, human beings spend at least half their leisure doing nothing else—and if highbrowism and lowbrowism were exclusively ( as it is certain that they are in great part) matters of individual taste, there would be no more to say about them than what I have said in the preceding lines.
谚语中说对于口味来说，是没有争议的——尽管在事实上，人类一—至少在一半的休闲时间里什么也不做——并且如果阳春白雪和下里巴人对于个人口味的问题是排外（这一点在很大程度上是肯定的），那么对于他们来说，除了我在前面讲的，就没什么说的了。
That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
能使个体拥有最多后代的性别比例被推崇，以便来使基因的数目也被传输下去。
Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.
竞争的价值不仅在其本身，通过竞争这种方式，其他的诸如个人自由，公平机会和勤奋劳动等美国价值观得以实现。
Youth is the season of hope, enterprise, and energy, to a nation as well as an individual.
青年时期对国家和个人都是希望、创业和精力充沛的时期。
A I’ve connected the cable from my laptop to the telephone point, but I still can’t get on the internet. Can you help me?
A 我已经用线把我的笔记本电脑和电话接口连接上了，但是我还是上不了网。你能帮我吗？
B Yes, just a moment. What does it say on your computer screen?
B 当然，请稍等。你的电脑屏幕上显示什么？
A It says I need a password.
A 显示我需要一个密码。
B Yes, you need a password. Just key in your room number. That’s your individual password.
B 是的，你需要密码。只需键入你的房间号码。那就是你的个人密码。
A OK. I’ll try that. ?Yes, that works. I’m connected. Thanks very much.
A 好的，我试一下。是的，行了。我连接上了。非常感谢。
B You’re welcome.
B 不客气。
You can describe sports such as football, volleyball, basketball, etc as team sports / team sports. Another way to describe other events which are not team sports is individual sports / individual sports.
你可以用team sports /团体项目来描述像足球、排球、篮球等这样的运动。描述不是团体项目的方法是individual sports /个人项目。
Assuredly, the most gifted man errs who, in dealing with humanity, depends upon his own insight
and intelligence and discards the moral law of society, created by respect for the individual,
and those principles of liberty, equality and fraternity, the basis of our civilization, and the
essence of Christianity.
Ferdinand foch, Frcnch marshal
的确，在处理人的问题时，如果只依赖个人的见识与才智，抛弃为尊重个人而制定的社会道德法律，抛弃作为
我们文明基础和基督教要素的自由、平等、博爱的原则，那么，即使是最有天才的人，也肯定会犯错误。
法国元帅福煦F.
Morality is the herd instinct in the individual.
German Philosopher
道德是个人心目中的群居本能。
德国哲学家尼采.F.
The administration of the law can never go lax where every individual sees to it that it grows not lax in his own case, or in cases which fall under his eyes.
Mark Twain, Arerican writer
在个人自己的案件中或是他所看到的案件中不能有疏忽，因此执法从来不能疏忽。
美国作家马克?吐温
You did a great job.
你做得很好。
You really impress me.
你令我印象深刻。
You're an outstanding individual.
你真是杰出人材。
You are a great asset to our company.
你是本公司的重要资产（台柱）。
个别 specific; individual; exceptional
In hotels, when you use a room number above one thousand, e.g. 1288, you can say it two different ways, either by using the individual numbers one at a time, e.g.: one, two, eight, eight / one, two, eight, eight – or you can break the big number into two parts and say twelve, eight-eight / twelve, eighty-eight.
在旅馆里，当你说一个一千以上的房间号时，比如1288,你可以用两种方法来表示，一种方法时依次说出各个数字，如：one, two, eight, eight /一，二，八，八-或者把这个大数字分成两个数字来说twelve, eight-eight /十二，八十八。
单字 [dān zì] /individual character/separate character/
个 [gè] /(a measure word)/individual/
个别 [gè bié] /individual/respective/respectively/
个人 [gè rén] /individual/personal/oneself/
个体 [gè tǐ] /individual/
And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns.
Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。
For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture.
例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。
It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.
要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。
Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.
许多旧式公司被责任有限公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。
The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。
It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.
而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。
Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
除了当今的社会变化之外，还有信息量巨大的问题。今天，个人可获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。
Thus forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.
因此遗忘似乎有助于个体及物种的存活。
Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.
的确，表明个人的遗忘速度与学习东西的多少有直接的关系。
Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
因此，在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求及消费者想最大限度提高购买力的愿望三者共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit.
私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，通过生产产品、提供服务来获取利润。
In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括一定的权利，比如，产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同鼓手打出的鼓点前进的。
{adj: acinar} pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a blackberry
{adj: age-related} changing (increasing or decreasing) as an individual's age increases
{adj: allogeneic} denoting or relating to cells or tissues from individuals belonging to the same species but genetically dissimilar (and hence immunologically incompatible)
<-> xenogeneic
{adj: antisocial, asocial} hostile to or disruptive of normal standards of social behavior
"criminal behavior or conduct that violates the rights of other individuals is antisocial"
"crimes...and other asocial behavior"
"an antisocial deed"
{adj: arbitrary} based on or subject to individual discretion or preference or sometimes impulse or caprice
"an arbitrary decision"
"the arbitrary rule of a dictator"
"an arbitrary penalty"
"of arbitrary size and shape"
"an arbitrary choice"
"arbitrary division of the group into halves"
<-> nonarbitrary
{adj: autologous} derived from organisms of the selfsame individual
"autologous blood donation"
<-> homologous, heterologous
{adj: blubbery} swollen with fat
"blubber cheeks"
"blubber lips"
"a coarse blubbery individual"
{adj: characterless, nondescript} lacking distinct or individual characteristics; dull and uninteresting
"women dressed in nondescript clothes"
"a nondescript novel"
{adj: civil, civic} of or relating to or befitting citizens as individuals
"civil rights"
"civil liberty"
"civic duties"
"civic pride"
{adj: colonial, compound} composed of many distinct individuals united to form a whole or colony
"coral is a colonial organism"
{adj: common} belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
"for the common good"
"common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community"
<-> individual
{adj: communal} for or by a group rather than individuals
"dipping each his bread into a communal dish of stew"- Paul Roche
"a communal settlement in which all earnings and food were shared"
"a group effort"
{adj: composed} made up of individual elements
"if perception is seen as composed of isolated sense data..."
