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findings

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finding [ faindiŋ] n.发现;调查的结果

(解决争端)调查结果 findings

ATF Automatic Track Finding 自动寻迹

测高雷达 height finding radar

I had a hard time finding you.
我费好大劲才找到你。

Many ideas are likely to emerge after such an interesting finding.
在发现这一有趣的现象之后,许多想法都有可能出现。

She had been seeking for a new partner for her business for a long time before finally finding one.
在很长一段时间她一直在寻找一个生意上的新伙伴,最后终于如愿以偿。

We must start early, to allow for finding their house.
我们得早点出发,留出时间来寻找他们的房子。

The findings of the study group on child care are due to be published soon.
儿童看护研究小组的调查结果将很快发表。

This is one of the institute’s latest research findings which has been already patented.
这是研究所的最新研究成果之一, 已获专利。

The government hopes that the court will announce its findings before the end of the month.
政府希望法院在月底前公布裁决结果。

The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.
研究结果表明在农村的人大脑收缩基本上比城市里的人要早。

Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition-a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.
为什么奶油比黄油坏的快呢?已有些研究者认为他们找到了答案,这与食物的结构有关,而不是它的化学成分—这一发现使得有些化学处理保存食物的方法无效了。

Did you have any trouble finding your way here?
你在这里找路费事吗?

Nothing is easier than fault-finding.
站着说话不腰痛。

A great part of the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way.
Adas Franklin. Aerican humorist  
我的大部分知识都是这样获得的:在寻找某个资料时意外的发现了另外的资料。
美国幽默作家富兰克林,A.

@@@ 感觉
cry over spilled milk 对已经发生的事情哭喊抱怨;
对无法挽回的事情感觉不痛快
fed up with 对...感到厌烦; 腻了
feel at home 觉得舒适/无拘束
feel like sth. 摸起来如同...; 有...的感觉
get involved 参与, 卷入; 感兴趣
How are you finding...? 你觉得...怎么样?
I've got a feeling ... 我觉得...
out of sorts 心情糟, 觉得不对劲儿
put sb. out 使(某人)感到不便; 得罪(某人)
sensitive to 对...敏感; 对...反应灵敏
smell out 嗅出, 凭嗅觉发现...
wonder about 对...感到好奇

裁决 finding; arbitrament; ruling; adjudication

发现物 [fā xiàn wù] /finding/

找到 [zhǎo dào] /find (what one was searching for)/succeeded in finding/

Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
遗憾的是,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。

Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.
美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。
They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.
他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了,也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。
The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline.
80年代中期,人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。
Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。

Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
除了当今的社会变化之外,还有信息量巨大的问题。今天,个人可获得的信息比任何时代的人都多,而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时,有时甚至相当困难。

{adj: at odds, conflicting, contradictory, self-contradictory} in disagreement
"the figures are at odds with our findings"
"contradictory attributes of unjust justice and loving vindictiveness"- John Morley

{adj: atypical, irregular} deviating from normal expectations; somewhat odd, strange, or abnormal
"these days large families are atypical"
"atypical clinical findings"
"atypical pneumonia"
"highly irregular behavior"

{adj: desirous, wishful} having or expressing desire for something
"desirous of high office"
"desirous of finding a quick solution to the problem"
<-> undesirous

{adj: fact-finding, investigative, investigatory} designed to find information or ascertain facts
"a fact-finding committee"
"investigative reporting"

{adj: illusive, illusory} based on or having the nature of an illusion
"illusive hopes of finding a better job"
"Secret activities offer presidents the alluring but often illusory promise that they can achieve foreign policy goals without the bothersome debate and open decision that are staples of democracy"

{adj: neo-Darwinian} of or relating to Darwin's theories as modified by modern genetic findings
"Neo-Darwinian theories"

{adj: reported} made known or told about; especially presented in a formal account
"his reported opinion"
"the reported findings"
<-> unreported

{adj: unskilled} not having or showing or requiring special skill or proficiency
"unskilled in the art of rhetoric"
"an enthusiastic but unskillful mountain climber"
"unskilled labor"
"workers in unskilled occupations are finding fewer and fewer job opportunities"
"unskilled workmanship"
<-> skilled

{adj: vexed} causing difficulty in finding an answer or solution; much disputed
"the vexed issue of priorities"
"we live in vexed and troubled times"

{n: address, destination, name and address} written directions for finding some location; written on letters or packages that are to be delivered to that location

{n: advisory service} a consulting service in which a CPA develops findings and conclusions and recommendations that are presented to the client for consideration and decision making

{n: bill of attainder} a legislative act finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial
"bills of attainder are prohibited by the Constitution of the United States"

{n: clawback} finding a way to take money back from people that they were given in another way
"the Treasury will find some clawback for the extra benefits members received"

{n: compass} navigational instrument for finding directions

{n: contumacy} willful refusal to appear before a court or comply with a court order; can result in a finding of contempt of court

{n: determination, finding} the act of determining the properties of something

{n: disqualification} the act of preventing someone from participating by finding them unqualified

{n: excuse, alibi, exculpation, self-justification} a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.
"he kept finding excuses to stay"
"every day he had a new alibi for not getting a job"
"his transparent self-justification was unacceptable"

{n: finding of law, conclusion of law} a finding as to the applicability of a rule of law to particular facts

