exposure

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exposure [ iks'pəuʒə] n.暴露；揭露；曝光

exposure [iks'pəuʒə] 曝光度

Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures
建筑物内部放火和防暴推荐操作

double exposure 两次曝光

exposure meter 曝光表

selective exposure 选择性接触

It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.
必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

曝光补偿 Exposure Compensation

测光方式 Exposure Metering

Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像

Exposure 曝光

Exposure table 曝光表格

Exposure chart 曝光曲线

Exposure fog 曝光灰雾

Exposure，radiographic exposure 曝光，射线照相曝光

Indirect exposure 间接曝光

Panoramic exposure 全景曝光

Radiographic exposure 射线照相曝光量

There is a great difference between exposure of the mind and that of the body.
William Hazlitt, British critic and essayist
表露思想与展露身体之间存在极大的不同。
英国批评家、散文家哈兹里特.W.

exposure to 暴露，显露；曝光

暴光 exposure

暴露 uncase; debunk; divulge; divulged; expose; exposed; exposure; reveal; showdown; showup; bewray

暴光 [bào guāng] /exposure/

曝光 [pù guāng] /exposure/

曝露 [pù lù] /expose/exposure/

{adj: adust, baked, parched, scorched, sunbaked} dried out by heat or excessive exposure to sunlight
"a vast desert all adust"
"land lying baked in the heat"
"parched soil"
"the earth was scorched and bare"
"sunbaked salt flats"

{adj: air-dry} not giving off moisture on exposure to the air

{adj: blase, bored} uninterested because of frequent exposure or indulgence
"his blase indifference"
"a petulant blase air"
"the bored gaze of the successful film star"

{adj: bronzed, suntanned, tanned} (of skin) having a tan color from exposure to the sun
"a young bronzed Apollo"

{adj: chapped, cracked, roughened} used of skin roughened as a result of cold or exposure
"chapped lips"

{adj: direct, unmediated} having no intervening persons, agents, conditions
"in direct sunlight"
"in direct contact with the voters"
"direct exposure to the disease"
"a direct link"
"the direct cause of the accident"
"direct vote"

{adj: enured, inured, hardened} made tough by habitual exposure
"hardened fishermen"
"a peasant, dark, lean-faced, wind-inured"- Robert Lynd
"our successors...may be graver, more inured and equable men"- V.S.Pritchett

{adj: exhibitionistic} compulsively attracting attention to yourself especially by public exposure or exaggerated behavior

{adj: fluorescent} emitting light during exposure to radiation from an external source

{adj: fumed} (of wood) darkened or colored by exposure to ammonia fumes
"fumed oak"

{adj: immunocompetent} capable of developing an immune response following exposure to an antigen
"immunocompetent cells"
<-> immunodeficient

{adj: immunodeficient} incapable of developing an immune response following exposure to an antigen
"immunodeficient rodents"
<-> immunocompetent

{adj: new} unaffected by use or exposure
"it looks like new"
<-> worn

{adj: snow-blind, snow-blinded} temporarily blinded by exposure to light reflected from snow or ice

{adj: southerly, southern} situated in or oriented toward the south
"a southern exposure"
"took a southerly course"

{adj: sunbaked} baked or hardened by exposure to sunlight; not burned
"sunbaked adobe bricks"

{adj: toasted} browned over by exposure to heat
"he liked toasted marshmallows"

{adj: toxic} of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison
"suffering from exposure to toxic substances"
<-> nontoxic

{adj: untoasted} not having been browned by exposure to heat

{adj: unweathered} not worn by exposure to the weather
"chemical weathering was beginning to attack the unweathered bedrock"

{adj: weather-beaten, weatherworn, weathered} worn by exposure to the weather
"a house of weathered shingles"

{adj: weatherproof} able to withstand exposure to weather without damage
"weatherproof electric wiring"
"a weatherproof coat"

{n: Mantoux test} tuberculin (a derivative of tubercle bacillus) is injected intradermally; a red area appearing 1-3 days later signifies an exposure (past or present) to tubercle bacilli and the need for further testing

{n: acrocyanosis, Raynaud's sign} cyanosis of the extremities; can occur when a spasm of the blood vessels is caused by exposure to cold or by strong emotion

{n: actinic dermatitis} dermatitis caused exposure to sunlight

{n: actinic keratosis} an overgrowth of skin layers resulting from extended exposure to the sun

{n: alveolitis} inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs caused by inhaling dust; with repeated exposure the condition may become chronic

{n: anaphylactic shock} a severe and rapid and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to a substance (especially a vaccine or penicillin or shellfish or insect venom) to which the organism has become sensitized by previous exposure

{n: aplastic anemia, aplastic anaemia} anemia characterized by pancytopenia resulting from failure of the bone marrow; can be caused by neoplasm or by toxic exposure

{n: biosafety level 1} exposure only to infectious agents that do not ordinarily cause human disease

{n: biosafety level 2} exposure to infectious agents that can cause disease in humans but whose potential for transmission is limited