{adj: coreferent} related by sharing a symbolic link to a concrete object or an abstraction
"two expressions are coreferent if they denote the same object or individual"
{adj: corporate, collective} done by or characteristic of individuals acting together
"a joint identity"
"the collective mind"
"the corporate good"
{adj: custom-built, made-to-order} built for a particular individual
{adj: custom-made, customized, custom, customised} made according to the specifications of an individual
<-> ready-made
{adj: dextral} preferring to use right foot or hand or eye
"dextral individuals exhibit dominance of the right hand and eye"
{adj: epidemic} (especially of medicine) of disease or anything resembling a disease; attacking or affecting many individuals in a community or a population simultaneously
"an epidemic outbreak of influenza"
<-> endemic, ecdemic
{adj: idiographic} relating to or involving the study of individuals
<-> nomothetic
{adj: idiosyncratic} peculiar to the individual
"we all have our own idiosyncratic gestures"
"Michelangelo's highly idiosyncratic style of painting"
{adj: impersonal} not relating to or responsive to individual persons
"an impersonal corporation"
"an impersonal remark"
<-> personal
{adj: individual, case-by-case, item-by-item} separate and distinct from others of the same kind
"mark the individual pages"
"on a case-by-case basis"
{adj: individual, private} concerning one person exclusively
"we all have individual cars"
"each room has a private bath"
{adj: individual, separate, single} characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing
"an individual serving"
"single occupancy"
"a single bed"
{adj: individual, single} being or characteristic of a single thing or person
"individual drops of rain"
"please mark the individual pages"
"they went their individual ways"
<-> common
{adj: individualized, individualised, personalized, personalised} made for or directed or adjusted to a particular individual
"personalized luggage"
"personalized advice"
{adj: law-abiding, observant} (of individuals) adhering strictly to laws and rules and customs
"law-abiding citizens"
"observant of the speed limit"
{adj: liberalistic} having or demonstrating belief in the essential goodness of man and the autonomy of the individual; favoring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority
{adj: monogamous} (used of relationships and of individuals) having one mate
"monogamous marriage"
"monogamous for life"
<-> polygamous
{adj: multiple} having or involving or consisting of more than one part or entity or individual
"multiple birth"
"multiple ownership"
"made multiple copies of the speech"
"his multiple achievements in public life"
"her multiple personalities"
"a pineapple is a multiple fruit"
<-> single
{adj: nonarbitrary, unarbitrary} not subject to individual determination
<-> arbitrary
{adj: one-on-one, man-to-man} being a system of play in which an individual defensive player guards an individual offensive player
"one-on-one defense"
{adj: one-on-one} directly between two individuals
"one-on-one instruction"
{adj: ontogenetic} of or relating to the origin and development of individual organisms
"ontogenetic development"
{adj: participatory} affording the opportunity for individual participation
"participatory democracy"
{adj: personalized} pointedly referring to or concerning a person's individual personality or intimate affairs especially offensively
"unnecessarily personalized remarks"
{adj: personal} particular to a given individual
{adj: polygamous} having more than one mate at a time; used of relationships and individuals
<-> monogamous
{adj: polymorphic, polymorphous} relating to the occurrence of more than one kind of individual (independent of sexual differences) in an interbreeding population
"a polymorphic species"
{adj: rationed} distributed equitably in limited individual portions
"got along as best we could on rationed meat and sugar"
{adj: self-conscious, self-aware} aware of yourself as an individual or of your own being and actions and thoughts
"self-conscious awareness"
"self-conscious about their roles as guardians of the social values"- D.M.Potter
{adj: several} distinct and individual
"three several times"
{adj: single} existing alone or consisting of one entity or part or aspect or individual
"upon the hill stood a single tower"
"had but a single thought which was to escape"
"a single survivor"
"a single serving"
"a single lens"
"a single thickness"
<-> multiple
{adj: sinistral} preferring to use left foot or hand or eye
"sinistral individuals exhibit dominance of the left hand and eye"
{adj: subjective} taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias
"a subjective judgment"
<-> objective
{adj: voluntary} controlled by individual volition
"voluntary motions"
"voluntary muscles"
<-> involuntary
{adj: xenogeneic} denoting or relating to cells or tissues from individuals belonging to different species
<-> allogeneic
{adv: communally} by a group of people rather than an individual
"the mills were owned communally"
{adv: distributively} as individuals or as separate units (not collectively)
"taken distributively, their rights are imperceptible"
{adv: healthily} in a levelheaded manner
"the answers were healthily individual"
{adv: individually, separately, singly, severally, one by one, on an individual basis} apart from others
"taken individually, the rooms were, in fact, square"
"the fine points are treated singly"
{n: Albatrellus dispansus} a rare fungus having a large (up to 14 inches wide) yellow fruiting body with multiple individual caps and a broad central stalk and a fragrant odor
{n: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy} a form of neuropathy that can begin between childhood and young adulthood; characterized by weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands and lower legs; progression is slow and individuals affected can have a normal life span; inheritance is X-linked recessive or X-linked dominant
{n: Civil Rights movement} movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens
{n: Congregational Church} a Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing
{n: Douglas, Stephen A. Douglas, Stephen Arnold Douglas, Little Giant} United States politician who proposed that individual territories be allowed to decide whether they would have slavery; he engaged in a famous series of debates with Abraham Lincoln (1813-1861)
{n: Freudian slip} a slip-up that (according to Sigmund Freud) results from the operation of unconscious wishes or conflicts and can reveal unconscious processes in normal healthy individuals
{n: Gallicanism} a religious movement originating among the French Roman Catholic clergy that favored the restriction of papal control and the achievement by each nation of individual administrative autonomy of the church
{n: Kafka, Franz Kafka} Czech novelist who wrote in German about a nightmarish world of isolated and troubled individuals (1883-1924)
{n: Nirvana, enlightenment} (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation; characterized by the extinction of desire and suffering and individual consciousness
{n: Social Security number} the number of a particular individual's social security account
{n: Tay-Sachs disease, Tay-Sachs, Sachs disease, infantile amaurotic idiocy} a hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism occuring most frequently in individuals of Jewish descent in eastern Europe; accumulation of lipids in nervous tissue results in death in early childhood
{n: Unitarianism} Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity
{n: United States Post Office, US Post Office, Post Office, PO} an independent agency of the federal government responsible for mail delivery (and sometimes telecommunications) between individuals and businesses in the United States
{n: United States Postal Service, US Postal Service, USPS} an independent federal agency that provides mail processing and delivery service for individuals and businesses in the United States
{n: a la carte} a menu having individual dishes listed with separate prices
{n: acathexis} (psychoanalysis) a lack of cathexis; a condition in which significant objects or memories arouse no emotion in an individual
{n: address} the manner of speaking to another individual
"he failed in his manner of address to the captain"
{n: aggregate fruit, multiple fruit, syncarp} fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry; raspberry; pineapple
{n: assortative mating} mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating
<-> disassortative mating
{n: autocracy, autarchy} a political system governed by a single individual
{n: autocracy} a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual
{n: basal metabolic rate, BMR} the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state
{n: basal metabolism} the amount of energy required to maintain the body of an individual in a resting state
{n: biometric identification, biometric authentication, identity verification} the automatic identification of living individuals by using their physiological and behavioral characteristics
"negative identification can only be accomplished through biometric identification"
"if a pin or password is lost or forgotten it can be changed and reissued but a biometric identification cannot"
{n: body} an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects
"heavenly body"
{n: bulk mail} mail consisting of large numbers of identical items (circulars or advertisements) sent to individual addresses at less than 1st-class rates and paid for in one lot
{n: businessmen, business community} the body of individuals who manage businesses
{n: carrel, carrell, cubicle, stall} small individual study area in a library
{n: carvedilol} beta blocker that can reduce the progression of heart failure in individuals whose disease is not advanced
{n: catechism} a series of question put to an individual (such as a political candidate) to elicit their views
{n: census taker, enumerator} someone who collects census data by visiting individual homes
{n: certified public accountant, CPA} an accountant who has passed certain examinations and met all other statutory and licensing requirements of a United States state to be certified by that state
"in addition to accounting and auditing, CPAs also prepare tax returns for individuals and corporations"
{n: charity} a foundation created to promote the public good (not for assistance to any particular individuals)
{n: chemistry, interpersonal chemistry, alchemy} the way two individuals relate to each other
"their chemistry was wrong from the beginning -- they hated each other"
"a mysterious alchemy brought them together"
{n: civil liberty} fundamental individual right protected by law and expressed as immunity from unwarranted governmental interference
{n: clone, clon} a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction
{n: collet} a band or collar that holds an individual stone in a jewellery setting
{n: common front} a movement in which several individuals or groups with different interests join together
"the unions presented a common front at the bargaining table"
{n: community chest} a charity supported by individual subscriptions; defrays the demands on a community for social welfare
{n: community of scholars} the body of individuals holding advanced academic degrees
{n: component, constituent, element} an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system
"spare components for cars"
"a component or constituent element of a system"
{n: conflict, struggle, battle} an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)
"the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph"--Thomas Paine
