existence [ ig'zistəns] n.存在，实在；生存
existence n. 存在;生存;存在物
对于人类生存问题，唯一令人满意的答案是：爱。
Love is the only satisfactory answer to the problem of human existence.
Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。
The Geiger counter showed the existence of radioactivity.
盖格计算机显示出放射性的存在。
This is the oldest steel bridge in existence.
这是现存的历史最悠久的钢桥。
Some people think that it is difficult to prove the existence of the unconscious mind.
有人认为难以证实潜意识的存在。
Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplace—pieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists.
阿雅特和罗索尔兄弟都不知道他们销售的大部分都是以前在市场上面没有人见过的东西——只被人们猜想过它的存在，但从来没有考古学家真正发现过。
In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.
1838年10月，我随便读了《马尔萨散人口论》，很欣赏书的到处都有的生存竞争，经过对动物和植物生存习性的长期观察，我忽然想到这种环境下，有利于生存的变化被保留了，而不利于生存变化被消除了。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness of existence.
爱人和得到人爱是人生最大的幸福。
Radiant existence， M 幅射照度M
The most normal and the most perfect human being is the one who most thoroughly addresses himself to the activity of his best powers ,gives himself most thoroughly to the world around him ,flings himself out into the midst of humanity ,and is so preoccu pied by his own beneficent reaction on the world that he is practically unconscious of a sep arate existence...
最正常、最完美的人就是那彻底投身于自己最擅长的活动的人，是那完全献身于周围世界的人，是和群众打成一片的人。他完全专心致志于他对世界的有利作用，以致于几乎意识不到自己与世界还存在距离……
Frences E .C. Willard. American Social activist
美国社会活动家拉德，F。E。C。
To spread knowledge is to spread happiness....The progress of scientific research and the everexpanding fields will arouse hope while the bacteria existence in our body and mind will gradually disappear.
Alfred Nobel Swedish chemist
传播知识就是播种幸福。...科学研究的进展及其日益扩大的领域将唤起我们的希望，而存在于人类身心的细菌将逐渐消失。
瑞典化学家诺贝尔.A.
@@@ 生活, 谋生
bread and butter 生活必需品; 衣、食和住, 生计
class treasurer 班里的生活委员
do business with 同...做生意
earn a/one's living 谋生
eke out an existence 勉强维持生活
fend for oneself 自己谋生, 照料自己
get along 过活; 进展; 应付
live by oneself 独自一人生活
living quarters 生活区
make a living 谋生, 挣钱度日
subsist on/upon 依靠...生活; 以...维持生命
way of life 生活方式; 行为准则
@@@ 产生, 生效
arise from 由...而引起, 由...而产生
bring forth 引起, 使产生; 生(孩子)
come/spring into being & come into existence 诞生; 形成
come into effect 开始生效, 开始实行
grow out of 产生自...
have an impact/effect on 对...产生影响/作用
put in force 实施...; 使...生效
put into effect 实行; 使生效
result from 因...而产生; 是...的结果
- An old wives' tale 无稽之谈
Do you think the existence of life on Mars is an old wives'tale ?
度日 [dù rì] /scratch out a difficult, meager existence/
前生 [qián shēng] /pre-existence/
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.
过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy.