{n: biosafety level 3} exposure to infectious agents that can be transmitted by the respiratory route and which can cause serious infection

{n: biosafety level 4} exposure to exotic infectious agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease and can be transmitted as an aerosol and for which there is no vaccine or therapy

{n: biosafety level} the level of safety from exposure to infectious agents; depends on work practices and safety equipment and facilities

{n: biosafety} safety from exposure to infectious agents

{n: broil, broiling, grilling} cooking by direct exposure to radiant heat (as over a fire or under a grill)

{n: brown pine, Rockingham podocarp, Podocarpus elatus} large Australian tree with straight-grained yellow wood that turns brown on exposure

{n: burn} an injury caused by exposure to heat or chemicals or radiation

{n: chilblain, chilblains, pernio} inflammation of the hands and feet caused by exposure to cold and moisture

{n: cysteine} an amino acid containing sulfur that is found in most proteins; oxidizes on exposure to air to form cystine

{n: dissemination, airing, public exposure, spreading} the opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate

{n: etiolation} (botany) the act of causing a plant to develop without chlorophyll by growing it without exposure to sunlight
"the etiolation of celery"

{n: exceedance} (geology) the probability that an earthquake will generate a level of ground motion that exceeds a specified reference level during a given exposure time
"the concept of exceedance can be applied to any type of environmental risk modeling"

{n: expose, unmasking} the exposure of an impostor or a fraud
"he published an expose of the graft and corruption in city government"

{n: exposure therapy} a form of behavior therapy in which a survivor confronts feelings or phobias or anxieties about a traumatic event and relives it in the therapy situation

{n: exposure} abandoning without shelter or protection (as by leaving as infant out in the open)

{n: exposure} aspect re light or wind
"the studio had a northern exposure"

{n: exposure} presentation to view in an open or public manner
"the exposure of his anger was shocking"

{n: exposure} the act of exposing film to light

{n: exposure} the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience
"she denounced the exposure of children to pornography"

{n: exposure} the disclosure of something secret
"they feared exposure of their campaign plans"

{n: exposure} the intensity of light falling on a photographic film or plate
"he used the wrong exposure"

{n: exposure} vulnerability to the elements; to the action of heat or cold or wind or rain
"exposure to the weather" or "they died from exposure";

{n: fatty liver} yellow discoloration as a result of the accumulation of certain fats (triglycerides) in the liver; can be caused by alcoholic cirrhosis or pregnancy or exposure to certain toxins

{n: firewall} (computing) a security system consisting of a combination of hardware and software that limits the exposure of a computer or computer network to attack from crackers; commonly used on local area networks that are connected to the internet

{n: freemail} a service providing free email delivery in exchange for exposure to advertising

{n: fumed oak} oak given a weathered appearance by exposure to fumes of ammonia; used for cabinetwork

{n: heatstroke, heat hyperpyrexia} collapse caused by exposure to excessive heat

{n: heliotherapy, insolation} therapeutic exposure to sunlight

{n: hepatitis C} a viral hepatitis clinically indistinguishable from hepatitis B but caused by a single-stranded RNA virus; usually transmitted by parenteral means (as injection of an illicit drug or blood transfusion or exposure to blood or blood products)

{n: history, account, chronicle, story} a record or narrative description of past events
"a history of France"
"he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president"
"the story of exposure to lead"

{n: immunocompetence} the ability to develop an immune response following exposure to an antigen
<-> immunodeficiency

{n: indecent exposure, public nudity} vulgar and offensive nakedness in a public place

{n: latex} a milky exudate from certain plants that coagulates on exposure to air

{n: light meter, exposure meter, photometer} photographic equipment that measures the intensity of light

{n: magazine, cartridge} a light-tight supply chamber holding the film and supplying it for exposure as required

{n: mesothelioma} a rare form of carcinoma of the mesothelium lining lungs or abdomen or heart; usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust

{n: muckraking} the exposure of scandal (especially about public figures)

{n: occupational disease, industrial disease} disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment (usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts)

{n: photalgia, photophobia} pain in the eye resulting from exposure to bright light (often associated with albinism)

{n: photograph, photo, exposure, pic} a picture of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material

{n: photoretinitis} damage to the retina resulting from exposure of the eye to the sun without adequate protection

{n: radiation sickness, radiation syndrome, radiation} syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours
"he was suffering from radiation"

{n: radiotherapy, radiation therapy, radiation, actinotherapy, irradiation} (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance

{n: repudiation, debunking} the exposure of falseness or pretensions
"the debunking of religion has been too successful"

{n: risk, risk of exposure} the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent

{n: risk, risk of infection} the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred

{n: roentgen, R} a unit of radiation exposure; the dose of ionizing radiation that will produce 1 electrostatic unit of electricity in 1 cc of dry air

{n: sensitometer} a measuring instrument for measuring the light sensitivity of film over a range of exposures

{n: shipping fever, shipping pneumonia} a deadly form of septicemia in cattle and sheep; involves high fever and pneumonia; contracted under conditions of exposure or exhaustion (as often happens when the animals are shipped to market)

