evidence

英语学习词典

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evidence [ 'evidəns] n.根据；证据，证人

evidence ['evidəns] n. 证据,迹象

empirical evidence 经验性实例

character evidence
品行证供

minutes of evidence 作证记录

Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.
然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people's life, an increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people think.
尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。

Evidence 证明，证据，证人

evidence of title 所有权证明

original evidences 原始凭证

Growth is the only evidence of life.
成长是生命的唯一证明。

The lack of evidence in this case is frustrating the police.
警方因缺乏证据而感到很伤脑筋。

He has evidence that can prove his innocence.
他有证据能证明自己的清白。

There is a lot of evidence that stress is partly responsible for disease.
有很多证据表明，压力是致病的部分原因。

To date there’s no evidence to support this theory.
至今尚无证据支持这一理论。

Can you show me any evidence for your statement?
你能不能给我看看你这种说法的证据?

When the police arrived he had already destroyed the evidence that showed he was guilty.
警察来时，他已销毁了罪证。

There is no sufficient evidence to show that he suffers from iron deficiency.
没有足够证据表明他缺铁。

Is there any evidence to support what you have said?
有什么证据可以支持你的说法吗？

According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.
根据这一理论，不是由感觉神经脉冲的质量来决定他们产生的各种神经感觉的，而是由他们被发射到大脑的哪一部位来决定的，对这一观点是有证据的。

The best evidence for the layered mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
分层地幔的最好证据就是在海岛上发现的火山岩这一明显的事实。岛屿被认为是从低层地幔升起的地柱形成的，它构成的基本成份与海中的山脊系统根本不同，许多地质学家认为它起源于上层地幔。

evidence n. 证据,迹象

- as sly as a fox 非常狡猾
Though the suspect was as sly as fox, he had to admit his crime in front of solid evidence.

- be at large 逍遥法外（也可以形容动物不受约束）
The murderer was still at large. The victim's parents was determined to find enough evidence to sue him to court.

Beneficiary's original signed commercial invoices at least in 8 copies issued in the name of the buyer indicating （showing/evidencing/specifying/declaration of）the merchandise, country of origin and any other relevant information.
以买方的名义开具、注明商品名称、原产国及其他有关资料，并经签署的受益人的商业发票正本至少一式八份

案验 [àn yàn] /investigate the evidence of a case/

捕风捉影 [bǔ fēng zhuō yǐng] /chase the wind and clutch at shadows - make groundless accusations/speak or act on hearsay evidence/

抹杀 [mǒ shā] /(v) remove from evidence; expunge; suppress/

诬陷 [wū xiàn] /(v) entrap; frame; plant false evidence against sb/

信 [xìn] /letter/true/to believe/sign/evidence/

引证 [yǐn zhèng] /to cite/to quote/to cite as evidence/

证据 [zhèng jù] /evidence/proof/testimony/

The official statistics are mildly discouraging.
官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。
They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987.
这些数据表明，如果把制造业和服务业合起来算，1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2%。
That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.
这比前10年的平均增长速度略快。
And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average.
自1991年来，生产力每年约增长2%。这比1978年—1987年的平均增长速度高两倍以上。
The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论性证据。

The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics.
毫无疑问，环境主义者要对这些批评做出反应。
The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和工业增长带来的其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。

That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.
Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.
过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。
如果没有大家称之为记忆的功能，学习便不能发生。

Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.
的确，表明个人的遗忘速度与学习东西的多少有直接的关系。

{adj: a posteriori} requiring evidence for validation or support

{adj: admissible} deserving to be admitted
"admissible evidence"
<-> inadmissible

{adj: anecdotal} having the character of an anecdote
"anecdotal evidence"

{adj: assumed, arrogated} taken as your right without justification
"was hearing evidence in an assumed capacity"
"Congress's arrogated powers over domains hitherto belonging to the states"

{adj: backed, backed up} having backing
"a claim backed up by strong evidence"

{adj: blind, unreasoning} not based on reason or evidence
"blind hatred"
"blind faith"
"unreasoning panic"

{adj: bubonic} of or evidencing buboes
"bubonic plague"

{adj: cardiologic} of or relating to or used in or practicing cardiology
"cardiologic evidence"

{adj: clear-cut, distinct, trenchant} clearly or sharply defined to the mind
"clear-cut evidence of tampering"
"Claudius was the first to invade Britain with distinct...intentions of conquest"
"trenchant distinctions between right and wrong"