{n: findings} a collection of tools and other articles used by an artisan to make jewelry or clothing or shoes

{n: finding} something that is found
"the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner"
"an area rich in archaeological findings"

{n: finding} the decision of a court on issues of fact or law

{n: general verdict} an ordinary verdict declaring which party prevails without any special findings of fact
<-> special verdict

{n: hunt, hunting} the work of finding and killing or capturing animals for food or pelts

{n: intrinsic fraud} fraud (as by use of forged documents or false claims or perjury) that misleads a court or jury and induces a finding for the one perpetrating the fraud

{n: label, recording label} trade name of a company that produces musical recordings
"the artists and repertoire department of a recording label is responsible for finding new talent"

{n: maximization} the mathematical process of finding the maximum value of a function

{n: mineshaft} excavation consisting of a vertical or sloping passageway for finding or mining ore or for ventilating a mine

{n: obstruction of justice} impeding those who seek justice in a court (as by trying to influence or intimidate any juror or witness or officer of the court); can result in a finding of contempt of court

{n: partial verdict} (criminal law) a finding that the defendant is guilty of some charges but innocent of others

{n: personhood} being a person
"finding her own personhood as a campus activist"

{n: quackery, empiricism} medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings

{n: rangefinder, range finder} a measuring instrument (acoustic or optical or electronic) for finding the distance of an object

{n: rectification} determination of the length of a curve; finding a straight line equal in length to a given curve

{n: report, study, written report} a written document describing the findings of some individual or group
"this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

{n: resolution, solving} finding a solution to a problem

{n: robustness} the characteristic of being strong enough to withstand intellectual challenge
"the lack of robustness in the findings may be due to the small size of the sample"

{n: scold, scolder, nag, nagger, common scold} someone (especially a woman) who annoys people by constantly finding fault

{n: setter} a long-haired dog formerly trained to crouch on finding game but now to point

{n: special verdict} a verdict rendered on certain specific factual issues posed by the court without finding for one party or the other
<-> general verdict

{n: suckling reflex} reflex behavior in newborn mammals; includes finding and grasping the nipple in the mouth and sucking on it and swallowing the milk

{n: validation, proof, substantiation} the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something

{n: verdict, finding of fact} (law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment

{v: conserve, preserve, maintain, keep up} keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction
"We preserve these archeological findings"
"The old lady could not keep up the building"
"children must be taught to conserve our national heritage"
"The museum curator conserved the ancient manuscripts"

{v: date} assign a date to ; determine the (probable) date of
"Scientists often cannot date precisely archeological or prehistorical findings"

{v: discover, find} make a discovery, make a new finding
"Roentgen discovered X-rays"
"Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

{v: scout, reconnoiter, reconnoitre} explore, often with the goal of finding something or somebody

{v: travel, move around} travel from place to place, as for the purpose of finding work, preaching, or acting as a judge

What gives hope is that Africa's leaders are finding creative ways of addressing the resolution of conflicts.
令人感到希望的是,非洲的领导者们正在寻找创造性的方法来解决冲突。

However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.
然而,他解释说,这项研究成果表明的是,接受过教育的人在大脑功能开始崩溃之前更能经受得住大脑组织的丧失。

But Coffey said that his team's findings suggest that like the body, the brain benefits from exercise.
但是,科菲又说,他领导的研究小组的发现表明,就像身体一样,大脑也能从体育活动中受益。

Once there were companies which surveyed the populace by phone and mail, asking their preferences, finding out which products they preferred, or which television programmes they watched.
曾经有一些公司通过电话和信件来调查征询公众的喜好,发现他们更钟情于哪些产品,或者他们收看什么电视节目。

And the latest findings on what the world is looking at on the Internet?
那么有关全世界都在因特网上看什么的最新发现是什么呢?

If you score in the top 1% on IQ tests, a system is in place in this country that is amazingly good at finding you and offering you access to a first-class education that can often lead to first-class job opportunities.
假如你在智商测试中的成绩排列在顶尖的 1%的人中,那么这个国家就有一个适宜的制度,能以令人吃惊的速度准确地找到你,为你提供第一流的教育,使你经常能获得第一流的就业机会。

The host of the current show, comedian Bill Cosby, is still finding children charming and creative in their use of English, as do the millions who watch the Friday night primetime show.
现在这个节目的主持人,喜剧演员比尔·考斯比,仍然觉得小孩在使用英语时极具魅力而且富有创造性,收看星期五晚黄金时间播出这个节目的上百万观众也有同感。

Einstein was especially intrigued by Piaget's finding that seven-year-olds insist that going faster can take more time--perhaps because Einstein's own theories of relativity ran so contrary to common sense.
爱因斯坦对皮雅杰发现七岁孩子坚持说走得快更花时间的说法深为入迷或许正是因为爱因斯坦自己的相对论理论是如此违背常理的缘故吧。

This research put the emphasis on the female preferences which come into play when it comes to finding a mate.
该研究将重点放在雌性动物在求偶时有哪些偏好起作用。

Instead, a shopping agent openly greets you and asks if you'd like some personal assistance. Say, some help with finding bargains.
相反,一位店员大大方方地迎上前来,问你是否需要个人服务,比如:找便宜货。

Other promoters, however, are finding a real audience for real fights.
其他赞助商则正在为真正的比赛寻找真正的观众。