{n: shutter} a mechanical device on a camera that opens and closes to control the time of a photographic exposure

{n: snowblindness, snow-blindness} temporary blindness caused by exposure to sunlight reflected from snow or ice

{n: solarization, solarisation} exposure to the rays of the sun

{n: sun parlor, sun parlour, sun porch, sunporch, sunroom, sun lounge, solarium} a room enclosed largely with glass and affording exposure to the sun

{n: sunburn, erythema solare} redness of the skin caused by exposure to the rays of the sun

{n: sunhat, sun hat} a hat with a broad brim that protects the face from direct exposure to the sun

{n: sunstroke, insolation, thermic fever, siriasis} sudden prostration due to exposure to the sun or excessive heat

{n: tachistoscope, t-scope} scientific instrument used by psychologists; presents visual stimuli for brief exposures

{n: tan, suntan, sunburn, burn} a browning of the skin resulting from exposure to the rays of the sun

{n: tanning} process in which skin pigmentation darkens as a result of exposure to ultraviolet light

{n: tetanus antitoxin} antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus

{n: tetanus immunoglobulin, tetanus immune globulin} sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus

{n: thallium, Tl, atomic number 81} a soft grey malleable metallic element that resembles tin but discolors on exposure to air; it is highly toxic and is used in rodent and insect poisons; occurs in zinc blende and some iron ores

{n: time exposure} a photograph produced with a relatively long exposure time

{n: time exposure} exposure of a film for a relatively long time (more than half a second)

{n: tine test} a tuberculin test in which a disk with several tines bearing tuberculin antigen is used to puncture the skin; development of a hard red area indicates past or present exposure to tubercle bacilli and the need for further testing

{n: trench foot, immersion foot} resembling frostbite but without freezing; resulting from exposure to cold and wet

{n: visibility, profile} degree of exposure to public notice
"that candidate does not have sufficient visibility to win an election"

{n: vulnerability, exposure} the state of being vulnerable or exposed
"his vulnerability to litigation"
"his exposure to ridicule"

{n: windage, wind exposure} exposure to the wind (as the exposed part of a vessel's hull which is responsible for wind resistance)

{n: windburn} redness and irritation of the skin caused by exposure to high-velocity wind

{v: air-slake} alter by exposure to air with conversion at least in part to a carbonate
"air-slake lime"

{v: digest} soften or disintegrate, as by undergoing exposure to heat or moisture

{v: parch, sear} cause to wither or parch from exposure to heat
"The sun parched the earth"

{v: sensitize, sensitise} make sensitive to a drug or allergen
"Long-term exposure to this medicine may sensitize you to the allergen"

{v: sun, insolate, solarize, solarise} expose to the rays of the sun or affect by exposure to the sun
"insolated paper may turn yellow and crumble"
"These herbs suffer when sunned"

{v: tarnish, stain, maculate, sully, defile} make dirty or spotty, as by exposure to air ; also used metaphorically
"The silver was tarnished by the long exposure to the air"
"Her reputation was sullied after the affair with a married man"

{v: winnow} treat by exposure to a current of air so that waste matter is eliminated
"winnow grain"

Arnault, of course, vows to work his magic on Fendi. t's a hot product with limited exposure, he says.
当然，阿诺尔特发誓要对芬迪实施自己的魔法。他说：

The added exposure that Australia and New Zealand have given the Cup has made it all the more desirable for the U.S. to reclaim: the New York Yacht Club is already forecasting a US$ 1 billion boon to the region if the Cup returns.
澳大利亚与新西兰使杯赛倍添光彩。这样一来，美国人更想收回杯赛的主办资格：纽约帆船俱乐部预测，只要杯赛能重回美国，举办地将获得高达 10亿美元的收益。

The band led by example in April, 1998, by refusing to perform at a high-exposure Toulouse concert on the grounds that ticket prices were too high.
例如， 1998年 4月，该乐队带头拒绝参加一场在图卢兹被炒得沸沸扬扬的音乐会，原因是票价太高。

In all, 167 countries have signed the treaty. But, it is legally binding only for the 57 countries that have ratified it. The treaty sets standards and guidelines for tobacco advertising, pricing and smuggling. It also aims to limit non-smokers' exposure to other people's smoke.
总共有167个国家签署了条约，不过，只有57个国家已经正式批准条约，烟草控制公约只在这五十几个国家内具有法律约束力。条约订定了有关香烟广告、价格和走私等的标准和准则，同时还保护不吸烟者少受吸烟者的污染。

"The threat is real and the potential is very high," he said. "The longer the virus circulates the way it does in poultry production systems and in ducks, the higher is the probability of exposure of humans and if we are indeed unlucky and have human influenza at the same time, there is increased likelihood of reassortment and therefore of the generation of pandemic."
于茨说，“这种危险是现实的，可能性也很大。病毒在禽类生产系统和鸭子中传播的时间越长，人类接触到病毒的可能性越大。如果我们不幸同时患有流感，这两类病毒之间再组合的可能就会增加，因此发生流行病的可能性也会增加。