癌症现有种类多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。
{adj: anchoritic, eremitic, eremitical, hermitic, hermitical} characterized by ascetic solitude
"the eremitic element in the life of a religious colony"
"his hermitic existence"
{adj: anthropic, anthropical} relating to mankind or the period of mankind's existence
{adj: ascetic, ascetical, austere, spartan} practicing great self-denial
"Be systematically ascetic...do...something for no other reason than that you would rather not do it"- William James
"a desert nomad's austere life"
"a spartan diet"
"a spartan existence"
{adj: beggarly, mean} marked by poverty befitting a beggar
"a beggarly existence in the slums"
"a mean hut"
{adj: bodily} having or relating to a physical material body
"bodily existence"
{adj: born} brought into existence
"he was a child born of adultery"
<-> unborn
{adj: continued} without stop or interruption
"to insure the continued success of the war"
"the continued existence of nationalism"
"the continued popularity of Westerns"
<-> discontinued
{adj: earthborn} of earthly origin (as mortals are)
"earthborn existence"
{adj: emergent, emerging} coming into existence
"an emergent republic"
{adj: existent, existing} having existence or being or actuality
"an attempt to refine the existent machinery to make it more efficient"
"much of the beluga caviar existing in the world is found in the Soviet Union and Iran"
<-> nonexistent
{adj: existential} relating to or dealing with existence (especially with human existence)
{adj: experiential, existential} derived from experience or the experience of existence
"the rich experiential content of the teachings of the older philosophers"- Benjamin Farrington
"formal logicians are not concerned with existential matters"- John Dewey
{adj: extant} still in existence; not extinct or destroyed or lost
"extant manuscripts"
"specimens of graphic art found among extant barbaric folk"- Edward Clodd
<-> extinct
{adj: extinct, nonextant} no longer in existence; lost or especially having died out leaving no living representatives
"an extinct species of fish"
"an extinct royal family"
"extinct laws and customs"
<-> extant
{adj: hand-to-mouth} providing only bare essentials
"a hand-to-mouth existence"
{adj: hardscrabble, marginal} of a bare living gained by great labor
"the sharecropper's hardscrabble life"
"a marginal existence"
{adj: helter-skelter, pell-mell} with undue hurry and confusion
"a helter-skelter kind of existence with never a pause"
"a pell-mell dash for the train"
{adj: humdrum, monotonous} tediously repetitious or lacking in variety
"a humdrum existence; all work and no play"
"nothing is so monotonous as the sea"
{adj: incipient, inchoate} only partly in existence; imperfectly formed
"incipient civil disorder"
"an incipient tumor"
"a vague inchoate idea"
{adj: lone, lonely, solitary} characterized by or preferring solitude
"a lone wolf"
"a lonely existence"
"a man of a solitary disposition"
" a solitary walk"
{adj: newborn, new-sprung} having just or recently arisen or come into existence
"new nations"
"with newborn fears"
{adj: nonexistent} not having existence or being or actuality
"chimeras are nonexistent"
<-> existent
{adj: parasitic, parasitical, leechlike, bloodsucking} of plants or persons; having the nature or habits of a parasite or leech; living off another
"a wealthy class parasitic upon the labor of the masses"
"parasitic vines that strangle the trees"
"bloodsucking blackmailer"
"his indolent leechlike existence"
{adj: physical} having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses
"a physical manifestation"
"surrounded by tangible objects"
{adj: positive, confirming} indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen
"a positive pregnancy test"
<-> negative
{adj: posthumous} occurring or coming into existence after a person's death
"a posthumous award"
"a posthumous book"
"a posthumous daughter"
{adj: purposeful} serving as or indicating the existence of a purpose or goal
<-> purposeless
{adj: real, existent} being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory
"real objects"
"real people; not ghosts"
"a film based on real life"
"a real illness"
"real humility"
"Life is real! Life is earnest!"- Longfellow
<-> unreal
{adj: stative} expressing existence or a state rather than an action; used of verbs (e.g. `be' or `own') and most participial adjectives
<-> active
{adj: supposed} mistakenly believed
"the supposed existence of ghosts"
{adj: surviving, living} still in existence
"the Wollemi pine found in Australia is a surviving specimen of a conifer thought to have been long extinct and therefore known as a living fossil"
"the only surviving frontier blockhouse in Pennsylvania"
{adj: temporal} of this earth or world
"temporal joys"
"our temporal existence"
{adj: unborn} not yet brought into existence
"unborn generations"
<-> born
{adj: vanished} having passed out of existence
"vanished civilizations"
{adv: away} out of existence
"the music faded away"
"tried to explain away the affair of the letter"- H.E.Scudder
"idled the hours away"
"her fingernails were worn away"
{adv: divinely} by divine means
"the divinely appointed means of rescue from temporal existence"
{n: Anselm, Saint Anselm, St. Anselm} an Italian who was a Benedictine monk; was archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109; one of the founders of scholasticism; best known for his proof of the existence of God
{n: Aquinas, Thomas Aquinas, Saint Thomas, St. Thomas, Saint Thomas Aquinas, St. Thomas Aquinas} (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God (1225-1274)