American firms like Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan and Calvin Klein are finding it increasingly difficult to compete against these global luxury superpowers.
拉尔夫·劳伦、当娜·凯伦和卡尔文·克来恩等美国公司发现,这些全球性奢侈品超级公司竞争越来越困难。

" In the past year, " he says, " we 've been finding supernovas further away than ever. "
在过去的一年里,他说,我们已经发现了一些更加遥远的超新星。

Finding Work Through the Web With most online recruitment services, jobseekers must choose their words carefully; otherwise the search engine will never make the correct match.
在网上求职在使用大多数网上求职服务时,求职者必须谨慎措辞,否则搜索引擎永远不会给你正的答案。

Says Baird: " Technology wins the event, but it's a matter of finding the right combination for the venue. "
他说:技术是赢得比赛的关键,但还要有适合比赛场地的正确组合。

Myrick and Sanchez had tried to cast their main characters for two years before finding Donahue, Leonard and Williams.
迈瑞克与桑切兹花了两年时间才为该片几个主要人物物色到合适演员,他们是多纳休、伦纳德与威廉斯。

Perhaps, evolutionarily, this has given humans a sort of stereo smelling that could have boosted the odds of finding food or sniffing out enemies.
也许,从进化论的观点来看,这给了人类某种立体的嗅觉,而这能增加人类寻找到食物和利用嗅觉发现敌人的机会。

The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer, thereby lessening our dependence on tissue-destroying chemotherapy and radiation.
这一发现还可能导致生产出专门对付特定类型癌症的药物,从而减轻我们对摧毁组织的化疗及放射治疗的倚赖。

The findings send a clear message: Watch out for speeding balls, and always wear a helmet when you ride a bike.
尽管这种现象在人身上尚未得到证明,但是这一发现清楚地告诉我们:留神急速移动的球体,骑自行车时别忘了戴上头盔。

Finding mid-priced lodging in Asia just got simpler with Asia-Hotels* web site.
寻找中等价格的酒店有了亚洲酒店网址后,在亚洲住宿就方便多了。

The group's findings, though still preliminary, could radically change how firms develop and market new products.
研究组的发现虽然仍处于初始阶段,却会从根本上改变企业开发和营销新产品的策略。

Memory-loss experts around the country are testing treatments in the hope of finding one that will arrest those changes.
全国各地的失忆专家正在试验各种医治方法,希望能找到中止上述病变的良策。

And now parents are finding it's tough to get by without it.
但现在,家长们发现,一旦离开网站他们都不知道怎么过了。

The new entrants are also excelling at finding new outlets for their services.
这些新兴公司也很善于为自己的业务寻找新的销售渠道。

His findings compel attention.  
他的研究发现值得我们予以关注。

Gutman's examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings.
古特曼对亲属关系其它方面进行的分析也导致了某些重要的研究结果。

It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one's findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
有关学术研究的程序,它也不乏某些明确而又牢固的观念:史学家应如何探究某一历史问题,应如何呈示和佐证其研究发现,什么样的材料方能构成值得采纳的和充分的证据。

In effect, in trying to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect than Saint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance.
事实上,为了试图证明想象力要比圣伯夫所假设的来得更为深刻,且并非那么易于屈服于理性,普鲁斯特引发了他自己的至关重要的记忆,发现它们之间不无微妙的联系,便开始为《似水年华》收集材料。

Yet this rush into practical applications is itself quite understandable: public policy must continually be made, and policymakers rightly feel that even tentative findings and untested theories are better guides to decision-making than no findings and no theories at all.
然则,这种对实际应用的匆忙投入就其本身而言相当可以理解:公共政策必须被持续不断地制定出来,而政策制定者不无道理地觉得,即使带有尝试性的研究发现和未经检验的理论对于决策过程来说,总要比根本没有研究发现和根本没有理论更有指导作用。

Dr. Rubin said the findings have worldwide implications. "You go to India and China and you find that the occurrence of diabetes is growing so rapidly there that with their huge populations of over a billion people in each of those countries, they are going to suffer from tremendous amounts of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and so forth," he said.
艾伦.罗宾博士表示这些研究结果有着世界性的含意。他说:"如果你到印度和中国,你会发现在那里糖尿病患者正在迅速增加,因为那些国家每个都有超过10亿的庞大人口,他们将会有很多人患有心脏病,高血压,糖尿病等。"

HS9014
Direction finding compasses; other navigational instruments and appliances
定向罗盘;其他导航仪器及装置

HS90141000
Direction finding compasses
定向罗盘

spsc-41112901
Direction finding compasses
指南针

spsc-92111504
Fact finding missions
实况调查

Chapter III 第叁章
Diseases of the blood and blood forming organs and certain disorders involving the
immune mechanism (D50-D89)
血液和造血器官及涉及免疫机转的疾患 (D50-D89)
Excludes: autoimmune disease (systemic) NOS (M35.9)
certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P96)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease (B20-B24)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
不包含 : 自体免疫疾病 ( 全身的 ) , 其他未明示者
(M35.9)
源於周产期的某些情况 (P00-P96)
怀孕、生产以及产褥期之并发症 (O00-O99)
先天性畸形、异形与染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养和代谢性疾病 (E00-E90)
人类免疫缺乏病毒 (HIV) 疾病 (B20-B24)
损伤 , 中毒和某些其他外界原因之後果 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
未分类他处之症状、症候和异常临床、实验室发现
(R00-R99)