人体接触污染物 Human exposure to pollutants

HS90274000
Exposure meters
曝光表

F62
Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and
disease
Disorders of adult personality and behaviour that have developed in persons with no
previous personality disorder following exposure to catastrophic or excessive prolonged
stress, or following a severe psychiatric illness. These diagnoses should be made only
when there is evidence of a definite and enduring change in a person's pattern of
perceiving, relating to, or thinking about the environment and himself or herself. The
personality change should be significant and be associated with inflexible and maladaptive
behaviour not present before the pathogenic experience. The change should not be a direct
manifestation of another mental disorder or a residual symptom of any antecedent mental
disorder.
Excludes: personality and behavioural disorder due to brain disease, damage and
dysfunction (F07.-)
非器质性人格变异症
某些成人并非原先存在人格违常或行为违常，而是
续发於发生灾难之後，暴露在长期压力之後或续发
於严重精神疾病之後。除非有证据显示，以下情形
才做此诊断：此病人对环境及自我的看法与他人的
关系确定有一长期持续的改变。此种人格改变必需
是明显的、僵化的、不适应的而且此种现象在此病
态经验之前不曾出现过。此一人格违常并非直接是
另一精神疾病的临床表现，亦非任何先前存在的精
神疾病之残馀症状。
不包含：由於脑部疾病，受损及功能障碍所引发的
人格及行为违常 (F07.-)

F62.0
Enduring personality change after catastrophic experience ,br>
Enduring personality change, present for at least two years, following exposure to
catastrophic stress. The stress must be so extreme that it is not necessary to consider
personal vulnerability in order to explain its profound effect on the personality. The
disorder is characterized by a hostile or distrustful attitude towards the world, social
withdrawal feelings of emptiness or hopelessness, a chronic feeling of "being on
edge" as if constantly threatened, and estrangement. Post-traumatic stress disorder
(F43.1) may precede this type of personality change.
Personality change after:
. concentration camp experiences
. disasters
. prolonged:
. captivity with an imminent possibility of being killed
. exposure to life-threatening situations such as being a victim of terrorism
. torture
Excludes: post-traumatic stress disorder (F43.1)
灾难後长久人格变异症
续发於经历灾难之後，至少持续两年的人格改变。
此灾难构成的压力极大以致於我们不须考虑用个人
的脆弱性来解释此压力在人格所造成的重大作用。
此种人格违常之特质：对世界抱持敌对、不信任的
态度，变得较退缩，感到空虚或绝望，长期紧张像
是持续受到威胁一样，有疏离感。在此种人格改变
之前可以有创伤後压力徵候群之存在。
人格改变发生在以下事件之後：
．集中营
．大灾难
．持续的：
．被囚禁且即将可能被处死
．暴露在生命受威胁的情境之下，如身为恐怖政治
下的牺牲者。
．折磨的苦痛
不包含：创伤後压力徵候群 (F43.1)

F65.2
Exhibitionism
A recurrent or persistent tendency to expose the genitalia to strangers (usually of the
opposite sex) or to people in public places, without inviting or intending closer contact.
There is usually, but not invariably, sexual excitement at the time of the exposure and
the act is commonly followed by masturbation.
暴露症
经常或反覆地在陌生人（通常是异性）或公共场合
暴露个人之性器，但并不企求进一步之性接触。此
举动以达到性兴奋为目的，事後通常还会有进行自
慰行为。

H16.2
Keratoconjunctivitis
Keratoconjunctivitis:
. NOS
. exposure
. neurotrophic
. phlyctenular
Ophthalmia nodosa
Superficial keratitis with conjunctivitis
角结膜炎
角结膜炎：
．其他未明示的
．暴露性
．神经营养性的
．小水泡的
结节性眼炎
表面角膜炎伴有结膜炎

L57
Skin changes due to chronic exposure to nonionizing radiation
慢性暴露於非游离辐射的皮肤变化　　　　

L57.8
Other skin changes due to chronic exposure to nonionizing radiation
Farmer's skin
Sailor's skin
Solar dermatitis
慢性暴沾於非游离辐射 0 的其他皮肤变化
农夫皮肤症
水手皮肤症
日光性皮肤炎

L57.9
Skin changes due to chronic exposure to nonionizing radiation
,unspecified
慢性暴露於非游离辐射的未明示皮肤变化　　　　

P04.6
Fetus and newborn affected by maternal exposure to environmental
chemical substances
母体暴露於环境化学物质所致之胎儿及新生儿