"police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs"
{n: consequence, aftermath} the outcome of an event especially as relative to an individual
"that result is of no consequence"
{n: contribution, part, share} any one of a number of individual efforts in a common endeavor
"I am proud of my contribution to the team's success"
"they all did their share of the work"
{n: corymb} flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height; outer flowers open first
{n: counter tube} a measuring instrument for counting individual ionizing events
{n: counterintelligence} intelligence activities concerned with identifying and counteracting the threat to security posed by hostile intelligence organizations or by individuals engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism
{n: cover, covering fire} fire that makes it difficult for the enemy to fire on your own individuals or formations
"artillery provided covering fire for the withdrawal"
{n: cross-fertilization, cross-fertilisation} fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from different individual of the same species
<-> self-fertilization
{n: defensibility} capability of being defended
"they built their castles with an eye to their defensibility"
"client complaints create a felt need for the defensibility of individual actions"
{n: deficit} (sports) the score by which a team or individual is losing
<-> lead
{n: depersonalization, depersonalisation, reification} representing a human being as a physical thing deprived of personal qualities or individuality
"according to Marx, treating labor as a commodity exemplified the reification of the individual"
{n: dermatomyositis} myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and selling accompanied by skin rash affecting cheeks and eyelids and neck and chest and limbs; progression and severity vary among individuals
{n: descent, line of descent, lineage, filiation} the kinship relation between an individual and the individual's progenitors
{n: desktop computer} a personal computer small enough to fit conveniently in an individual workspace
{n: developmental anatomy} the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity
{n: differential psychology} the branch of psychology that studies measurable differences between individuals
{n: dimorphism} (biology) the existence of two forms of individual within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
{n: direct marketing} marketing via a promotion delivered directly to the individual prospective customer
{n: disassortative mating} mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random mating
<-> assortative mating
{n: dragnet} a system of coordinated measures for apprehending (criminals or other individuals)
"caught in the police dragnet"
{n: duel} any struggle between two skillful opponents (individuals or groups)
{n: election} the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)
{n: elitism} the attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals
{n: endoneurium} delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve
{n: ethic, moral principle, value-system, value orientation} the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group
"the Puritan ethic"
"a person with old-fashioned values"
{n: ethnography, descriptive anthropology} the branch of anthropology that provides scientific description of individual human societies
{n: extramarital sex, free love} sexual intercourse between individuals who are not married to one another
{n: fatso, fatty, fat person, roly-poly, butterball} a rotund individual
<-> thin person
{n: fibrillation} muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination
{n: finance company} a financial institution (often affiliated with a holding company or manufacturer) that makes loans to individuals or businesses
{n: fire brigade, fire company} a private or temporary organization of individuals equipped to fight fires
{n: foxhole, fox hole} a small dugout with a pit for individual shelter against enemy fire
{n: gametophyte} the gamete-bearing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
{n: gamma hydroxybutyrate, GHB} a club drug available in liquid or powder form is taken orally (frequently combined with alcohol); used to incapacitate individuals for the commission of sexual assault and rape
{n: gemma} small asexual reproductive structure in e.g. liverworts and mosses that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual
{n: grandstand, covered stand} a stand at a racecourse or stadium consisting of tiers with rows of individual seats that are under a protective roof
{n: group insurance} insurance that is purchased by a group (such as the employees of a company) usually at a reduced rate to individual members of the group
{n: group therapy, group psychotherapy} psychotherapy in which a small group of individuals meet with a therapist; interactions among the members are considered to be therapeutic
{n: groupthink} decision making by a group (especially in a manner that discourages creativity or individual responsibility)
{n: growth, growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis} (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
"he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"
<-> nondevelopment
{n: guardian spirit, guardian angel} an angel believed to have special affection for a particular individual
{n: guilt by association} the attribution of guilt (without proof) to individuals because the people they associate with are guilty
{n: head} an individual person
"tickets are $5 per head"
{n: health profession} the body of individuals whose work helps to maintain the health of their clients
{n: helping, portion, serving} an individual quantity of food or drink taken as part of a meal
"the helpings were all small"
"his portion was larger than hers"
"there's enough for two servings each"
{n: heterograft, xenograft} tissue from an animal of one species used as a temporary graft (as in cases of severe burns) on an individual of another species
{n: high finance} large and complex financial transactions (often used with the implication that those individuals or institutions who engage in them are unethical)
{n: homunculus} a tiny fully formed individual that (according to the discredited theory of preformation) is supposed to be present in the sperm cell
{n: identity, personal identity, individuality} the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity
"you can lose your identity when you join the army"
{n: identity} the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known
"geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it"
"it was too dark to determine his identity"
"she guessed the identity of his lover"
{n: idiolect} the language or speech of one individual at a particular period in life
{n: idiosyncrasy, foible, mannerism} a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual
{n: inbreeding} the act of mating closely related individuals
{n: individual retirement account, IRA} a retirement plan that allows you to contribute a limited yearly sum toward your retirement; taxes on the interest earned in the account are deferred
{n: individualism} a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence
{n: individuality, individualism, individuation} the quality of being individual
"so absorbed by the movement that she lost all sense of individuality"
<-> commonality
{n: individualization, individualisation, individuation} discriminating the individual from the generic group or species
{n: individual} a single organism
{n: infiltration} a process in which individuals (or small groups) penetrate an area (especially the military penetration of enemy positions without detection)
{n: inquisition} a severe interrogation (often violating the rights or privacy of individuals)
{n: intercourse, social intercourse} communication between individuals
{n: invasion of privacy} the wrongful intrusion by individuals or the government into private affairs with which the public has no concern
{n: investment company, investment trust, investment firm, fund} a financial institution that sells shares to individuals and invests in securities issued by other companies
{n: isoagglutination} agglutination of an agglutinogen of one individual by a serum from another individual of the same species
{n: isoagglutinin} an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species
{n: item} a whole individual unit; especially when included in a list or collection
"they reduced the price on many items"
{n: judgment in personam, judgement in personam, personal judgment, personal judgement} a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages
<-> judgment in rem
{n: karyotype} the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)
{n: launderette, Laundromat} a self-service laundry (service mark Laundromat) where coin-operated washing machines are available to individual customers
{n: lawsuit, suit, case, cause, causa} a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy
"the family brought suit against the landlord"
{n: lead} (sports) the score by which a team or individual is winning
<-> deficit
{n: league} an association of states or organizations or individuals for common action
{n: legal profession, bar, legal community} the body of individuals qualified to practice law in a particular jurisdiction
"he was admitted to the bar in New Jersey"
{n: lesson} a task assigned for individual study
"he did the lesson for today"
{n: liberality, liberalness} an inclination to favor progress and individual freedom
{n: life} the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living
"he hoped for a new life in Australia"
"he wanted to live his own life without interference from others"
{n: limbo} (theology) in Roman Catholicism, the place of unbaptized but innocent or righteous souls (such as infants and virtuous individuals)
{n: line of succession} the order in which individuals are expected to succeed one another in some official position
{n: line of thought} a particular way of thinking that is characteristic of some individual or group
{n: lineage, line, line of descent, descent, bloodline, blood line, blood, pedigree, ancestry, origin, parentage, stemma, stock} the descendants of one individual
"his entire lineage has been warriors"
{n: lipase} an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
{n: man jack} a single individual
"every man jack"
{n: medical profession, medical community} the body of individuals who are qualified to practice medicine
{n: member} one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participates in a group organization)
"only members will be admitted"
"a member of the faculty"
"she was introduced to all the members of his family"
<-> nonmember
{n: microeconomics} the branch of economics that studies the economy of consumers or households or individual firms
{n: money order, postal order} a written order for the payment of a sum to a named individual; obtainable and payable at a post office
{n: monosemy} having a single meaning (absence of ambiguity) usually of individual words or phrases
<-> polysemy
{n: morale} a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
{n: multiple mononeuropathy} pathology of several individual nerve trunks
{n: mutuality, interdependence, interdependency} a reciprocal relation between interdependent entities (objects or individuals or groups)
{n: nanotechnology} the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers (especially with the manipulation of individual molecules)
{n: national debt} the debt of the national government (as distinguished from the debts of individuals and businesses and political subdivisions)