{adj: collateral, confirmative, confirming, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating, substantiative, validating, validatory, verificatory, verifying} serving to support or corroborate
"collateral evidence"

{adj: compelling} tending to persuade by forcefulness of argument
"new and compelling evidence"

{adj: conclusive} forming an end or termination; especially putting an end to doubt or question
"conclusive proof"
"the evidence is conclusive"
<-> inconclusive

{adj: conjectural, divinatory, hypothetical, hypothetic, supposed, suppositional, suppositious, supposititious} based primarily on surmise rather than adequate evidence
"theories about the extinction of dinosaurs are still highly conjectural"
"the supposed reason for his absence"
"suppositious reconstructions of dead languages"
"hypothetical situation"

{adj: contaminated} corrupted by contact or association
"contaminated evidence"
<-> uncontaminated

{adj: corroborated, substantiated, verified} supported or established by evidence or proof
"the substantiated charges"
"a verified case"

{adj: credulous} disposed to believe on little evidence
"the gimmick would convince none but the most credulous"
<-> incredulous

{adj: cross-linguistic} relating to different languages
"cross-linguistic evidence"

{adj: dysplastic} relating to or evidencing dysplasia

{adj: equivocal} uncertain as a sign or indication
"the evidence from bacteriologic analysis was equivocal"

{adj: evidenced} supported by evidence
"their evidenced friendliness to the US"

{adj: evidential, evidentiary} serving as or based on evidence
"evidential signs of a forced entry"
"its evidentiary value"

{adj: evidentiary} pertaining to or constituting evidence
"evidentiary technique"
"an evidentiary fact"

{adj: extrinsic} not forming an essential part of a thing or arising or originating from the outside
"extrinsic evidence"
"an extrinsic feature of the new building"
"that style is something extrinsic to the subject"
"looking for extrinsic aid"
<-> intrinsic

{adj: flimsy, slight, tenuous, thin} having little substance or significance
"a flimsy excuse"
"slight evidence"
"a tenuous argument"
"a thin plot"

{adj: ghastly, grim, grisly, gruesome, macabre, sick} shockingly repellent; inspiring horror
"ghastly wounds"
"the grim aftermath of the bombing"
"the grim task of burying the victims"
"a grisly murder"
"gruesome evidence of human sacrifice"
"macabre tales of war and plague in the Middle ages"
"macabre tortures conceived by madmen"

{adj: growing} increasing in size or degree or amount
"her growing popularity"
"growing evidence of a world depression"
"a growing city"
"growing businesses"

{adj: humane} showing evidence of moral and intellectual advancement

{adj: hydrocephalic} relating to or characterized by or evidencing hydrocephalus

{adj: in evidence} clearly to be seen
"they were much in evidence during the fighting"
"she made certain that her engagement ring was in evidence"

{adj: inadmissible} not deserving to be admitted
"inadmissible evidence"
<-> admissible

{adj: inconclusive} not conclusive; not putting an end to doubt or question
"an inconclusive reply"
"inconclusive evidence"
"the inconclusive committee vote"
<-> conclusive

{adj: incontestable, indisputable, undisputable} not open to question; obviously true
"undeniable guilt"
"indisputable evidence of a witness"

{adj: indirect} having intervening factors or persons or influences
"reflection from the ceiling provided a soft indirect light"
"indirect evidence"
"an indirect cause"

{adj: knowing, wise, wise to} evidencing the possession of inside information

{adj: material} directly relevant to a matter especially a law case
"his support made a material difference"
"evidence material to the issue at hand"
"facts likely to influence the judgment are called material facts"
"a material witness"
<-> immaterial

{adj: meek, spiritless} evidencing little spirit or courage; overly submissive or compliant
"compliant and anxious to suit his opinions of those of others"
"a fine fiery blast against meek conformity"- Orville Prescott
"she looked meek but had the heart of a lion"
"was submissive and subservient"

{adj: neolithic} of or relating to the most recent period of the Stone Age (following the mesolithic)
"evidence of neolithic settlements"

{adj: neurological, neurologic} of or relating to or used in or practicing neurology
"neurological evidence"

{adj: objective, nonsubjective} undistorted by emotion or personal bias; based on observable phenomena
"an objective appraisal"
"objective evidence"
<-> subjective

{adj: objective} belonging to immediate experience of actual things or events
"objective benefits"
"an objective example"
"there is no objective evidence of anything of the kind"

{adj: pathological} caused by or evidencing a mentally disturbed condition
"a pathological liar"
"a pathological urge to succeed"