R53
Malaise and fatigue
Asthenia NOS
Debility:
．NOS
．chronic
．nervous
General physical deterioration
Lethargy
Tiredness
Excludes: debility:
．congenital (P96.9)
．senile (R54)
exhaustion and fatigue (due to)(in):
．combat(F43.0)
．excessive exertion (T73.3)
．exposure (T73.2)
．heat (T67.-)
．neurasthenia (F48.0)
．pregnancy (O26.8)
．senile asthenia (R54)
fatigue syndrome (F48.0)
．postviral (G93.3)
倦怠及疲劳
其他未明示的无力感
虚弱：
．其他未明示的
．慢性
．神经性
全身体能耗弱
嗜睡
疲倦
不包含：下列情况之虚弱：
．先天性（P96.9）
．衰老性（R54）
肇因於下列之虚耗与倦怠：
．格斗（F43.O）
．过度用力（F73.3）
．暴露（T73.2）
．热（T67.-）
．神经衰弱（F48.0）
．妊娠（O26.8）
．老年性无力（R54）
倦怠徵候群（F48.0）
．病毒感染後 (G93.3)

T73.2
Exhaustion due to exposure
肇因於曝露之衰竭

V97.8
Other air transport accidents not elsewhere classified
Injury from machinery on aircraft
Excludes: aircraft accident NOS (V95.9)
exposure to changes in air pressure during ascent or descent (W94.-)
他处未分类其他空中运输事故
在飞行器上被机器伤害
不包含：其他未明示飞行器事故 (V95.9)
上升或下降时，暴露於气压的改变 (W94.-)

Exposure to inanimate mechanical forces
(W20-W49)
[See pages 1013-1017 for fourth-character subdivisions〕
Excludes: assault (X85-Y09)
contact or collision with animals or persons (W50-W64)
intentional self-harm (X60-X84)
暴露於非生命体的机械力 (W20-W49)
( 见 1013-1017 页第四码次分类 )
不包含：攻击 (X85-Y09)
与动物或人接触或相撞 (W50-W64)
蓄意性自害 (X60-X84)

W28
Contact with powered lawnmower
Excludes: exposure to electric current (W86.-)
与动力锄草机接触
不包含：与电流接触 (W86.-)

W29
Contact with other powered hand tools and household machinery
Includes: blender
powered:
. can-opener
. chain-saw
. do-it-yourself tool
. garden tool
. hedge-trimmer
. knife
. sewing-machine
* spin-drier
washing-machine
Excludes: exposure to electric current (W86.-)
与其他动力手工具和家庭用机器接触
包含：搅拌机
动力：
．开罐器
．链锯
．自己动手做之工具
．园艺工具
．修边器
．刀
．缝衣机
脱水机
洗衣机
不包含：与电流接触 (W86.-)

W30
Contact with agricultural machinery
Includes: animal-powered farm machine
combine harvester
derrick, hay
farm machinery NOS
reaper
thresher
Excludes: contact with agricultural machinery in transport under own power or being towed
by a vehicle (V01-V99)
exposure to electric current (W86.-)
与农业机器接触
包含：动物推动农业机器
合成收获机
乾草起重机
其他未明示农业机器
收割机
打谷机
不包含：由车拖或自动农业运输机器接触 (V01-V99)
与电流接触 (W86.-)

W31
Contact with other and unspecified machinery
Includes: machine NOS
recreational machinery
Excludes: contact with machinery in transport under own power or being towed by a vehicle
(V01-V99)
exposure to electric current (W86.-)
其他和未明示的机器接触
包含：其他未明示机器
休闲机器
不包含：由车拖或自动运输机器接触 (V01-V99)
与电流接触 (W86.-)

W41
Exposure to high-pressure jet
Includes: hydraulic jet
pneumatic jet
暴露於高压喷射柱
包含：水柱
气柱

W42
Exposure to noise
Includes: sound waves
supersonic waves
暴露於噪音
包含：声波
超音波

W43
Exposure to vibration
Includes: infrasound waves
暴露於震动
包含 : 低音波

W49
Exposure to other and unspecified inanimate mechanical forces
Includes: abnormal gravitational [G] forces
其他和未明示机械力的暴露
包含：不正常重力

Exposure to animate mechanical forces
(W50-W64)
[See pages 1013-1017 for fourth-character subdivisions]
Excludes: bites, venomous (X20-X29)
stings (venomous) (X20-X29)
机械力的暴露 (W50-W64)
( 见 1013-1017 页第四码次分类 )
不包含：有毒的咬伤 (X20-X29)
有毒的刺 (X20-X29)

W64
Exposure to other and unspecified animate mechanical forces
其他和未明示生物之伤害

Exposure to electric current, radiation,
and extreme ambient air temperature and pressure (W85-W99)
[See pages 1013-1017 for fourth-character subdivisions]
Excludes: exposure to:
. natural:
. cold (X31.-)
. heat (X30.-)
. radiation NOS (X39.-)
. sunlight (X32.-)
victim of lightning (X33.-)
暴露於电流、放射线和极端气温和气压 (W85-W99)
〔见 1013-1017 页第四码次分类〕
不包含：暴露於：
．自然界的：
．冷 (X31.-)
．热 (X30.-)
．放射线，其他未明示的 (X39.-)
．阳光 (X32.-)
闪电受害者 (X33.-)

W85
Exposure to electric transmission lines
暴露於输电线

W86
Exposure to other specified electric current
暴露於其他明示的电流

W87
Exposure to unspecified electric current
Includes: burns or other injury from electric current NOS
electric shock NOS
electrocution NOS
暴露於未明示的电流
包含：由电流引起的烧伤或其他伤害，其他未明示
者
电击，其他未明示者
电刑，其他未明示者