{n: natural immunity, innate immunity} immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
{n: nodding groundsel, Senecio bigelovii} plant with erect leafy stems bearing clusters of rayless yellow flower heads on bent individual stalks; moist regions of southwestern United States
{n: number, figure} the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals
"he had a number of chores to do"
"the number of parameters is small"
"the figure was about a thousand"
{n: organicism} theory that the total organization of an organism rather than the functioning of individual organs is the determinant of life processes
{n: parlor car, parlour car, drawing-room car, palace car, chair car} a passenger car for day travel; you pay extra fare for individual chairs
{n: parthenogenesis, parthenogeny} process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual; common among insects and some other arthropods
{n: patroller} someone on patrol duty; an individual or a member of a group that patrols an area
{n: person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul} a human being
"there was too much for one person to do"
{n: personal equation} variability attributable to individual differences
{n: personal income} the income received by a single individual
{n: personality} the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual
"their different reactions reflected their very different personalities"
"it is his nature to help others"
{n: petit four} small (individual) frosted and ornamented cake
{n: phone, speech sound, sound} (phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language
{n: place mat} a mat serving as table linen for an individual place setting
{n: policy} a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group
"it was a policy of retribution"
"a politician keeps changing his policies"
{n: polymorphism} (biology) the existence of two or more forms of individuals within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
{n: polymyositis} myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and swelling; progression and severity vary among individuals
{n: polysemy, lexical ambiguity} the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used (in different contexts) to express two or more different meanings
<-> monosemy
{n: popover} light hollow muffin made of a puff batter (individual Yorkshire pudding) baked in a deep muffin cup
{n: population shift} a change in the relative numbers of the different groups of individuals making up a population
{n: portfolio} a list of the financial assets held by an individual or a bank or other financial institution
"they were disappointed by the poor returns on their stock portfolio"
{n: position} (in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player
"what position does he play?"
{n: predicate calculus, functional calculus} a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as the relations between propositions)
{n: preformation, theory of preformation} a theory (popular in the 18th century and now discredited) that an individual develops by simple enlargement of a tiny fully formed organism (a homunculus) that exists in the germ cell
{n: price index, price level} an index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time
{n: principle of superposition, Huygens' principle of superposition} the displacement of any point due to the superposition of wave systems is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point
"the principle of superposition is the basis of the wave theory of light"
{n: property, attribute, dimension} a construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished
"self-confidence is not an endearing property"
{n: proxemics} the study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations
{n: psychogenesis} the development in the life of an individual of some disorder that is caused by psychological rather than physiological factors
{n: psychological operation, psyop} military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments
{n: public charity} a charity that is deemed to receive the major part of its support from the public (rather than from a small group of individuals)
{n: pullulation, gemmation} asexual reproduction in which a local growth on the surface or in the body of the parent becomes a separate individual
{n: pygmy, pigmy} an unusually small individual
{n: quality, character, lineament} a characteristic property that defines the apparent individual nature of something
"each town has a quality all its own"
"the radical character of our demands"
{n: ramekin, ramequin} a cheese dish made with bread and egg crumbs that is baked and served in individual fireproof dishes
{n: ramekin, ramequin} a small fireproof dish used for baking and serving individual portions
{n: reciprocal pronoun} a pronoun or pronominal phrase (as `each other') that expresses a mutual action or relationship between the individuals indicated in the plural subject
"The sentence `They cared for each other' contains a reciprocal pronoun"
{n: relativism} (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved
{n: report, study, written report} a written document describing the findings of some individual or group
"this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"
{n: retarded depression} a state of clinical depression in which the individual is lethargic and slow to initiate action
{n: rite of passage} a ritual performed in some cultures at times when a individual changes his status (as from adolescence to adulthood)
{n: salad plate, salad bowl} a plate or bowl for individual servings of salad
{n: score} a number that expresses the accomplishment of a team or an individual in a game or contest
"the score was 7 to 0"
{n: security intelligence} intelligence on the identity and capability and intentions of hostile individuals or organizations that may be engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism
{n: self-fertilization, self-fertilisation} fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from the same individual
<-> cross-fertilization
{n: self} a person considered as a unique individual
"one's own self"
{n: severalty} exclusive individual ownership
{n: sex chromosome} (genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual
"mammals normally have two sex chromosomes"
{n: share, portion, part, percentage} assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group
"he wanted his share in cash"
{n: shock, impact} the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat
"the armies met in the shock of battle"
{n: shortcake} very short biscuit dough baked as individual biscuits or a round loaf; served with sweetened fruit and usually whipped cream
{n: sick call, sick parade} the daily military formation at which individuals report to the medical officer as sick
{n: sobersides} a serious and sedate individual
{n: social contract} an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society; individual surrenders liberty in return for protection
{n: social science} the branch of science that studies society and the relationships of individual within a society
{n: soul, psyche} the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life
{n: special interest} an individual or group who are concerned with some particular part of the economy and who try to influence legislators or bureaucrats to act in their favor
{n: spore} a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion
"a sexual spore is formed after the fusion of gametes"
{n: sporophyte} the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
{n: standing} an ordered listing of scores or results showing the relative positions of competitors (individuals or teams) in a sporting event
{n: states' rights} a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states
{n: stint} an individuals prescribed share of work
"her stint as a lifeguard exhausted her"
{n: stream of consciousness} the continuous flow of ideas and feelings that constitute an individual's conscious experience
{n: street credibility, street cred, cred} credibility among young fashionable urban individuals
{n: structuralism, structural sociology} a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals
{n: subjectivity, subjectiveness} judgment based on individual personal impressions and feelings and opinions rather than external facts
{n: sweetheart} any well-liked individual
"he's a sweetheart"
{n: synergy, synergism} the working together of two things (muscles or drugs for example) to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects
{n: tea bag} a measured amount of tea in a bag for an individual serving of tea
{n: thought} the organized beliefs of a period or group or individual
"19th century thought"
"Darwinian thought"
{n: timbale} individual serving of minced e.g. meat or fish in a rich creamy sauce baked in a small pastry mold or timbale shell
{n: token, item} an individual instance of a type of symbol
"the word`error' contains three tokens of `r'"
{n: toleration} official recognition of the right of individuals to hold dissenting opinions (especially in religion)
{n: tout ensemble} a total impression or effect of something made up of individual parts
{n: treasury, exchequer} the funds of a government or institution or individual
{n: triglyceride} glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body
{n: tutorial} a session of intensive tuition given by a tutor to an individual or to a small number of students
{n: umbel} flat-topped or rounded inflorescence characteristic of the family Umbelliferae in which the individual flower stalks arise from about the same point; youngest flowers are at the center
{n: unit} an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole
"the reduced the number of units and installations"
"the word is a basic linguistic unit"
{n: unlawful carnal knowledge, criminal congress} forbidden or tabu sexual intercourse between individuals
{n: value} an ideal accepted by some individual or group
"he has old-fashioned values"
{n: voiceprint} biometric identification by electronically recording and graphically representing a person's voice
"voiceprints are uniquely characteristic of individual speakers"
{n: wilderness} a bewildering profusion
"the duties of citizenship are lost sight of in the wilderness of interests of individuals and groups"
"a wilderness of masts in the harbor"
{n: zooid} one of the distinct individuals forming a colonial animal such as a bryozoan or hydrozoan
{v: co-opt} choose or elect as a fellow member or colleague
"The church members co-opted individuals from similar backgrounds to replenish the congregation"
{v: field} select (a team or individual player) for a game
"The Patriots fielded a young new quarterback for the Rose Bowl"
{v: impinge, encroach, entrench, trench} impinge or infringe upon
"This impinges on my rights as an individual"
"This matter entrenches on other domains"
{v: individualize, individualise} make or mark aor treat as individual
"The sounds were individualized by sharpness and tone"
{v: individuate} give individual character to
{v: individuate} give individual shape or form to
"Language that individuates his memories"
{v: letter bomb} send an explosive to
"The Unabomber letterbombed a number of individuals and institutions"
{v: make} form by assembling individuals or constituents
"Make a quorum"
"The branches made a roof"
{v: tutor} be a tutor to someone ; give individual instruction
"She tutored me in Spanish"
The circumstances surrounding the genesis of Mozart's Requiem( the mysterious commission from an unnamed individual, Mozart's alleged terror that he was really writing it for his own funeral, his death with the score still unfinished) have conspired to create a legend that risks overlaying the work itself.