{adj: persuasive} capable of convincing
"a persuasive argument"
"the evidence is persuasive but not conclusive"

{adj: preconceived} (of an idea or opinion) formed beforehand; especially without evidence or through prejudice
"certain preconceived notions"

{adj: presumptive} affording reasonable grounds for belief or acceptance
"presumptive evidence"
"a strong presumptive case is made out"

{adj: probative, probatory} tending to prove a particular proposition or to persuade you of the truth of an allegation
"evidence should only be excluded if its probative value was outweighed by its prejudicial effect"

{adj: purposeless} not evidencing any purpose or goal
<-> purposeful

{adj: real, tangible} capable of being treated as fact
"tangible evidence"
"his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor"

{adj: soft} using evidence not readily amenable to experimental verification or refutation
"soft data"
"the soft sciences"

{adj: tenable, well-founded} based on sound reasoning or evidence
"well-founded suspicions"

{adj: unanalyzable, undecomposable} representing the furthest possible extent of analysis or division into parts
"a feeling is a simple and undecomposable mental state"- G.S.Brett
"this weight of evidence is something mystical and unanalyzable"-M.R.Cohen

{adj: uncertain} not established beyond doubt; still undecided or unknown
"an uncertain future"
"a manuscript of uncertain origin"
"plans are still uncertain"
"changes of great if uncertain consequences"
"without further evidence his story must remain uncertain"
<-> certain

{adj: uncorroborated, unsubstantiated} unsupported by other evidence

{adj: unequivocal, univocal, unambiguous} admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion
"unequivocal evidence"
"took an unequivocal position"
"an unequivocal success"
"an unequivocal promise"
"an unequivocal (or univocal) statement"
<-> equivocal

{adj: unobjective, unverifiable} (of e.g. evidence) not objective or easily verified

{adj: unsupported} not supported by written evidence
"unsupported accusations"

{adj: written} set down in writing in any of various ways
"written evidence"
<-> spoken

{adv: amply, fully} sufficiently; more than adequately
"the evidence amply (or fully) confirms our suspicions"
"they were fully (or amply) fed"
<-> meagerly

{adv: credibly, believably, plausibly, probably} easy to believe on the basis of available evidence
"he talked plausibly before the committee"
"he will probably win the election"
<-> incredibly

{adv: diametrically} as from opposite ends of a diameter
"when two honest witnesses give accounts of the same event that differ diametrically, how can anyone prove that the evidence you gave was deliberately false?"
"three of these brushes were approximately 120 feet apart and the fourth diametrically opposite to one of the three"

{adv: red-handed} doing something reprehensible or showing clear evidence of having done something reprehensible
"he was caught red-handed"

{adv: strikingly} in a striking manner
"this was strikingly demonstrated"
"the evidence was strikingly absent"

{n: Agassiz, Louis Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz} United States naturalist (born in Switzerland) who studied fossil fish; recognized geological evidence that ice ages had occurred in North America (1807-1873)

{n: Compton, Arthur Compton, Arthur Holly Compton} United States physicist noted for research on x-rays and gamma rays and nuclear energy; his observation that X-rays behave like miniature bowling balls in their interactions with electrons provided evidence for the quantal nature of light (1892-1962)

{n: DNA fingerprint, genetic fingerprint} biometric identification obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs; often used for evidence in criminal law cases

{n: Hadean, Hadean time, Hadean eon, Hadean aeon, Priscoan, Priscoan eon, Priscoan aeon} the earliest eon in the history of the Earth from the first accretion of planetary material (around 4,600 million years ago) until the date of the oldest known rocks (about 3,800 million years ago); no evidence of life

{n: Miranda rule} the rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)

{n: Munchausen's syndrome, Munchausen syndrome} syndrome consisting of feigning acute and dramatic illness for which no clinical evidence is ever found

{n: acquittance, release} a legal document evidencing the discharge of a debt or obligation

{n: adducing} citing as evidence or proof

{n: adjudication} the final judgment in a legal proceeding; the act of pronouncing judgment based on the evidence presented

{n: argument, statement} a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true
"it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true"

{n: arrogance, haughtiness, hauteur, high-handedness, lordliness} overbearing pride evidenced by a superior manner toward inferiors

{n: assertion, averment, asseveration} a declaration that is made emphatically (as if no supporting evidence were necessary)

{n: attestation} the evidence by which something is attested

{n: best evidence rule} a rule of evidence requiring that to prove the content of a writing or recording or photograph the original is required