W88
Exposure to ionizing radiation
Includes: radioactive isotopeS
X-rays
暴露於游离辐射
包含：放射性同位素
X光

W89
Exposure to man-made visible and ultraviolet light
Includes: welding light (arc)
暴露於人为可见光和紫外线光
包含：焊接光（弧光）

W90
Exposure to other nonionizing radiation
Includes: infrared —radiation
laser —radiation
radiofrequency —radiation
暴露於其他非游离子性放射线
包含：红外线 — 放射线
雷射 — 放射线
射频 — 放射线

W91
Exposure to unspecified type of radiation
暴露於未明示形式的放射线

W92
Exposure to excessive heat of man-made origin
暴露於人为因素造成过热

W93
Exposure to excessive cold of man-made origin
Includes: contact with or inhalation of:
. dry ice
. liquid:
. air
. hydrogen
. nitrogen
prolonged exposure in deep-freeze unit
暴露於人为因素造成过冷
包含：接触或吸入
．乾冰
．液体
．空气
．氢气
．氦气
长期暴露在极度冷冻场所

W94
Exposure to high and low air pressure and changes in air pressure
Includes: high air pressure from rapid descent in water reduction in atmospheric pressure
while surfacing from:
. deep-water diving
. underground
residence or prolonged visit at high altitude as the cause of:
. anoxia
. barodontalgia
. barotitis
. hypoxia
. mountain sickness
sudden change in air pressure in aircraft during ascent or descent
暴露於高低气压及气压变化
包含：因快速沈入水中所引起的高气压，从下述状
况浮出所致之大气
压力下降：
．深水潜水
．地下道
居住或长期停留在高地而导致：
．缺氧
．高空牙痛症
．气压性耳炎
．缺氧
．高山病
当飞行器上升或下降气压突然改变

W99
Exposure to other and unspecified man-made environmental factors
暴露於其他和未明示的人为环境因素

Exposure to smoke, fire and flames
(X00-X09)
[See pages 1013-1017 for fourth-character subdivisions]
Includes: fire caused by lightning
Excludes: arson (X97.-)
secondary fire resulting from explosion (W35-W40)
transport accidents (V01-V99)
暴露於烟雾、火灾、与火焰 (X00-X09)
〔见 1013-1017 页第四码次分类〕
包含：雷电引起的火灾
不包含：纵火 (X97.-)
由爆炸引起的火灾 (W35-W40)
运输事故 (V01-V99)

X00
Exposure to uncontrolled fire in building or structure
collapse of — burning building or structure
fall from — burning building or structure
hit by object falling from — burning building or structure
jump from — burning building or structure
conflagration
fire of fittings . furniture
melting of fittings . furniture
smouldering of fittings . furniture
暴露於房屋或建物内无法控制的火灾
燃烧中的房屋或建物倒塌
从燃烧中的房屋或建物跌落
被燃烧中的房屋或建物掉落的物体击中
从燃烧中的房屋或建物跳离
大火包括设备或家俱的着火、熔化、烟熏。

X01
Exposure to uncontrolled fire, not in building or structure
Includes: forest fire
暴露於房屋或建物外无法控制的火灾
包含：森林大火

X02
Exposure to controlled fire in building or structure
Includes: fire in:
. fireplace
. stove
暴露於房屋或建物内可控制的火灾
包含：大火在：
．壁炉
．火炉

X03
Exposure to controlled fire, not in building or structure
Includes: camp-fire
暴露於可控制的火灾，在房屋或建物之外
包含：营火

X04
Exposure to ignition of highly flammable material
Includes: ignition of:
. gasoline
. kerosene
. petrol
暴露於易燃物起火
包含 :
．汽油的起火
．煤油的起火
．轻油的起火

X05
Exposure to ignition or melting of nightwear
暴露於睡衣起火或融化

X06
Exposure to ignition or melting of other clothing and apparel
Includes: ignition — of plastic jewellery
melting — of plastic jewellery
暴露於其他衣物和装饰品之起火或融化
包含 : 塑胶装饰品 — 起火
塑胶装饰品 — 融化

X08
Exposure to other specified smoke, fire and flames
暴露於其他明示的烟雾、火灾和火焰

X09
Exposure to unspecified smoke, fire and flames
Includes: burning NOS
incineration NOS
暴露於未明示的烟雾、火灾和火焰
包含 : 其他未明示的燃烧
其他未明示的焚化

Contact with heat and hot substances
(X10-X19)
[See pages 1013-1017 for fourth-character subdivisions]
Excludes: exposure to:
. excessive natural heat (X30.-)
. fire and flames (X00-X09)
接触热和热物质 (X10-X19)
〔见 1013-1017 页第四码次分类〕
不包含：暴露於：
．过度的自然热 (X30.-)
．火及火焰 (X00-X09)