围绕莫扎特创作（安魂曲）的传闻－一个匿名人物的神秘委托；莫扎特写这首曲子时充满恐怖，因为这其实是为他自己的葬礼所写；他去世时作品仍旧没有完成等等－串成的故事甚至盖过了作品本身的魅力。
These uses, along with the cloning of dead loved ones, are unethical:
克隆技术的这些用途和对死去的亲人的克隆，都是不道德的：
they inevitably diminish the new individual's sense of esteem and identity because they may consider themselves to be the product of an assembly line.
这样不可避免地会降低新个体的人格和尊严的意识，因为这些克隆人可能认为自己只是一条装配线上生产出来的产品。
I would argue that human cloning denies an individuals right to inherit a unique set of genes; unique because that particular permutation has not appeared before.
我会争辩说，人的克隆否定了个体经遗传获得一组独一无二的基因的权利；之所以独一无二，是因为那种独特的基因排列组合以前不曾出现过。
What's more, individuals who have made successful changes in their lives--changes in eating habits, exercise regimens, career paths, coping strategies, and so on--often relied on one or more of these methods.
此外，那些已成功改变了其人生道路的人们，也常常是依靠这些方法中的一种或多种来改变其饮食习惯、养生之道、事业方向和处世策略，等等。
In six years, First Union Corp from North Carolina has established banking connections with three-quarters of the embassies in Washington DC,
在六年的时间里，来自北卡罗来纳州的第一联合公司已与首都华盛顿四分之三的大使馆建立起了银行业务联系，
and it now has more than 5,000 individual accounts and 1,000 commercial accounts in the diplomatic/international civil service communities.
目前它在外交国际公职团体中已拥有 5000多个个人账户及 1000多家商业账户。
Mr. Muskie says: " For the multi-nationals, we provide wholesale banking services and private banking for individual employees.
马斯基先生说： "我们为跨国公司提供大规模银行服务，为雇员个人提供私人银行服务。
Working with data gathered from North America, Mr. Pulver said the most popular site in September was Yahoo.com, with 28.34 million individual visitors.
通过研究从北美搜集的数据资料，普尔弗先生说，九月份最流行的网站是雅虎，有 2834万人访问。
" The company guarantees it will not report on any individuals. "
"公司保证不会报道任何个人。 "
A US Department of Defense( DOD) initiative to bring greater command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance( C4 ISR) capabilities to the individual soldier has led to the development of an array of wearable lightweight computers, their power packs and displays.
美国国防部为使单兵具有更大的指挥、控制、通信、计算机、情报、监视与侦察（ C4ISR ）能力而提出的倡议，已导致开发出了一套可佩戴轻型计算机及其配套电源盒和显示器的服装。
Individuals were offered single tickets only in Hong Kong and Mainland, China.
只有中国香港及大陆两地设点提供个人单票，
Japanese youth are placing more importance on the individual's pursuit of happiness and less on the values of work, family, and society.
日本青年人现在越来越重视追求个人幸福而越来越少关注工作、家庭和社会的价值基准。
The better the targeting, the more likely that the ads that are served up on Web sites will be relevant to individuals ' tastes and needs.
网站广告的针对性越强，就越能满足个人品位和需求。
A Night That Never Ends is a typical example of Howson's oeuvre, a multi-figure scene comprising individuals representing " the common man ".
《没有尽头的夜晚》是豪森的典型作品之一，是由表现 "普通人 "的许多个人组成的多人物场景画。
They are also accepting a stake in their client's firm in lieu of fees, a practice known as alue pricing Some firms are also considering letting individual consultants take stakes in client businesses, too.
它们也开始用客户公司股份取代收费，这做法被称为值定。一些公司也在考虑让公司雇员在客户公司中持股。
Though avid fans with money to spare will want to spring for the full set, others interested in hearing a major artist at the peak of his powers should standby for the release of individual volumes, starting soon.
尽管那些仰慕以久、手头宽裕的乐迷们会迫不及待地购买整盒唱盘，但对这位大师达到艺术颠峰时的作品感兴趣的其他人应该耐心地等候很快就会面世的单张唱盘。
The New York Yacht Club's Young America has a $40 million war chest provided by individual supporters as well as corporations like Air New Zealand and watchmaker Breitling.
纽约帆船俱乐部旗下的青年美国号则从个人支持者、新西兰航空公司、手表制造商布雷特林公司及其他公司那里募集了 4， 000万美元的资金。
Giorgio Vasari, architect of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence and biographer, wrote in 1550 of Leonardo: " The heavens often rain down the richest gifts on human beings, but sometimes with lavish abundance they bestow upon a single individual beauty, grace and ability, so that, whatever he does, every action is so divine that he surpasses all other men, and clearly displays how his genius is the gift of God and not an acquirement of human art. "
1550年，佛罗伦萨乌菲兹画廊的建筑师和传记作家乔治·瓦斯塔里是这样描写达·芬奇的：上天通常把最丰美的礼物撒向人间，但有时上天会把美、优雅及才干毫不吝啬地赠给一个人。无论这个人干什么，他的行为都是神圣的，是其他任何人所难以企及的。这无疑表明，他的天才是上帝的恩赐，而非人类努力的结果。
Two schist statues of Menkaure, who ruled from 2490 to 2472 B. C., may be the show's most beautiful individual pieces.
门考里王公元前 2490年至公元前 2472年在位，他的两尊石雕塑像也许是该展览会上最漂亮的艺术品。
ESPN's Sportszone has close to a million individual visits a day and is the No.1 on-line sports site.
ESPN 的 Sportszone （体育世界）网站每天有近 100万人浏览，是第一大体育网站。
He also stretched individual muscles between sets of weight training exercises.
在成套举重训练之间，他还做单个肌肉块的拉伸锻炼。
Seiko Epson entered Japan's handheld GPS market last month, launching its Locatio, billed as the world's first personal digital assistant to feature a real-time navigation capability for the walking individual.
精工艾普森公司上个月进入日本的手持 GPS 市场，推出其 Locatio 定位器，宣布它是世界首台为行人提供实时定位功能的个人数字助手。
Quakers and other religious groups organized antislavery societies, while numerous individuals manumitted their slaves.
贵格会教徒们（Quakers）以及其它宗教团体组织起反奴隶制社团；与此同时，许多个人也着手将其奴隶予以释放。
It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex.
据称，性别比例之所以会演化，就是为了能在最大程度上增加相反性别的生物个体之间交配的数量。
This is essentially a "group selection" argument.