Chapter IV 第四章
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
内分泌、营养及新陈代谢疾病 (E00-E90)
Note: All neoplasms, whether functionally active or not, are
classified in Chapter Ⅱ. Appropriate codes in this chapter (i.e. E05.8, E07.0, E16-E31,
E34.-) may be used, if desired, as additional codes to indicate either functional activity
by neoplasms and ectopic endocrine tissue or hyperfunction and hypofunction of endocrine
glands associated with neoplasms and other conditions classified elsewhere.
注 : 不管有无 ( 内分泌 ) 功能 , 所有肿瘤皆归类於
第二章 , 本章有适当的释码可以使用 (如E05.8,E07.0,E16-E31,E34.-)
如有需要 , 可使用附码确认是由肿瘤及异位内分泌
腺所引起的功能活动或是与肿瘤及他处归类的病况
有关的内分泌腺的功能亢进或功能低下。
Excludes: complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the
puerperium (O00-O09)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
transitory endocrine and metabolic disorders specific to fetus and newborn (P70-P74)
不包含 : 怀孕、生产及产褥期的并发症 (O00-O99)
症状、候与他处未归类之临床及实验室异常所见
(R00-R99)
胎儿及新生儿特有的短暂性内分泌及新陈代谢疾患
(P70-P74)

E72
Other disorders of amino-acid metabolism
Excludes: abnormal findings without manifest disease (R70-R89)
disorders of:
. aromatic amino-acid metabolism (E70.-)
. branched-chain amino-acid metabolism (E71.0-E71.2)
. fatty-acid metabolism (E71.3)
. purine and pyrimidine metabolism (E79.-)
gout (M10.-)
其他氨基酸代谢疾患
不包含 : 未伴有疾病表现的异常发现 (R70-R89)
疾患 :
. 芳香族氨基酸代谢 (E70.-)
. 支链氨基酸代谢 (E71.0-E71.2)
. 脂肪酸代谢 (E71.3)
. 嘌呤及嘧啶代谢 (E79.-)
痛风 (M10.-)

Chapter V  第五章
Mental and behavioural disorders(F00-F99)
精神与行为障碍 (F00-F99)
Includes: disorders of psychological development
包含 : 心理发展之疾病
Excludes: symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and
laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
不包含 : 症状、徵候和异常临床及实验室发现 , 他
处未归类者 (R00-R99)

F45
Somatoform disorders
The main feature is repeated presentation of physical symptoms together with persistent
requests for medical investigations, in spite of repeated negative findings and
reassurances by doctors that the symptoms have no physical basis. If any physical
disorders are present, they do not explain the nature and extent of the symptoms or the
distress and preoccupation of the patient.
Excludes: dissociative disorders (F44.-)  
hair-plucking (F98.4)
lalling (F80.O)
lisping (F80.8)
nail-biting (F98.8)
psychological or behavioural factors associated with disorders or diseases classified
elsewhere (F54)
sexual dysfunction, not caused by organic disorder or disease (F52.-)
thumb-sucking (F98.8)
tic disorders (in childhood and adolescence) (F95.-)
Tourette's syndrome (F95.2)
trichotillomania (F63.3)
拟身体障碍症
主要特徵是重复地表现出身体症状 , 一直要做身体
检查 , 虽然检查结果是正常的 , 且医师已保证不是
生理原因引起此症状。即使有身体疾病存在 , 也无
法解释病患症状的性质和程度或病患的痛苦及彼等
全神贯注於此症状之状况。
不包含 : 解离症 (F44.-)
拔发 (F98.4)
讲音障碍 (F80.0)
口齿不清 (F80.8)
咬指甲 (F98.8)
他处已归类之身体障碍或身体疾病相关之心理或行
为因素 (F54)
非器质性之性功能障碍症 (F52.-)
吮姆指 (F98.8)
抽搐症 ( 儿童及青春期 ) (F95)
土雷徵候群 (F95.2)
拔毛症 (F63.3) 。

CHAPTER VI 第六章
Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G99)
神经系统疾病 (G00-G99)
Excludes: certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period (P00-P96)
不包含 : 确定状况源於出生前後期间 (P00-P96)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
确定感染性及寄生物疾病 (A00-B99)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
(O00-O99)
妊娠并发症、分娩及产後期 (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal
abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
先天性畸形、变形及染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
内分泌、营养性及代谢性之疾病 (E00-E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external
causes (S00-T98)
确定由其他外来原因所致之伤害及中毒 (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory
findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99)
检验报告及临床异常之症状 , 徵候 , 他处未归类者
(R00-R99)

Chapter VII  第七章
DISEASES OF THE EYE AND ADNEXA (H00-H59)
眼睛和附属器官的疾病 (H00-H59)
Excludes: certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P95)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
不包含 : 源於周产期之病况 (P00-P95)
特定传染性和寄生虫疾病 (A00-B99)
怀孕、生产和产褥期的并发症 (O00-O99)
先天性畸形、变形和染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养及新陈代谢疾病 (E00-E90)
损伤、中毒和外来原因的特定其他结果 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
其他章节未归类之症状、徵候和异常的临床及实验
室的所见 (R00-R99)