Exposure to forces of nature (X30-X39)
[See pages 1013-1017 for fourth-character subdivisions]
暴露於自然力 (X30-X39)
〔见 1013-1017 页第四码次分类〕

X30
Exposure to excessive natural heat
Includes: excessive heat as the cause of sunstroke
exposure to heat NOS
Excludes: excessive heat of man-made origin (W92.-)
暴露於过度自然热
包含：过热导致中暑
暴露於热、其他未明示的
不包含：人为因素过热 (W92.-)

X31
Exposure to excessive natural cold
Includes: excessive cold as the cause of:
. chilblains NOS
. immersion foot or hand
exposure to:
. cold NOS
. weather conditions
Excludes: cold of man-made origin (W93.-)
contact with or inhalation of:
. dry ice (W93.-)
. liquefied gas (W93.-)
暴露於过度自然冷
包含：过冷导致：
．冻疮、其他未明示的
．足或手浸病
暴露於：
．冷、其他未明示的
．气候状况
不包含：人为因素的冷 (W93.-)
接触或吸入：
．乾冰 (W93.-)
．液态气体 (W93.-)

X32
Exposure to sunlight
暴露於阳光

X39
Exposure to other and unspecified forces of nature
Includes: natural radiation NOS
tidal wave NOS
Excludes: exposure NOS (X59.-)
暴露於其他和未明示的自然力
包含：自然界放射线，其他未明示的
海啸，其他未明示的
不包含：暴露，其他未明示的 (X59.-)

Accidental poisoning by and exposure to
noxious substances (X40-X49)
[See pages 1013-1017 for fourth-character subdivisions]
Note: For list of specific drugs and other substances classified under the three-character
categories, see Table of drugs and chemicals in Alphabetical Index. Evidence of alcohol
involvement in combination with substances specified below may be identified by using the
supplementary codes Y90-Y91.
Includes: accidental overdose of drug, wrong drug given or taken in error, and drug taken
inadvertently
accidents in the use of drugs, medicaments and biological substances in medical and
surgical procedures
poisoning, when not specified whether accidental or with intent to harm
Excludes: administration with suicidal or homicidal intent, or intent to harm, or in other
circumstances classifiable to X60-X69, X85-X90, Y10-Yl9
correct drug properly administered in therapeutic or prophylactic dosage as the cause of
any adverse effect (Y40-Y59)
因暴露於有毒物质而致的意外中毒 (X40-X49)
〔见 1013-1017 页第四码次分类〕
注：分类在第 3 码范围的特殊药品和其他物质，可用
英文字母指引参考药品和化学制品表。有证据显示
酒精合并使用下列明示的物质时，也可利用 Y90-Y91 之
补充码来确认。
包含：药品意外过量、给错药或吃错药、和疏忽吃
药
在医疗和外科程序上，使用药品药物和生物制剂所
造成之意外
未明示是否意外或意图伤害之中毒
不包含：自杀或他杀意图之给药、意图伤害、或分
类於 X60-X69 ， X85-X90 ， Y10-Y19 之其他状况。
正确药品在治疗或预防剂量下，适当地给药所导致
的任何不良作用 (Y40-Y59)

X40
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to nonopioid analgesics,
antipyretics and antirheumatics
Includes: 4-aminophenol derivatives
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAID]
pyrazolone derivatives
salicylates
因暴露於非鸦片镇痛剂、解热剂和抗风湿病剂而致
的意外中毒
包含： 4 －胺酚衍生物
非类固醇消炎药品
唑衍生物
水杨酸盐

X41
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to antiepileptic,
sedative-hypnotic, antiparkinsonism and psychotropic drugs, not elsewhere classified
Includes: antidepressants
barbiturates
hydantoin derivatives
iminostilbenes
methaqualone compounds
neuroleptics
psychostimulants
succinimides and oxazolidinediones
tranquillizers
因暴露於抗癫痫、镇静－安眠、抗帕金森和精神转
化剂 ( 他处未归类的 ) 而致的意外中毒
包含：抗抑郁剂
巴比妥盐
乙内醯衍生
亚胺二苯乙烯
甲叨唑酮 ( 白板 )
神经弛缓剂
精神兴奋剂
丁二醯亚胺和恶唑烷衍生物
镇定剂

X42
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to narcotics and psychodysleptics
[hallucinogens], not elsewhere classified
Includes: cannabis (derivatives)
cocaine
codeine
heroin
lysergide [LSD]
mescaline
methadone
morphine
opium (alkaloids)
因暴露於麻醉和梦幻剂〔幻觉原〕 ( 他处未分类的 )
而致的意外中毒
包含：大麻（衍生物）
古柯硷
可待因
海洛英
迷幻剂〔LSD〕
梅斯卡林（南美仙人掌毒咸）
美沙酮
吗啡
鸦片（硷）