本质上而言，此乃一种“群体选择”（group selection）的论点。
This "genetic" argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.
这一“基因遗传”（genetic）的论点从这样一个假设出发，即基因会影响到由携带着这些基因的那个个体繁殖的雄性与雌性后代的相对数量。
That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
生物体所会择取的是那样一种性别比例，那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females: then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren.
假如某一种群绝大部分由雌性生物体构成：那么，繁殖雄性后代的个体仅会拥有更多的grandchildren。
Jacksonian America was not a fluid, egalitarian society where individual wealth and poverty were ephemeral conditions.
杰克逊执政时期的美国（Jacksonian America）并不是一人流动易变的和平均主义的社会，个人的富有和贫困于其中仅是些转瞬即逝的状况。
Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。
所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。
In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people's lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people's fates.
在其小说中，伍尔夫深深地被这样一些问题所吸引：个人是如何被他们的社会环境所造就（或被弄得畸型变态）的，历史的力量是如何影响人们的生活的，以及阶级、财富和性别是如何有助于决定人们的命运的。
Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.
正如在伦德、朗德、和雷诺兹（Lund，Round，and Reynolds）的单独研究中那样，科研人员开始越来越强调诸如温度光照、以及水的运动这类环境因素在控制水藻数量方面的重要性。
Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz- ing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落食草比例进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的结食比例，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落食草比例。
There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us; this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense-data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy.
然则，存在着一个极限，这是任何工具都无法帮助我们逾越的；这一限制被强加于人类，因为我们没有能力去接收到比单个的能量量子所能传递出来的感觉数据更小的感觉材料
。
Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.
心理史学的“事实”并非导源于历史本身，即对历史事件及其后果的详尽记载，而是导源于对那些创造了历史的个人进行的心理分析；其理论不是从他们生平中这个或那个实例中演绎推论而来，而是来自某个超越历史的关于人类本性的观点。
It exists as a tradition, a set of conventions, a body of written scores, separate from the individual players associated with it.
它作为一种传统、一整套程式、一个由书面总谱构成的整体而存在，独立于与之紧密相联的单个演奏者。
Recent taxonomic analysis of individuals from both families indicates that the families evolved from different ancestors, thereby contradicting Wiehle's theory.
最近，对这两科蜘蛛的某些单个蜘蛛的分类学分析表明，这两科蜘蛛是从不同的原种演化而来的，从而与威勒（Wiehle）的理论相背悖。
Generally in the plots of these operas, a hero or heroine—usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class—is caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity or secret greed of the leaders of the proletariat.
普遍而言，在这些歌剧的情节中，一个男主人公或女主人公——一般被表现成为一个个体，不受阶级的羁绊——被置身于两极状态之间 ：一方面是贵族阶层那放浪形骸的道德堕落腐败，另一方面是无产阶级领导者那教条主义僵化或不可告人的私欲贪婪。
Scientists also noticed that people with familial hypercholesterolemia appear to produce more LDL's than normal individuals.
此外，科学家们还注意到，患有家族性高胆固醇血症的人所产生的LDL's似乎要高于常人。
American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women's rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
有些美国女权主义活动家被描述成“离群索居的”和“单枪匹马的理论家”，她们实际上与某项运动——即乌托邦社会主义（utopian socialism）密切相联，而该项运动早就在此际的二十年当中在欧洲普及女权主义思想，并以于1848年在纽约Seneca Falls召开的第一届女权大会而臻顶点。
This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education.
这部门少数派坚信，每一性别的个体在生下来时在能力和性格方面是大致相仿的，故他（她）们将男女差异归诸于社会化分工和教育。
"All balls are red," he maintains, forms one strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge);individual observations can be referred only to this web as a whole.
他坚持认为，“所有的球都是红色的”在整张陈述之网（我们的知识）中仅构成一股网绳；单项的观察只能参照这一整体网络。
The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems:
由一人向另一人的器官移植（transplantation of organs）通常会涉及两个主要问题：
{1} organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens of both individuals are nearly identical,
{1} 除非两个的移植抗原（transplantation antigens）近乎相同，不然的话，器官排斥（organ rejection）就有可能发生；
and {2} the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor.
{2} 任何不相匹配的移植抗原的引入，会在受移植者（recipient）身上诱发供者特异性淋巴细胞（donor-specificlymphocytes），而这些淋巴细胞将对来自那个供者的进一步移植作出强烈的排斥作用。
Laksmi Mittal an Indian born steel tycoon enjoyed the biggest increase in personal fortune. His net worth has quadrupled to thirteen billion dollars making him the world＇third richest man. Ingvar Kamprad founder of the Swedish furniture chain Ikea also saw a big increase in wealth taking him to sixth place. Developing countries make more of a showing than in past years - there are for example three Russians and four Indians in the top sixty richest people though surprisingly perhaps none from China excluding Hong Kong. Asian wealth is probably under-represented as its usually spread among families whereas Forbes looks at individuals.
出生在印度的钢铁大亨拉什米-米塔尔的个人财富增长最快，他的净资产增长了四倍达130亿美元，使他成为了世界上第三位富有的人。瑞典宜家家居的创始人英格瓦-卡普拉德也因财富的迅速增长而上升到了第六位。发展中国家同过去相比已经有了善好的表现。除香港外，尽管前60名中没有一个来自中国内地，但是却有3个俄罗斯人和4个印度人进入。不过亚洲的统计可能不具代表性，因为他们通常都是家族式发展，而《福布斯》看重的是个人。
Mr. Whitman acknowledged that the pictures could have been released by an individual soldier, in violation of Defense Department policy. And he said they could be a violation of the Geneva Convention, too. "Well, it's possible. Clearly, these are in contravention to our policies and, depending on when they were taken, possibly could be a violation of Geneva Convention guidelines for humane treatment of detained individuals," he said.
怀特曼认为这可能是个别美军士兵的行为，违反了国防部的规定。他说这也可能触犯了日内瓦公约。怀特曼说：“有这种可能性。 很明显，这违反了我们的规定。根据拍摄的时间，也许还触犯了日内瓦公约中关于人道对待战俘的规定。”
President Bush says he brought up a number of concerns involving the rule of law and individual freedoms. "I did so in a constructive and friendly way. I reaffirmed my belief that it is democracy and freedom that bring true security and prosperity in every land," he said.
布什总统说，他向普京总统提出了一系列他所关注的问题，其中包括法治和个人自由。布什总统说，“我是用建设性和友好的方式提出这些问题的。我重申了我的信仰，那就是只有民主和自由才能给所有的国家带来真正的安全和繁荣。”
Insulin resistance is a condition in which peoples' insulin does not process food effectively and abnormal amounts of sugar circulate in the blood stream. The result is high blood sugar levels that can make such individuals more prone to high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes.
抗性胰岛素是一种病，患有此病的人身体中的胰岛素不能有效地消化食物，并且使血流中的糖的成份处于不正常的含量。结果就是高血糖会使这些人更易患高血压，心脏病和糖尿病。
President Bush says Americans are already showing their generosity through contributions to aid groups. He hopes this new effort targeting both individuals and corporations will further complement official U.S. assistance.
布什总统说，美国人民通过向援助组织提供各种捐助而表现自己的慷慨精神。布什希望，目前这项针对个人以及公司的新努力将能进一步补充美国的官方援助。
The soon to be released Army report is one of seven military investigations looking into abuse at Abu Ghraib, and whether what went on there was limited to a few individuals, or a widespread practice. During a Congressional hearing on the matter in May, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld took full responsibility for what happened at Abu Ghraib, but rejected calls from some in Washington for him to resign.