Chapter VIII 第八章
Diseases of the ear and mastoid process (H60-H95)
耳及乳突之疾病 (H60-H95)
Excludes: certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P96)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal
abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external
causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
不包含 : 周产期病况 (P00-P96)
特定传染性及寄生性疾病 (A00-B99)
妊娠、分娩及产褥期之并发症 (O00-O99)
先天畸形、变形及染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养及代谢疾病 (E00-E90)
外来原因之伤害、中毒及其他特定影响 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
症状、徵候与他处未归类之临床及实验室异常所见
(R00-R99)

Chapter IX 第九章
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (I00-I99)
循环系统疾病 (I00-I99)
Excludes: certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period (P00-P96)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
systemic connective tissue disorders (M30-M36)
transient cerebral ischaemic attacks and related syndromes (G45.-)
不包含 : 源於产褥期的特定疾患 (P00-P96)
特定感染性及寄生虫性疾病 (A00-B99)
怀孕、生产及产褥期的并发症 (O00-O99)
先天的异形、畸形及染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养及代谢的疾病 (E00-E90)
创伤、中毒及其他特定外在原因 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
他处未归类之症状、徵候及不正常临床及实验发现
(R00-R99)
全身性结缔组织疾患 (M30-M36)
短暂大脑缺血发作及相关症状 (G45.-)

Chapter X  第十章
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (J00-J99)
呼吸系统疾病 (J00-J99)
Note: When a respiratory condition is described as occurring
in more than one site and is not specifically indexed, it should be classified to the
lower anatomic site (e.g., tracheobronchitis to bronchitis in J40).
注 : 当呼吸道病况发生於一个位置以上 , 且无合适
之分类码可资使用时 , 应该归类於较低之解剖位置
之分类码 , 例如 : 气管和支。气管合并发炎时 , 应
归类於 J40 的支气管炎
Excludes: certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period (P00-P96)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
不包含 : 周产期病况 (P00-P96)
特定传染性及寄生性疾病 (A00-B99)
妊娠 , 生产及产褥期的并发症 (O00-O99)
先天畸形、变形及染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养及新陈代谢疾病 (E00-E90)
损伤、中毒和其他特定外因性病况 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
症状、徵候及他处未归类的异常之临床与实验室所
见 (R00-R99)

Chapter XI  第十一章
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM(KOO-K93)
消化系统疾病 (KOO-K93)
Excludes: certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period (P00-P96)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00- E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
不包含 : 源於周产期的病况 (P00-P96)
特定感染症及寄生虫疾病 (A00-B99)
妊娠、生产及产褥期的并发症 (O00-O99)
先天性畸形、变形及染免体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养及新陈代谢疾病 (E00-E90)
伤害、中毒和其他外因造成的特定影响 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
症状、徵候与他处未归类之异常临床及实验室发现
(R00-R99)

K93.8*
Disorders of other specified digestive organs in diseases classified
elsewhere
他处归类疾病中其他特定消化器官之疾患









Chapter XII  第十二章
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE (L00-L99)
皮肤及皮下组织疾病 (L00-L99)
Excludes:certain conditions originating the the perinatal
period (P00-P96)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
lipomelanotic reticulosis (I89.8)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
systemic connective tissue disorders (M30-M36)
不包含 : 周产期病况 (P00-P96)
特定传染性及寄生虫性疾病 (A00-B99)
妊娠、生产及产褥期的并发症 (O00-O99)
先天畸型、变型及染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养性和代谢性疾病 (E00-E90)
外伤、中毒和外来原因的特定其他结果 (S00-T98)
脂质黑变性网细胞增多 (I89.8)
赘瘤 (C00-D49)
症状、候与他处未归类之临床及实验室异常所见
(R00-R99)
全身性结缔组织疾患 (M30-M36)

Chapter XIII 第十叁章
DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE (M00-M99)
骨骼肌肉系统及结缔组织之疾病 (M00-M99)
Excludes: certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period (P00-P96)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
compartment syndrome (T79.6)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromos- omal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
不包含 : 周产期病况 (P00-P95)
特定传染性、寄生性疾病 (A00-B99)
间隔徵候群 (T79.6)
妊娠、生产及产褥期之并发症 (O00-O99)
先天异形、变形及染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养及代谢性疾病 (E00-E90)
伤害、中毒及外来原因之特定其他结果 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
他处未归类的症状 , 徵候及异常的临床及实验室发
现 (R00-R99)

Chapter XIV  第十四章
DISEASES OF THE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM (N00-N99)
泌尿生殖系统疾病 (N00-N99)
Excludes: certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period (P00-P96)
certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O99)
congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
neoplasms (C00-D48)
symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
(R00-R99)
不包含 : 周产期之病况 (P00-P96)
特定感染及寄生虫疾病 (A00-B99)
妊娠、生产及产褥期的并发症 (O00-O99)
先天性畸形、变形及染色体异常 (Q00-Q99)
内分泌、营养及新陈代谢疾病 (E00-E90)
损伤、中毒和外来原因的特定其他结果 (S00-T98)
肿瘤 (C00-D48)
他处未归类之症状、徵候及异常的临床和实验室发
现 (R00-R99)