X43
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to other drugs acting on the
autonomic nervous system
Includes: parasympatholytics [anticholinergics and antimuscarinics] and spasmolytics
parasympathomimetics [cholinergics]
sympatholytics [antiadrenergics]
sympathomimetics [adrenergics]
因暴露於其他作用在自律神经系统药品而致的意外
中毒
包含：副交感神经解药〔抗胆素激导剂和抗毒菌硷
剂〕和解痉剂
拟副交感神经作用剂〔胆素激导剂〕
交感神经解药〔抗肾上腺素剂〕
拟交感神经作用剂〔肾上腺素激导剂〕

X44
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to other and unspecified drugs,
medicaments and biological substances
Includes: agents primarily acting on smooth and skeletal
muscles and the respiratory system
anaesthetics (general)(local)
drugs affecting the:
. cardiovascular system
. gastrointestinal system
hormones and synthetic substitutes
systemic and haematological agents
systemic antibiotics and other anti-infectives
therapeutic gases
topical preparations
vaccines
water-balance agents and drugs affecting mineral and uric acid metabolism 因暴露於
其他和未明示的药品，药剂和生物制剂而致的意外
中毒
包含：主要作用於平滑肌和骨骼肌和呼吸系统之药
品
麻醉剂（全身）（局部）
药品作用於：
．心脏血管系统
．肠胃系统
荷尔蒙和合成代用品
全身性的和血液的药剂
全身性抗生素和其他抗感染剂
治疗用气
局部调制剂
疫苗
水分平衡药剂和作用於矿物和尿酸代谢之药品

X45
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to alcohol
Includes: alcohol:
. NOS
. butyl [1-butanol]
. ethyl [ethanol]
. isopropyl [2-propanol
. methyl [methanol]
. propyl [1-propanol]
fusel oil
因暴露於酒精而致的意外中毒
包含：酒精
．其他未明示的
．丁基（ 1－丁醇）
．乙基（乙醇）
．异丙基（ 2－丙醇）
．甲基（甲醇）
．丙基（ 1－丙醇）
杂醇油

X46
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to organic solvents and halogenated
hydrocarbons and their vapours
Includes: benzene and homologues
carbon tetrachloride [tetrachloromethane]
chlorofluorocarbons
petroleum (derivatives)
因暴露於有机溶剂和卤素碳氢化物及他们的蒸气而
致的意外中毒
包含：苯和同系
四氯化碳〔四氯甲烷〕
氟氯碳化物
石油（衍生物）

X47
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to other gases and vapours
Includes: carbon monoxide
lacrimogenic gas [tear gas]
motor (vehicle) exhaust gas
nitrogen oxides
sulfur dioxide
utility gas
Excludes: metal fumes and vapours (X49.-)
因暴露於其他气体和蒸气而致的意外中毒
包含：一氧化碳
催泪瓦斯〔泪气〕
机动（车）废气
氮氧化物
二氧化硫
实用气体
不包含：金属烟雾和蒸气 (X49.-)

X48
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to pesticides
Includes: fumigants
fungicides
herbicides
insecticides
rodenticides
wood preservatives
Excludes: plant foods and fertilizers (X49.-)
因暴露於防疫剂而致的意外中毒
包含：薰蒸剂
杀菌剂
除草剂
杀虫剂
灭鼠剂
木材防腐剂
不包含：植物养料和肥料 (X49.-)

X49
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to other and unspecified chemicals
and noxious substances
Includes: corrosive aromatics, acids and caustic alkalis
glues and adhesives
metals including fumes and vapours
paints and dyes
plant foods and fertilizers
poisoning NOS
poisonous foodstuffs and poisonous plants
soaps and detergents
Excludes: contact with venomous animals and plants (X20-X29)
因暴露於其他和未明示的化学剂和有毒物质而致的
意外中毒
包含：腐蚀性芳香族剂、酸类和腐蚀性硷类
胶剂和粘连剂
金属包括薰烟和蒸气
油漆和染料
植物养料和肥料
其他未明示的中毒
有毒食品和有毒植物
肥皂和清洁剂
不包含：接触有毒动物和植物 (X20-X29)

Accidental exposure to other and
unspecified factors (X58-X59)
[See pages 1013-1017 for fourth-character subdivisions]
意外暴露於其他及未明示的因素 (X58-X59)
〔见 1013-1017 页第四码次分类〕

X58
Exposure to other specified factors
暴露於其他明示的因素

X59
Exposure to unspecified factor
Includes: accident NOS
exposure NOS
暴露於未明示的因素
包含：意外，其他未明示的
暴露，其他未明示的

X60
Intentional self-poisoning by and exposure to nonopioid analgesics,
antipyretics and antirheumatics
Includes: 4-aminophenol derivatives
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAID]
pyrazolone derivatives
salicylates
使用和暴露於非鸦片镇痛剂，解热剂和抗风湿病剂
而意图自为中毒
包含： 4 －胺酚衍生物
非类固醇抗炎药品〔NSAID〕
唑衍生物
水杨酸盐

X61
Intentional self-poisoning by and exposure to antiepileptic,
sedative-hypnotic, antiparkinsonism and psychotropic drugs, not elsewhere classified
Includes: antidepressants
barbiturates
hydantoin derivatives
iminostilbenes
methaqualone compounds
neuroleptics

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