{n: Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel} German mathematician and astronomer who made accurate measurements of stellar distances and who predicted the existence on an 8th planet (1784-1846)
{n: Big Blue, BLU-82} a reliable and deadly 15,000-pound fragmentation bomb that explodes just above ground with a large radius; the largest conventional bomb in existence; used in Afghanistan
{n: Creation} (theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
{n: Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac} English theoretical physicist who applied relativity theory to quantum mechanics and predicted the existence of antimatter and the positron (1902-1984)
{n: Equisetales, order Equisetales} lower tracheophytes in existence since the Devonian
{n: Franck, James Franck} United States physicist (born in Germany) who with Gustav Hertz performed an electron scattering experiment that proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Niels Bohr (1882-1964)
{n: Heaviside, Oliver Heaviside} English physicist and electrical engineer who helped develop telegraphic and telephonic communications; in 1902 (independent of A. E. Kennelly) he suggested the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1850-1925)
{n: Heidegger, Martin Heidegger} German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976)
{n: Hertz, Gustav Hertz, Gustav Ludwig Hertz} German physicist who with James Franck proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Bohr (1887-1975)
{n: Jainism} religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism; emphasizes asceticism and immortality and transmigration of the soul; denies existence of a perfect or supreme being
{n: Kennelly, A. E. Kennelly, Arthur Edwin Kennelly} United States electrical engineer noted for his work on the theory of alternating currents; independently of Oliver Heaviside he discovered the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1861-1939)
{n: Monod, Jacques Monod, Jacques Lucien Monod} French biochemist who (with Francois Jacob) explained how genes are activated and suggested the existence of messenger RNA (1910-1976)
{n: Neptune} a giant planet with a ring of ice particles; the 8th planet from the sun is the most remote of the gas giants
"the existence of Neptune was predicted from perturbations in the orbit of Uranus and it was then identified in 1846"
{n: Oort, Jan Hendrix Oort} Dutch astronomer who proved that the galaxy is rotating and proposed the existence of the Oort cloud (1900-1992)
{n: Ukraine, Ukrayina} a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century
{n: abatable nuisance} a nuisance that can remedied (suppressed or extinguished or rendered harmless)
"the continued existence of an abatable nuisance is not authorized under the law"
{n: aesthetics, esthetics} (art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art)
"traditional aesthetics assumed the existence of universal and timeless criteria of artistic value"
{n: agnosticism} a religious orientation of doubt; a denial of ultimate knowledge of the existence of God
"agnosticism holds that you can neither prove nor disprove God's existence"
{n: agnostic} a person who claims that they cannot have true knowledge about the existence of God (but does not deny that God might exist)
{n: atheism} a lack of belief in the existence of God or gods
{n: atheist} someone who denies the existence of god
{n: avowal, avouchment, affirmation} a statement asserting the existence or the truth of something
{n: being, beingness, existence} the state or fact of existing
"a point of view gradually coming into being"
"laws in existence for centuries"
<-> nonbeing, nonexistence
{n: biopsy} examination of tissues or liquids from the living body to determine the existence or cause of a disease
{n: birthplace, cradle, place of origin, provenance, provenience} where something originated or was nurtured in its early existence
"the birthplace of civilization"
{n: conceptualism} the doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the existence of a mental entity that mediates the application
{n: concomitance} occurrence or existence together or in connection with one another
{n: condition} a mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing
"the human condition"
{n: cover, covering, screening, masking} the act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it
"the cover concealed their guns from enemy aircraft"
{n: creation} an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
{n: day} an era of existence or influence
"in the day of the dinosaurs"
"in the days of the Roman Empire"
"in the days of sailing ships"
"he was a successful pianist in his day"
{n: dimorphism} (biology) the existence of two forms of individual within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
{n: diriment impediment} (canon law) an impediment that invalidates a marriage (such as the existence of a prior marriage)
{n: doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness, question} uncertainty about the truth or factuality of existence of something
"the dubiousness of his claim"
"there is no question about the validity of the enterprise"
{n: entity} that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence (living or nonliving)
{n: eternity, timelessness, timeless existence} a state of eternal existence believed in some religions to characterize the afterlife
{n: existential quantifier, existential operator} a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the existence of at least one thing for which the proposition is true
{n: existentialist, existentialist philosopher} a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of choice and personal responsibility but who regards human existence in a hostile universe as unexplainable