Chapter XVIII  第十八章
SYMPTOMS,SIGNS AND ABNORMAL CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FINDINGS, NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED
(R00-R99)
症状、候与他处未归类之临床及实验室检查异常所
见 (ROO-R99)
This chapter includes symptoms,signs,abnormal results of
clinical or other investigative procedures,and ill-defined conditions regarding which no
diagnosis classifiable elsewhere is recorded.
本章包含症状、候与其他章节未归类之临床和检查
结果异常 , 及诊断欠明的病况。
Signs and symptoms that point rather definitely to a given
diagnosis have been assigned to a category in other chapters of the classification. In
general,categories in this chapter include the less well-defined conditions and symptoms
that, without the necessary study of the case to establish a final diagnosis, point
perhaps equally to two or more diseases or to two or more systems of the body. Practically
all categories in the chapter could be designated "not otherwise specified",
"unknown etiology" or "transient " The Alphabetical Index should be
consulted to determine which symptoms and signs are to be allocated here and which to
other chapters. The residual subcategories, numbered .8, are generally provided for other
relevant symptoms that cannot be allocated elsewhere in the classification.
症状与候相当清楚可列入其他章节之疾病诊断时 ,
须列在其他分类章节的范围内。一般来说 , 列在本
章节的分类 , 即表明源於诊断未明的病况 , 含两种
或两种以上多种疾病、多种系统及不需要进一步确
立诊断的病况及候。实际来看 , 本章的范围可视为
一些其他未明示的、病因欠明或暂时性的症状候 ,
可利用索引来查询症状或候所归类之章节。本章以
(.8) 来代表不易归类之相关症状的其他次分类项。
The conditions and signs or symptoms included in categories
R00-R99 consist of: (a) cases for which no more specific diagnosis can be made even after
all the facts bearing on the case have been investigated;(b) signs or symptoms existing at
the time of initial encounter that proved to be transient and whose causes could not be
determined;(c) provisional diagnoses in a patient who failed to return for further
investigation or care;(d) cases referred elsewhere for investigation or treatment before
the diagnosis was made;(e) cases in which a more precise diagnosis was not available for
any other reason; (f) certain symptoms, for which supplementary information is provided,
that represent important problems in medical care in their own right.
病况、症状及候包含在 ROO 至 R99 类项时 , 即包含下列
各种情况 (a) 病人检查後 , 无明示性之诊断 ; (b) 初期
发现且病程短暂及病因无法确认 ; (c) 无法进一步检
查或处理之暂时性诊断 ; (d) 须检查或治疗後才可确
定归类於其他章节的明确诊断 ; (e) 病例无法给予详
细诊断 ; (f) 在重要的医疗问题中症状与候的描述可
给予辅助性的资料时。
Excludes: abnormal findings on antenatal screening of mother
(O28.-)
certain conditions originating in the perinatal period(P00-P96)  
不包含 : 母亲产前检查之异常所见 (O28.-)
源於周产期之病况 (P00-P96)

R03.0
Elevated blood-pressure reading, without diagnosis of hypertension
Note: This category is to be used to record an episode of elevated blood pressure in a
patient in whom no formal diagnosis of hypertension has been made, or as an isolated
incidental finding.
尚未诊断为高血压之血压上升
注 : 此项诊断类项是应用於当患者未曾正式诊断为
高血压前有单次血压升高或偶发性的单独血压升高
者。

R22
Localized swelling, mass and lump of skin and subcutaneous tissue
Includes: subcutaneous nodules(localized)(superficial)
Excludes: abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging (R90-R93)
enlarged lymph nodes (R59.-)
localized adiposity (E65)
mass and lump:
.breast (N63)
.intra-abdominal or pelvic(R19.0)
oedema(R60.-)
swelling (of):
.intra-abdominal or pelvic(R19.0)
.joint(M25.4)
皮肤与皮下组织局部肿大、肿块及小块
包含 : 皮下结节 ( 局部性 ) ( 表层性 )
不包含 : 诊断影像之异常所见 (R90-R93)
淋巴结肿大 (R59.-)
局部性脂肪堆积 (E65)
下列肿块或小块 :
. 乳房 (N63)
. 腹腔内或骨盆腔 (R19.0)
水肿 (R60.-)
下列肿大 :
. 腹腔内或骨盆腔 (R19.0)
. 关节 (M25.4)

ABNORMAL FINDINGS ON EXAMINATION OF
BLOOD, WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS (R70-R79)
Excludes: abnormalities (of)(on):
.antenatal screening of mother (O28.-)
.coagulation (D65-D68)
.lipids (E78.-)
.platelets and thrombocytes (D69.-)
.white blood cells classified elsewhere (D70-D72)
diagnostic abnormal findings classified elsewhere-see
Alphabetical Index
haemorrhagic and haematological disorders of fetus and newborn (P50-P61)
尚未诊断之血液检查异常所见 (R70-R79)
不包含 : 下列异常情况 :
. 母亲产前检查 (O28.-)
. 血液凝固 (D65-D68)
. 脂质 (E78.-)
. 血小板 (D69.-)
. 其他处可归类之白血球
其他处所归类之诊断性异常所见 - 参考索引
胎儿及新生儿之出血性及血液疾患 (P50-P61)