{n: bounty, bounteousness} generosity evidenced by a willingness to give freely

{n: callowness, jejuneness, juvenility} lacking and evidencing lack of experience of life

{n: choking, strangling, strangulation, throttling} the act of suffocating (someone) by constricting the windpipe
"no evidence that the choking was done by the accused"

{n: circumstantial evidence, indirect evidence} evidence providing only a basis for inference about the fact in dispute
<-> direct evidence

{n: claim} an assertion that something is true or factual
"his claim that he was innocent"
"evidence contradicted the government's claims"

{n: clue, clew, cue} evidence that helps to solve a problem

{n: confutation} evidence that refutes conclusively

{n: conjecture} reasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence

{n: conviction, strong belief, article of faith} an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence

{n: convincingness} the power of argument or evidence to cause belief

{n: corpus delicti} the body of evidence that constitute the offence; the objective proof that a crime has been committed (sometimes mistakenly thought to refer to the body of a homicide victim)

{n: corroborating evidence} additional evidence or evidence of different kind that supports a proof already offered in a proceeding

{n: course, line} a connected series of events or actions or developments
"the government took a firm course"
"historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available"

{n: decision, determination, conclusion} a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration
"a decision unfavorable to the opposition"
"his conclusion took the evidence into account"
"satisfied with the panel's determination"

{n: decisiveness, decision} the trait of resoluteness as evidenced by firmness of character or purpose
"a man of unusual decisiveness"
<-> indecision, indecisiveness

{n: declaration} (law) unsworn statement that can be admitted in evidence in a legal transaction
"his declaration of innocence"

{n: defense, defence, denial, demurrer} a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him
"he gave evidence for the defense"
<-> prosecution

{n: delusion, psychotic belief} (psychology) an erroneous belief that is held in the face of evidence to the contrary

{n: detective story} a narrative about someone who investigates crimes and obtains evidence leading to their resolution

{n: direct evidence} evidence (usually the testimony of a witness) directly related to the fact in dispute
<-> circumstantial evidence

{n: disproof, falsification, refutation} any evidence that helps to establish the falsity of something

{n: doubting Thomas} someone who demands physical evidence in order to be convinced (especially when this demand is out of place)

{n: estoppel} a rule of evidence whereby a person is barred from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled

{n: evidence, grounds} your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief
"the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"

{n: evidence} (law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

{n: evidence} an indication that makes something evident
"his trembling was evidence of his fear"

{n: exclusionary rule} a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct

{n: exhibit} an object or statement produced before a court of law and referred to while giving evidence

{n: false verdict} a manifestly unjust verdict; not true to the evidence

{n: fingerprint} biometric identification from a print made by an impression of the ridges in the skin of a finger; often used as evidence in criminal investigations

{n: footprint evidence} evidence in the form of footprints
"there was footprint evidence that he had been at the scene of the crime"

{n: forensic medicine, forensic pathology} the branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge for legal purposes
"forensic pathology provided the evidence that convicted the murderer"

{n: frostiness} coldness as evidenced by frost

{n: fruit of the poisonous tree} a rule that once primary evidence is determined to have been illegally obtained any secondary evidence following from it may also not be used

{n: guess, conjecture, supposition, surmise, surmisal, speculation, hypothesis} a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence

{n: hearing} (law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence

{n: hearsay evidence} evidence based on what someone has told the witness and not of direct knowledge

{n: hearsay rule} a rule that declares not admissible as evidence any statement other than that by a witness

{n: identification} evidence of identity; something that identifies a person or thing

{n: inference, illation} the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation

{n: informing, ratting} to furnish incriminating evidence to an officer of the law (usually in return for favors)

{n: interpretation} an explanation that results from interpreting something
"the report included his interpretation of the forensic evidence"

{n: intrusiveness, meddlesomeness, officiousness} aggressiveness as evidenced by intruding; by advancing yourself or your ideas without invitation

{n: jauntiness, nattiness, dapperness, rakishness} stylishness as evidenced by a smart appearance

{n: jury} a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law

{n: kindliness, helpfulness} friendliness evidence by a kindly and helpful disposition

{n: knowledgeability, knowledgeableness, initiation} wisdom as evidenced by the possession of knowledge
"his knowledgeability impressed me"
"his dullness was due to lack of initiation"

{n: laetrile} a substance derived from amygdalin; publicized as an antineoplastic drug although there is no supporting evidence