{n: extinction, defunctness} no longer in existence
"the extinction of a species"
{n: extirpation, excision, deracination} the act of pulling up or out; uprooting; cutting off from existence
{n: life} the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living
"he hoped for a new life in Australia"
"he wanted to live his own life without interference from others"
{n: manifestation} a manifest indication of the existence or presence or nature of some person or thing
"a manifestation of disease"
{n: manner, mode, style, way, fashion} how something is done or how it happens
"her dignified manner"
"his rapid manner of talking"
"their nomadic mode of existence"
"in the characteristic New York style"
"a lonely way of life"
"in an abrasive fashion"
{n: metempsychosis, rebirth} after death the soul begins a new cycle of existence in another human body
{n: mystic, religious mystic} someone who believes in the existence of realities beyond human comprehension
{n: nonexistence, nonentity} the state of not existing
<-> existence
{n: nonperson, unperson} a person regarded as nonexistent and having no rights; a person whose existence is systematically ignored (especially for ideological or political reasons)
"the former senator is treated as a nonperson by this administration"
"George Orwell predicted that political dissidents would be treated as unpersons"
{n: offspring, materialization, materialisation} something that comes into existence as a result
"industrialism prepared the way for acceptance of the French Revolution's various socialistic offspring"
"this skyscraper is the solid materialization of his efforts"
{n: ontology} the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence
{n: philosophy} the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
{n: physical entity} an entity that has physical existence
{n: plane} a level of existence or development
"he lived on a worldly plane"
{n: polymorphism, pleomorphism} (chemistry) the existence of different kinds of crystal of the same chemical compound
{n: polymorphism} (biology) the existence of two or more forms of individuals within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
{n: presence} the state of being present; current existence
"he tested for the presence of radon"
<-> absence
{n: quark} (physics) hypothetical truly fundamental particle in mesons and baryons; there are supposed to be six flavors of quarks (and their antiquarks), which come in pairs; each has an electric charge of +2/3 or -1/3
"quarks have not been observed directly but theoretical predictions based on their existence have been confirmed experimentally"
{n: raison d'etre} the purpose that justifies a thing's existence
{n: spiritualism} (theology) any doctrine that asserts the separate existence of God
{n: sporting man} someone who leads a merry existence; especially a gambler on the outcome of sporting events
{n: symptom} anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of X's existence
{n: tetartanopia, yellow-blindness} a form of dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to yellow light; so rare that its existence has been questioned
{n: theism} the doctrine or belief in the existence of a God or gods
<-> atheism
{n: theist} one who believes in the existence of a god or gods
{n: theodicy} the branch of theology that defends God's goodness and justice in the face of the existence of evil
{n: thereness} real existence
"things are really there...capture the thereness of them"--Charles Hopkinson
{n: thing} any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence
"the thing I like about her is ..."
{n: transcendence, transcendency} a state of being or existence above and beyond the limits of material experience
{n: universe, existence, creation, world, cosmos, macrocosm} everything that exists anywhere
"they study the evolution of the universe"
"the biggest tree in existence"
{n: vampirism} belief in the existence of vampires
{n: yang} the bright positive masculine principle in Chinese dualistic cosmology
"yin and yang together produce everything that comes into existence"
<-> yin
{v: account} be the sole or primary factor in the existence, acquisition, supply, or disposal of something
"Passing grades account for half of the grades given in this exam"
{v: admit, acknowledge} declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of
"He admitted his errors"
"She acknowledged that she might have forgotten"
<-> deny
{v: appear, come along} come into being or existence, or appear on the scene
"Then the computer came along and changed our lives"
"Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago"
<-> disappear
{v: bachelor, bach} lead a bachelor's existence
{v: be born} come into existence through birth
"She was born on a farm"
<-> die
{v: become} come into existence
"What becomes has duration"
{v: come to life, come into being} be born or come into existence
"All these flowers come to life when the rains come"
{v: condemn} compel or force into a particular state or activity
"His devotion to his sick wife condemned him to a lonely existence"
{v: create} bring into existence
"The company was created 25 years ago"
"He created a new movement in painting"
{v: detect, observe, find, discover, notice} discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
"She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"
"We found traces of lead in the paint"
{v: effect} act so as to bring into existence
"effect a change"
{v: erase, wipe out} remove from memory or existence
"The Turks erased the Armenians in 1915"
{v: exist, be} have an existence, be extant
"Is there a God?"