将要公布的军队报告是关于阿布格拉布监狱虐囚事件的7项军队调查之一，目的是查明这个事件仅仅牵涉少数个人还是一个大范围的活动。在5月份的国会听证会上，国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德表示承担这起虐待事件的所有责任，但拒绝华盛顿一些人要他辞职的要求。
individual inhabitant tax 个人居民税
individual/personal income tax 个人所得税
HS8479
Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, not specified or included els
本章未列名的具有独立功能的机器及机械器具
HS84798990
Mach & mechanical appliances having individual functions, nes
未列名具有独立功能的机器及机械器具
HS8543
Electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, not specified or included els
本章未列名的具有独立功能的电气设备及装置
HS85438990
Electrical machines/apparatus having individual functions, nes
未列名具有独立功能的电气设备及装置
spsc-53121503
Individual luggage pieces
个人旅行袋件
spsc-85122200
Individual health screening and assessment services
个人健康检查和评估
spsc-85122201
Individual health assessment
个人健康评估
individual package
individual package
individual package
Mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39)
This block contains disorders in which the fundamental disturbance is a change in affect
or mood to depression (with or without associated anxiety) or to elation. The mood change
is usually accompanied by a change in the overall level of activity; most of the other
symptoms are either secondary to, or easily understood in the context of, the change in
mood and activity. Most of these disorders tend to be recurrent and the onset of
individual episodes can often be related to stressful events or situations.
情感疾病 （F30-F39）
本节包含基本障碍是情感改变的疾病 ， 情感或忧郁
（ 同时或有或无焦虑 ） 或高昂。情感的改变均同时
有整体活动量的改变。其伴随的大多数症状都是情
绪及活动变化而来。这些疾病有复发的倾向 ， 通常
每次发作与压力事件或情境相关。
F30
Manic episode
All the subdivisions of this category should be used only for a single episode. Hypomanic
or manic episodes in individuals who have had one or more previous affective episodes
(depressive, hypomanic, manic, or mixed) should be coded as bipolar affective disorder
(F31.-).
Includes: bipolar disorder, single manic episode
躁症发作
此类别之再细分只适用於单一躁症发作。患有轻躁
或躁症发作之任何个体若以前有情感疾病发作 ， 无
论是郁症、躁症、轻躁症 ， 都必须归类於双相 （ 极
） 情感疾病 (F31.-) 。
包含 ： 双相情感障碍症 ， 单次躁症发作
F34
Persistent mood [affective] disorders
Persistent and usually fluctuating disorders of mood in which the majority of the
individual episodes are not sufficiently severe to warrant being described as hypomanic or
mild depressive episodes. Because they last for many years, and sometimes for the greater
part of the patient's adult life, they involve considerable distress and disability. In
some instances, recurrent or single manic or depressive episodes may become superimposed
on a persistent affective disorder.
持久情感障碍症
这些是持续且通常会变动性的情感疾病 ， 各次发作
很少严重到可被描述为轻躁或轻忧郁发作。因为持
续数年 ， 有时持续於成人期的大部分 ， 并造成病人
相当困扰与功能障碍。然而有时候 ， 在持续性感疾
病之病程中可能会加上单一发作或复发性之躁症、
或郁症之发生。
F34.1
Dysthymia
A chronic depression of mood, lasting at least several years, which is not sufficiently
severe, or in which individual episodes are not sufficiently prolonged, to justify a
diagnosis of severe, moderate, or mild recurrent depressive disorder (F33.-).
Depressive:
. neurosis
. personality disorder
Neurotic depression
Persistent anxiety depression
Excludes: anxiety depression (mild or not persistent) (F41.2)
轻郁情感障碍症 (Dysthymia)
一种慢性忧郁情绪 ， 其发病期间至少数年以上。其
严重度、或单次忧郁期间 ， 不符合轻度或中度或重
度复发性郁症 (F33.-) 的诊断准则。
忧郁性
． 精神官能症
． 人格障碍症
官能性忧郁症 （ 有二年以上者 ）
持久焦虑性忧郁症
不包含 ： 轻度或不持续的焦虑性忧郁症 (F41.2) 。
F40
Phobic anxiety disorders
A group of disorders in which anxiety is evoked only, or predominantly, in certain
well-defined situations that are not currently dangerous. As a result these situations are
characteristically avoided or endured with dread. The patient's concern may be focused on
individual symptoms like palpitations or feeling faint and is often associated with
secondary fears of dying, losing control, or going mad. Contemplating entry to the phobic
situation usually generates anticipatory anxiety. Phobic anxiety and depression often
coexist. Whether two diagnoses, phobic anxiety and depressive episode, are needed, or only
one, is determined by the time course of the two conditions and by therapeutic
considerations at the time of consultation.
畏惧焦虑症
当焦虑有在面对一些特定的外界情境或对象下才引
发 ， 该情境对象并不具真正危险性质 ， 个体却无法
忍受而必需规避之 ， 是此障碍的特性。罹患者的顾
虑可能投注在诸如心悸或晕厥感等个别症状上等 ，
而且常伴有续发性的害怕死亡 ， 失控或害怕发狂等
现象。通常越是预期身临该畏惧情境越会导致预期
性焦虑。畏惧性焦虑常常和忧郁并存 ， 究竟是两个
诊断均有存在必要 ， 抑或合为一个诊断即可 ， 可取
决於何者明显为先即为主要诊断 ， 或者诊断当时以
何者为临床治疗之主要考量。
F41.2
Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder
This category should be used when symptoms of anxiety and depression are both present, but
neither is clearly predominant, and neither type of symptom is present to the extent that
justifies a diagnosis if considered separately. When both anxiety and depressive symptoms
are present and severe enough to justify individual diagnoses, both diagnoses should be
recorded and this category should not be used.
Anxiety depression (mild or not persistent)
焦虑与忧郁混合症
这项目在焦虑和忧郁的症状均存在时可用之 ， 而二
者之一没有任何一项之症状是较明显的 ， 但若分开
考虑也没有任何一种症状的程度较重而符合於诊断
标准。当忧郁和焦虑徵候群均存在且严重到符合个
别诊断时 ， 两个诊断应该都要记录 ， 就不用这个项
目。
焦虑性忧郁症 （ 轻度或不持续性 ）
F43
Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders
This category differs from others in that it includes disorders identifiable on the basis
of not only symptoms and course but also the existence of one or other of two causative
influences: an exceptionally stressful life event producing an acute stress reaction, or a
significant life change leading to continued unpleasant circumstances that result in an
adjustment disorder. Although less severe psychosocial stress ("life events")
may precipitate the onset or contribute to the presentation of a very wide range of
disorders classified elsewhere in this chapter, its etiological importance is not always
clear and in each case will be found to depend on individual, often idiosyncratic,
vulnerability, i.e. the life events are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain the
occurrence and form of the disorder. In contrast, the disorders brought together here are
thought to arise always as a direct consequence of acute severe stress or continued
trauma. The stressful events or the continuing unpleasant circumstances are the primary
and overriding causal factor and the disorder would not have occurred without their
impact. The disorders in this section can thus be regarded as maladaptive responses to
severe or continued stress, in that they interfere with successful coping mechanisms and
therefore lead to problems of social functioning.