{n: lead, track, trail} evidence pointing to a possible solution
"the police are following a promising lead"
"the trail led straight to the perpetrator"

{n: luxury, luxuriousness, opulence, sumptuousness} wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living

{n: mercilessness, unmercifulness} inhumaneness evidenced by an unwillingness to be kind or forgiving
<-> mercifulness

{n: muniments} deeds and other documentary evidence of title to land

{n: murderousness} cruelty evidence by a capability to commit murder

{n: negative identification} evidence proving that you are not who you say you are not; evidence establishing that you are not among a group of people already known to the system; recognition by the system leads to rejection
"a system for negative identification can prevent the use of multiple identities by a single person"

{n: objection} (law) a procedure whereby a party to a suit says that a particular line of questioning or a particular witness or a piece of evidence or other matter is improper and should not be continued and asks the court to rule on its impropriety or illegality

{n: omerta} a code of silence practiced by the Mafia; a refusal to give evidence to the police about criminal activities

{n: paleopathology, palaeopathology} the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence)

{n: paper trail} the written evidence of someone's activities
"this paper trail consisted mainly of electronically stored information"

{n: parapsychologist} someone who studies the evidence for such psychological phenomena as psychokinesis and telepathy and clairvoyance

{n: parol evidence rule} a rule that oral evidence cannot be used to contradict the terms of a written contract

{n: piece} a separate part of a whole
"an important piece of the evidence"

{n: plant} something planted secretly for discovery by another
"the police used a plant to trick the thieves"
"he claimed that the evidence against him was a plant"

{n: positive identification} evidence proving that you are who you say you are; evidence establishing that you are among the group of people already known to the system; recognition by the system leads to acceptance
"a system for positive identification can prevent the use of a single identity by several people"

{n: preclinical trial, preclinical test, preclinical phase} a laboratory test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on animal subjects; conducted to gather evidence justifying a clinical trial

{n: preconception, prepossession, parti pris, preconceived opinion, preconceived idea, preconceived notion} an opinion formed beforehand without adequate evidence
"he did not even try to confirm his preconceptions"

{n: prejudgment, prejudgement} a judgment reached before the evidence is available

{n: preponderance, prevalence} a superiority in numbers or amount
"a preponderance of evidence against the defendant"

{n: probable cause} (law) evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure
"a magistrate determined that there was probable cause to search the house"

{n: proof, cogent evidence} any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something
"if you have any proof for what you say, now is the time to produce it"

{n: protectiveness} the quality of providing protection
"statistical evidence for the protectiveness of vaccination"

{n: rebutter, disprover, refuter, confuter} a debater who refutes or disproves by offering contrary evidence or argument

{n: reconstruction} an interpretation formed by piecing together bits of evidence

{n: record} a document that can serve as legal evidence of a transaction
"they could find no record of the purchase"

{n: record} anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events
"the film provided a valuable record of stage techniques"

{n: red shift, redshift} (astronomy) a shift in the spectra of very distant galaxies toward longer wavelengths (toward the red end of the spectrum); generally interpreted as evidence that the universe is expanding

{n: regress, reasoning backward} the reasoning involved when you assume the conclusion is true and reason backward to the evidence

{n: res gestae} rule of evidence that covers words that are so closely associated with an occurrence that the words are considered part of the occurrence and as such their report does not violate the hearsay rule

{n: res ipsa loquitur} a rule of evidence whereby the negligence of an alleged wrongdoer can be inferred from the fact that the accident happened

{n: rule of evidence} (law) a rule of law whereby any alleged matter of fact that is submitted for investigation at a judicial trial is established or disproved

{n: share} any of the equal portions into which the capital stock of a corporation is divided and ownership of which is evidenced by a stock certificate
"he bought 100 shares of IBM at the market price"

{n: sign} (medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease
"there were no signs of asphyxiation"

{n: slenderness} the quality of being slight or inadequate
"he knew the slenderness of my wallet"
"the slenderness of the chances that anything would be done"
"the slenderness of the evidence"

{n: smoking gun} indisputable evidence (especially of a crime)

{n: solidity, solidness} the quality of being solid and reliable financially or factually or morally
"the solidity of the evidence worked in his favor"
"the solidness of her faith gave her enduring hope"

{n: special pleading} an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence

{n: speculation, conjecture} a hypothesis that has been formed by speculating or conjecturing (usually with little hard evidence)
"speculations about the outcome of the election"
"he dismissed it as mere conjecture"