{v: generate, bring forth} bring into existence
"The new manager generated a lot of problems"
"The computer bug generated chaos in the office"
{v: hypostatize, hypostatise} construe as a real existence, of a conceptual entity
{v: incorporate} unite or merge with something already in existence
"incorporate this document with those pertaining to the same case"
{v: live} pursue a positive and satisfying existence
"You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live"
{v: notice, acknowledge} express recognition of the presence or existence of, or acquaintance with
"He never acknowledges his colleagues when they run into him in the hallway"
"She acknowledged his complement with a smile"
"it is important to acknowledge the work of others in one's own writing"
{v: originate, arise, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow} come into existence ; take on form or shape
"A new religious movement originated in that country"
"a love that sprang up from friendship"
"the idea for the book grew out of a short story"
"An interesting phenomenon uprose"
{v: pass away} go out of existence
"She hoped that the problem would eventually pass away"
{v: reinvent} bring back into existence
"The candidate reinvented the concept of national health care so that he would get elected"
{v: restore, reinstate, reestablish} bring back into original existence, use, function, or position
"restore law and order"
"reestablish peace in the region"
"restore the emperor to the throne"
{v: root} come into existence, originate
"The problem roots in her depression"
{v: scrape along, scrape by, scratch along, squeak by, squeeze by, rub along} manage one's existence barely
"I guess I can squeeze by on this lousy salary"
{v: search, seek, look for} try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of
"The police are searching for clues"
"They are searching for the missing man in the entire county"
{v: survive, pull through, pull round, come through, make it} continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)
"He survived the cancer against all odds"
<-> succumb
{v: vegetate} lead a passive existence without using one's body or mind
{v: vote} bring into existence or make available by vote
"They voted aid for the underdeveloped countries in Asia"
{v: will} decree or ordain
"God wills our existence"
Astrophysics His theoretical work suggesting the existence of black holes earned SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR ridicule in the 1930s.
天体物理学二十世纪三十年代，苏布拉马尼杨·钱德拉塞卡因从理论上推断出黑洞的存在，遭到嘲笑和奚落。
This fowl existence is driving even Ginger( Julia Sawalha) close to desperation.
这家禽生活连金格（朱丽亚·萨瓦尔哈配音）都快要绝望。
After 13 years of being out of the running, the New York Yacht Club - holder of the cup for 132 of its 150-year existence - wants it back.
在美洲杯帆船赛 150年历史上曾 132次捧杯的纽约帆船俱乐部希望在沉寂了 13年之后重新夺回该项桂冠。
And they 're trying to create an electronic environment that either produces a Daisy Buchanan moment or brings into existence its equivalent.
他们还在试图营造一种能产生布坎南时刻或类似感受的电子环境。
Yet the 20th century survived despite the existence of the nuclear bomb.
然而，尽管有核弹的存在， 20世纪还是生存下来。
Pessen does present a quantity of examples, together with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, to establish the existence of an inordinately wealthy class.
佩森确实列举出大量的实例，连同某些令人耳目一新的、明晰易懂的数据，从而确定了某个极度富有阶层的存在。
Research should certainly continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has proven practical.
对于有控制的核聚变，研究无疑应继续进行下去，但任何能源项目都不应该仅以这种能源的存在为其前提，除非它能证明切实可行。
An example is Johann Bachofen's 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece.
其中一个实例就是约翰·巴霍芬（Johann Bachofen）1861年论述亚马孙人（Amazons）的论文，而所谓亚马孙人，即那些由女性统治的社会，其难置可否的存在与古希腊时值同期。
In addition, the existence of discrimi- nation before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America.
此外，法律上奴隶制度出现之前业已存在的种族歧视可进一步解释黑人奴隶在北美洲的待遇何以会比南美洲黑人奴隶的待遇要来得更为严酷。
For example, an each classification of Alpine glaciation suggested the existence there of four glaciations, named the Gunz, Mindel, Riss, and Wurm.
例如，对阿尔卑斯山冰川作用（Alpine glaciation）所作的一次早期分类暗示在那里曾存在过四次冰川作用，并将其命名为贡兹期（Gunz），民德期（Mindel），里斯期（Riss），以及维尔姆期（Wurm）。
Particles created in this way have only a fleeting existence; they are annihilated almost as soon as they appear, and their presence can never be detected directly.
以这种方式创造出来的粒子仅有一种转瞬即逝的存在；几乎就在它们出现的同时，它们即遭到湮灭，而它们的存在永远也无法被直接测得。
Open acknowledgement of the existence of women's oppression was too radical for the United States in the fifties, and Beauvoir's conclusion, that change in women's economic condition, though insufficient by itself, "remains the basic factor" in improving women's situation, was particularly unacceptable.