R75
Laboratory evidence of human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]
Nonconclusive HIV-test finding in infants
Excludes: asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection status (Z21)
human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] disease (B20-B24)
人类免疫缺乏病毒 (HIV) 之实验室证据 
婴儿之非结论性人类免疫缺病毒 (HIV) 检验结果
不包含 : 无症状性人类免疫缺乏病毒 (HIV) 感染状态 (Z21)

R76
Other abnormal immunological findings in serum
其他血清免疫学检查异常

R76.8
Other specified abnormal immunological findings in serum
Raised level of immunoglobulins NOS
其他明示之血清免疫学异常检查
其他未明示的免疫球蛋白上升

R76.9
Abnormal immunological finding in serum, unspecified
血清免疫学检查异常 , 未明示者

R78
Findings of drugs and other substances, not normally found in blood
Excludes: mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use (F10-F19)
常态血液中不能发现之药物及其他物质
不包含 : 肇因於精神活性物质使用的心智或行为失
调 (F10-F19)

R78.0
Finding of alcohol in blood
Use additional external cause code (Y90.-), if desired, for detail regarding alcohol level
血液中含酒精
若需要详细的酒精含量 , 则使用附加外在原因的译
码 (Y90.-)

R78.1
Finding of opiate drug in blood
血液中含鸦片类药物

R78.2
Finding of cocaine in blood
血液中含古柯硷

R78.3
Finding of hallucinogen in blood
血液中含迷幻药

R78.4
Finding of other drugs of addictive potential in blood
血液中含成瘾倾向之其他药物

R78.5
Finding of psychotropic drug in blood
血液中含精神作用之药物

R78.6
Finding of steroid agent in blood
血液中含类固醇药物

R78.7
Finding of abnormal level of heavy metals in blood
血液中含异常含量之重金属

R78.8
Finding of other specified substances, not normally found in blood
Finding of abnormal level of lithium in blood
血液中含常态血中所无之其他特定物质
血液中含异常含量之锂盐

R78.9
Finding of unspecified substance, not normally found in blood
血液中含有常态血中所无之未明示物质

R79
Other abnormal findings of blood chemistry
Excludes: abnormality of fluid, electrolyte or acid-base balance (E86-E87)
asymptomatic hyperuricaemia (E79.0)
hyperglycaemia NOS (R73.9)
hypoglycaemia NOS (E16.2)
.neonatal (P70.3-P70.4)
specific findings indicating disorder of:
.amino-acid metabolism (E70-E72)
.carbohydrate metabolism (E73-E74)
.lipid metabolism (E75.-)
其他之血液中化学物质异常
不包含 : 液体、电解质或酸硷平衡异常 (E86-E87)
无症状之高尿酸血症 (E79.0)
其他未明示的高血糖 (R73.9)
其他未明示的低血糖 (E16.2)
. 新生儿 (P70.3-P70.4)
下列显示失调之特定检查所见 :
. 胺基酸代谢 (E70-E72)
. 碳水化合物代谢 (E73-E74)
. 脂质代谢 (E75)

R79.8
Other specified abnormal findings of blood chemistry
其他明示之血液中化学物质异常

R79.9
Abnormal finding of blood chemistry, unspecified
其他血液中化学物质异常 , 未明示者

ABNORMAL FINDINGS ON EXAMINATION OF
URINE, WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS (R80-R82)
Excludes: abnormal findings on antenatal screening of mother (O28.-)
diagnostic abnormal findings classified elsewhere-see Alphabetical Index
specific findings indicating disorder of:
.amino-acid metabolism (E70-E72)
.carbohydrate metabolism (E73-E74)
尚未诊断之尿液检查异常所见 (R80-R82)
不包含 : 母亲产前检查之异常所见 (O28.-)
归类他处之诊断性异常所见 - 参考索引
显示疾患之特定所见 :
. 胺基酸代谢 (E70-E72)
. 碳水化合物代谢 (E73-E74)

R82
Other abnormal findings in urine
Excludes: haematuria (R31)
尿中其他异常所见
不包含 : 血尿 (R31)

R82.7
Abnormal findings on microbiological examination of urine
Positive culture findings
尿中微生物检查异常
阳性之培养结果

R82.8
Abnormal findings on cytological and histological examination of urine
尿中细胞学及组织学异常所见

R82.9
Other and unspecified abnormal findings in urine
Cells and casts in urine
Crystalluria
Melanuria
其他及未明示之尿中异常所见
尿中含细胞及圆柱体
晶体尿
黑尿症

ABNORMAL FINDINGS ON EXAMINATION OF
OTHER BODY FLUIDS, SUBSTANCES AND TISSUES, WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS (R83-R89)
Excludes: abnormal findings on:
. antenatal screening of mother (O28.-)
. examination of:
. blood, without diagnosis (R70-R79)
. urine, without diagnosis (R80-R82)
diagnostic abnormal findings classified elsewhere-see Alphabetical Index
尚未诊断之其他体液、身体物质及组织检查异常所
见 (R83-R89)
不包含 : 下列之异常所见 :
. 母亲产前检查 (O28.-)
. 下列之检查 :
. 血液 , 无诊断 (R70-R79)
. 尿液 , 无诊断 (R80-R82)
他处可归类的诊断异常所见 - 参考字母索引




The following fourth-character subdivisions are for use with
categories R83-R89:
下列第四码次分类并用於范围 R83-R89 :