严重压力之反应与适应障碍症
此一类诊断与其他类不同乃在於要确认此种疾病 ，
不仅要基於症状学和病程 ， 而且也要基於一两个影
响的原因 － 包含一个非比寻常的压力事件产生压力
反应 ， 或是一个显着的生活改变导致继续不适意的
环境因而引起适应障碍症。虽然较不严重的心理社
会压力 （ 生活事件 ） 会发生或促发在本章中处处所
提的较广范围之疾病表现 ， 然而此类压力在病因学
上的重要性并不一定清楚 ， 而每个个案上的特异性
与脆弱性是较为重要的。它们并不必然也不充分能
够解释疾病的发生及型式 * 相对地 ， 本项疾病被认为
是直接导因於急性严重的压力或持续创伤所致之後
果。此种压力事件或持续的不愉快情境是主要的或
具决定性的因子 ， 如果没有此种冲击疾病必然不会
发生。本节之疾病可以说是对严重或持续压力之不
良反应 ， 此情况会干扰个体应付事情之机转 ， 以致
引起社会性功能之障碍。
F43.0
Acute stress reaction
A transient disorder that develops in an individual without any other apparent mental
disorder in response to exceptional physical and mental stress and that usually subsides
within hours or days. Individual vulnerability and coping capacity play a role in the
occurrence and severity of acute stress reactions. The symptoms show a typically mixed and
changing picture and include an initial state of "daze" with some constriction
of the field of consciousness and narrowing of attention, inability to comprehend stimuli,
and disorientation. This state may be followed either by further withdrawal from the
surrounding situation (to the extent of a dissociative stupor－F44.2), or by agitation
and over-activity (flight reaction or fugue). Autonomic signs of panic anxiety
(tachycardia, sweating, flushing) are commonly present. The symptoms usually appear within
minutes of the impact of the stressful stimulus or event, and disappear within two to
three days (often within hours). Partial or complete amnesia (F44.0) for the episode may
be present. If the symptoms persist, a change in diagnosis should be considered.
Acute:
. crisis reaction
. reaction to stress
Combat fatigue
Crisis state
Psychic shock
急性压力反应
一种短暂的疾病 ， 发生於原来无其他精神疾病的人
， 当遇到严重的身体或精神压力时发作 ， 但於数小
时或数天内消逝。个体的脆弱性或适应能力在急性
压力反应的发作及严重度扮演重大角色。典型的临
床表现是混合性与多变性的症状 ， 包含一开始出现
昏眩并伴随意识的领域紧缩 ， 注意力变得窄化 ， 失
去理解刺激的能力及定向感障碍等。接下来可能发
生从周遭环境退缩的情形 （ 甚至到达解离性静呆状
态的程度 ， 见F44.2） 或是变得激动与过度躁动 （ 逃跑
反应或解离性迷走 ） 。这些症状在压力事件的冲击
後数分钟内即出现 ， 而在二至叁天内消失 （ 通常数
小时内 ） ， 对此事件可能发生部分或完全失忆 （见F44.0）
。若症状持续则就要考虑诊断之改变。
． 急性危机反应
． 急性压力反应
战斗衰竭症
危机状态
心因性休克
F43.2
Adjustment disorders
States of subjective distress and emotional disturbance, usually interfering with social
functioning and performance, arising in the period of adaptation to a significant life
change or a stressful life event. The stressor may have affected the integrity of an
individual's social network (bereavement, separation experiences) or the wider system of
social supports and values (migration, refugee status), or represented a major
developmental transition or crisis (going to school, becoming a parent, failure to attain
a cherished personal goal, retirement). Individual predisposition or vulnerability plays
an important role in the risk of occurrence and the shaping of the manifestations of
adjustment disorders, but it is nevertheless assumed that the condition would not have
arisen without the stressor. The manifestations vary and include depressed mood, anxiety
or worry (or mixture of these), a feeling of inability to cope, plan ahead, or continue in
the present situation, as well as some degree of disability in the performance of daily
routine. Conduct disorders may be an associated feature, particularly in adolescents. The
predominant feature may be a brief or prolonged depressive reaction, or a disturbance of
other emotions and conduct.
Culture shock
Grief reaction
Hospitalism in children
Excludes: separation anxiety disorder of childhood （F93.0）
适应障碍症
主观的苦恼或情绪困扰状态 ， 通常对社会功能及社
交表现造成妨碍 ， 此状况发生於对某一重大生活改
变或生活压力事件後的适应时期。此压力事件可能
已影响到一个人社会网路的整全状态 （ 如生离死别
） ， 或影响到更大的社会支持或价值系统 （ 如移民
流亡 ） ， 或代表一种发展之转型或危机 （ 如上学、
初为人父、人母、未能达成人生既定目标、退休 ）
。个别的体质及易罹病性对此疾病发生的危险性及
适应障碍症状表现的形式扮演重要的角色 ， 但假定
没有此压力事件 ， 就不会有此种疾病的产生。临床
表现上各式各样 ， 包含忧郁、焦虑、烦恼 （ 或以上
的混合 ） ， 感觉无法去应付 ， 无法事前做计划或觉
得在目前的环境下无法继续做下去 ， 而每天的例行
表现也有某种程度的损害。行为障碍可能是连带的
表现 ， 尤其在青少年。最显着的表现可能是短期或
长期忧郁或其他情绪、行为障碍。
文化休克
悲伤反应
儿童住院徵候群
不包含 ： 儿童期分离焦虑症 （93.0）
F51.2
Nonorganic disorder of the sleep-wake schedule
A lack of synchrony between the sleep-wake schedule and the desired sleep-wake schedule
for the individual's environment, resulting in a complaint of either insomnia or
hypersomnia.
Psychogenic inversion of:
. circadian-rhythm
. nyctohemeral-rhythm
. sleep-rhythm
Excludes: disorder of the sleep-waake schedule (organic) (G47.2)
非器质性睡醒节律障碍症
病人的睡眠 － 清醒的时间表和他所处环境所需之睡
眠 － 清醒时间表不相符合 ， 以至於病人抱怨睡眠不
足或过多。
心因性倒置之 ：
． 周期的节律
． 昼夜的节律
． 睡眠的节律
不包含 ： 睡醒节律障碍症 （ 器质性 ） (G47.2)
F51.3
Sleepwalking [somnambulism]
A state of altered consciousness in which phenomena of sleep and wakefulness are combined.
During a sleepwalking episode the individual arises from bed, usually during the first
third of nocturnal sleep, and walks about, exhibiting low levels of awareness, reactivity,
and motor skill. Upon awakening, there is usually no recall of the event.
睡游症
睡游症是种睡眠与清醒组合而成的异常意识状态。
在睡游症发作时 ， 病人自床上爬起 （ 通常在夜眠的
前叁分之一阶段 ） ， 然後四处游走 ， 表现出低程度
之清醒 ， 反应性和运动技能。当病人醒来时 ， 通常
不记得曾经发生过什麽事情。
F51.4
Sleep terrors [night terrors]
Nocturnal episodes of extreme terror and panic associated with intense vocalization,
motility, and high levels of autonomic discharge. The individual sits up or gets up,
usually during the first third of nocturnal sleep, with a panicky scream. Quite often he
or she rushes to the door as if trying to escape, although very seldom leaves the room.
Recall of the event, if any, is very limited (usually to one or two fragmentary mental
images).
睡惊症
病人在夜眠中出现极度惊骇和恐慌的情形伴随有强
烈地喊叫 ， 肢体动作 ， 和自主神经高度运作。病人
常在夜眠的前叁分之一时期带着恐慌的尖叫而醒来
坐起。病人常冲到门边似乎企图要逃离 ， 虽然很少
真的离开房间。事後病人很少能完整回忆整椿事件
（ 通常只能回忆起片断印象 ） 。
F51.5
Nightmares
Dream experiences loaded with anxiety or fear. There is very detailed recall of the dream
content. The dream experience is very vivid and usually includes themes involving threats
to survival, security, or self- esteem. Quite often there is a recurrence of the same or
similar frightening nightmare themes. During a typical episode there is a degree of
autonomic discharge but no appreciable vocalization or body motility. Upon awakening the
individual rapidly becomes alert and oriented.
Dream anxiety disorder
梦惊症
病人经历伴有焦虑或恐惧的梦。病人常能仔细地回
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