公开承认妇女压迫的存在，这对于五十年代的美国来说过于激进了，而博瓦尔的结论，即妇女经济条件的改变，尽管就其本身而言并不充分，但依然是改变妇女境况的“基本因素”，这一点尤其无法让人接受。
Zooplankton, tiny animals adapted to an existence in the ocean, have evolved clever mechanisms for obtaining their food, miniscule phytoplankton (plant plankton).
浮游动物（zooplankton），即适应于海洋生活的微小动物，已演变出甚为聪明的机制用来获取其食物，即极小的浮游植物群落（phytoplankton），或曰植物浮游生物（plant plankton）。
Space-probe photographs indicate the existence of giant volcanoes on the Martian surface.
太空探测器（spaceprobe）拍摄的照片显示出火星表面存在着巨大的火山。
F43
Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders
This category differs from others in that it includes disorders identifiable on the basis
of not only symptoms and course but also the existence of one or other of two causative
influences: an exceptionally stressful life event producing an acute stress reaction, or a
significant life change leading to continued unpleasant circumstances that result in an
adjustment disorder. Although less severe psychosocial stress ("life events")
may precipitate the onset or contribute to the presentation of a very wide range of
disorders classified elsewhere in this chapter, its etiological importance is not always
clear and in each case will be found to depend on individual, often idiosyncratic,
vulnerability, i.e. the life events are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain the
occurrence and form of the disorder. In contrast, the disorders brought together here are
thought to arise always as a direct consequence of acute severe stress or continued
trauma. The stressful events or the continuing unpleasant circumstances are the primary
and overriding causal factor and the disorder would not have occurred without their
impact. The disorders in this section can thus be regarded as maladaptive responses to
severe or continued stress, in that they interfere with successful coping mechanisms and
therefore lead to problems of social functioning.
严重压力之反应与适应障碍症
此一类诊断与其他类不同乃在於要确认此种疾病 ，
不仅要基於症状学和病程 ， 而且也要基於一两个影
响的原因 － 包含一个非比寻常的压力事件产生压力
反应 ， 或是一个显着的生活改变导致继续不适意的
环境因而引起适应障碍症。虽然较不严重的心理社
会压力 （ 生活事件 ） 会发生或促发在本章中处处所
提的较广范围之疾病表现 ， 然而此类压力在病因学
上的重要性并不一定清楚 ， 而每个个案上的特异性
与脆弱性是较为重要的。它们并不必然也不充分能
够解释疾病的发生及型式 * 相对地 ， 本项疾病被认为
是直接导因於急性严重的压力或持续创伤所致之後
果。此种压力事件或持续的不愉快情境是主要的或
具决定性的因子 ， 如果没有此种冲击疾病必然不会
发生。本节之疾病可以说是对严重或持续压力之不
良反应 ， 此情况会干扰个体应付事情之机转 ， 以致
引起社会性功能之障碍。
F64.1
Dual-role transvestism
The wearing of clothes of the opposite sex for part of the individual's existence in order
to enjoy the temporary experience of membership of the opposite sex, but without any
desire for a more permanent sex change or associated surgical reassignment, and without
sexual excitement accompanying the cross-dressing.
Gender identity disorder of adolescence or adulthood, nontrans- sexual type
Excludes: fetishistic transvestism (F65.1)
双重角色扮异性症
只是为了扮演异性的角色而穿着异性的打扮以求暂
时性的成为异性 ， 但并没有要永久改变自己性别的
欲望。必须与恋物性扮异症作一区别。在双角色扮
异性症中打扮成异性并非以达到性高潮为目的。青
春期或儿童期的性别认同障碍 ， 非变性症型。
不包含 ： 恋物性扮异性症 (F65.1)
TRANSITORY ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC
DISORDERS SPECIFIC TO FETUS AND NEWBORN (P70-P74)
Includes: transitory endocrine and metabolic disturbances caused by the infant's response
to maternal endocrine and metabolic factors, or its adjustment to extrauterine existence
特发於胎儿及新生儿之暂时性内分泌及代谢疾患
(P70-P74)
包含 ： 婴儿对母体内分泌及代谢因子的反应或是婴
儿对子宫外生存的调节所引起的暂时性内分泌及代
谢障碍。
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