.4
Abnormal immunological findings
免疫学异常所见

.5
Abnormal microbiological findings
Positive culture findings
微生物学异常所见
阳性培养所见

.6
Abnormal cytological findings
Abnormal Papanicolaou smear
细胞学异常所见
异常子宫颈抹片检查所见

.7
Abnormal histological findings
组织学异常所见

.8
Other abnormal findings
Abnormal chromosomal findings
其他异常所见
染色体异常

.9
Unspecified abnormal finding
未明示的异常所见




R83
Abnormal findings in cerebrospinal fluid
脑脊髓液异常所见

R84
Abnormal findings in specimens from respiratory organs and thorax
Abnormal findings in:
.bronchial washings
.nasal secretions
.pleural fluid
.sputum
.throat scrapings
Excludes: blood-stained sputum(R04.2)
胸腔与呼吸器官检体之异常所见
下列之异常所见 :
. 支气管清洗液
. 鼻分泌液
. 肋膜积水
. 痰液
. 咽喉刷检
不包含 : 含血痰 (R04.2)

R85
Abnormal findings in specimens from digestive organs and abdominal
cavity
Abnormal findings in:
.peritoneal fluid
.saliva
Excludes: faecal abnormalities(R19.5)
消化器及腹腔检体之异常所见
下列之异常所见 :
. 腹膜液
. 唾液
不包含 : 大便异常 (R19.5)

R86
Abnormal findings in specimens from male genital organs
Abnormal findings in:
.prostatic secretions
.semen, seminal fluid
Abnormal spermatozoa
Excludes: azoospermia (N46)
oligospermia (N46)
男性生殖器检体之异常所见
下列之异常所见 :
. 前列腺分泌液
. 精液 , 贮精囊液
异常精子
不包含 : 无精症 (N46)
少精症 (N46)

R87
Abnormal findings in specimens from female genital organs
Abnormal findings in secretions and smears from:
. cervix uteri
. vagina
. vulva
Excludes: carcinoma in situ (D05-D07.3)
dysplasia of:
. cervix uteri (N87.-)
. vagina (N89.0-N89.3)
. vulva (N90.0-N90.3)
女性生殖器检体之异常所见
下列分泌液及抹片之异常所见 :
. 子宫颈
. 阴道
. 阴唇
不包含 : 原位癌 (D05-D07.3)
异常化生 :
. 子宫颈 (N87.-)
. 阴道 (N89.0-N89.3)
. 阴唇 (N90.-N90.3)

R89
Abnormal findings in specimens from other organs, systems and tissues
Abnormal findings in:
.nipple discharge
.synovial fluid
.wound secretions
其他器官、系统与组织检体之异常所见
下列之异常所见 :
. 乳头流出物
. 滑膜液
. 伤口分泌液

ABNORMAL FINDINGS ON DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
AND IN FUNCTION STUDIES, WITHOUT DIAGNOSIS (R90-R94)
Includes:nonspecific abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging by:
. computerized axial tomography [CAT scan]
. magnetic resonance imaging [MRI][NMR]
. positron emission tomography [PET scan]
. thermography
. ultrasound [echogram]
. X-ray examination
Excludes: abnormal findings on antenatal screening of mother (O28.-)
diagnostic abnormal findings classified elsewhere-see Alphabetical Index
尚未诊断之诊断性影像与功能检查异常所见 (R90-R94)
包含 : 下列诊断性影像之非特定异常所见
. 电脑断层扫描检查 (CAT scan)
. 核磁共振仪检查 (MRI)(NMR)
. 正子流扫描检查 (PET scan)
. 测温仪检查
. 超音波检查
. X 光检查
不包含 : 母亲产前检查之异常所见 (O28.-)
他处可归类之诊断性异常所见 - 参考字母索引

R90
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of central nervous system
中枢神经系统之诊断性影像异常所见

R90.8
Other abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of central nervous system
Abnormal echoencephalogram
其他中枢神经系统之诊断性影像异常所见
脑部超音波异常

R91
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of lung
Coin lesion NOS
Lung mass NOS
肺之诊断性影像异常所见
其他未明示的钱币形病灶
其他未明示的肺部肿块

R92
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of breast
乳房之诊断性影像异常所见

R93
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of other body structures
其他身体构造之诊断性影像异常所见

R93.0
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of skull and head, not elsewhere
classified
Excludes: intracranial space-occupying lesion (R90.0)
他处未归类之颅骨与头之诊断性影像异常所见
不包含 : 颅内占位性病变 (R90.0)

R93.1
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of heart and coronary
circulation
Abnormal:
.echocardiogram NOS
.heart shadow
心脏与冠状脉管循环之诊断性影像异常所现
含下列异常的 :
. 未明示的心脏超音波检查
. 心脏造影图

R93.2
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of liver and biliary tract
Nonvisualization of gallbladder
肝与胆道之诊断性影像异常所见
胆囊未显现影像

R93.3
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of other parts of digestive
tract
消化道其他部位之诊断性影像异常所见

R93.4
Abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging of urinary organs
Filling defect of:
. bladder
. kidney
. ureter
Excludes: hypertrophy of kidney (N28.8)
泌尿器官之诊断性影像异常所见
下列器官缺陷 :
. 膀胱
. 肾
. 输尿管


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