{n: speculativeness} the quality of being a conclusion or opinion based on supposition and conjecture rather than on fact or investigation
"her work is highly contentious because of its speculativeness and lack of supporting evidence"

{n: spoliation} (law) the intentional destruction of a document or an alteration of it that destroys its value as evidence

{n: state's evidence} evidence for the prosecution in criminal proceedings

{n: straight face} a serious facial expression giving no evidence of interest or amusement

{n: sturdiness} resoluteness evidenced by strength of character
"sturdiness of moral principle"

{n: tattle, singing, telling} disclosing information or giving evidence about another

{n: testament} strong evidence for something
"his easy victory was a testament to his skill"

{n: testimony, testimonial} something that serves as evidence
"his effort was testimony to his devotion"

{n: trace, vestige, tincture, shadow} an indication that something has been present
"there wasn't a trace of evidence for the claim"
"a tincture of condescension"

{n: transgression} the spreading of the sea over land as evidenced by the deposition of marine strata over terrestrial strata

{n: unlikeness, dissimilitude} dissimilarity evidenced by an absence of likeness
<-> likeness, similitude

{n: voucher} a document that serves as evidence of some expenditure

{n: withholding} the act of holding back or keeping within your possession or control
"I resented his withholding permission"
"there were allegations of the withholding of evidence"

{v: adduce, abduce, cite} advance evidence for

{v: analyze, analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas} consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning
"analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare"
"analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"
"analyze your real motives"

{v: argue, indicate} give evidence of
"The evidence argues for your claim"
"The results indicate the need for more work"

{v: associate, tie in, relate, link, colligate, link up, connect} make a logical or causal connection
"I cannot connect these two pieces of evidence in my mind"
"colligate these facts"
"I cannot relate these events at all"
<-> dissociate

{v: attest, certify, manifest, demonstrate, evidence} provide evidence for ; stand as proof of ; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes
"His high fever attested to his illness"
"The buildings in Rome manifest a high level of architectural sophistication"
"This decision demonstrates his sense of fairness"

{v: charge} instruct (a jury) about the law, its application, and the weighing of evidence

{v: circumstantiate} give circumstantial evidence for

{v: collect, pull in} get or bring together
"accumulate evidence"

{v: confirm, corroborate, sustain, substantiate, support, affirm} establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts
"his story confirmed my doubts"
"The evidence supports the defendant"
<-> negate

{v: confront, face, present} present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize
"We confronted him with the evidence"
"He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions"
"An enormous dilemma faces us"

{v: corroborate, underpin, bear out, support} support with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm
"The stories and claims were born out by the evidence"

{v: gather} conclude from evidence
"I gather you have not done your homework"

{v: give} manifest or show
"This student gives promise of real creativity"
"The office gave evidence of tampering"

{v: hear, try} examine or hear (evidence or a case) by judicial process
"The jury had heard all the evidence"
"The case will be tried in California"

{v: leave, allow for, allow, provide} make a possibility or provide opportunity for ; permit to be attainable or cause to remain
"This leaves no room for improvement"
"The evidence allows only one conclusion"
"allow for mistakes"
"leave lots of time for the trip"
"This procedure provides for lots of leeway"

{v: prejudge} judge beforehand, especially without sufficient evidence

{v: presume} constitute reasonable evidence for
"A restaurant bill presumes the consumption of food"

{v: reflect} give evidence of a certain behavior
"His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him"

{v: reflect} give evidence of the quality of
"The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student"

{v: refute, rebut} overthrow by argument, evidence, or proof
"The speaker refuted his opponent's arguments"

{v: remain} be left ; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. ; "There remains the question of who pulled the trigger"
"Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war"

{v: repose on, rest on, build on, build upon} be based on ; of theories and claims, for example
"What's this new evidence based on?"

{v: roll up, collect, accumulate, pile up, amass, compile, hoard} get or gather together
"I am accumulating evidence for the man's unfaithfulness to his wife"
"She is amassing a lot of data for her thesis"
"She rolled up a small fortune"

{v: show} give evidence of, as of records
"The diary shows his distress that evening"

{v: suggest, intimate} imply as a possibility
"The evidence suggests a need for more clarification"

{v: surmise} infer from incomplete evidence

{v: tell, evidence} give evidence
"he was telling on all his former colleague"

{v: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence, show} provide evidence for
"The blood test showed that he was the father"
"Her behavior testified to her incompetence"

{v: validate, corroborate} give evidence for

{v: vouch} give supporting evidence
"He vouched his words by his deeds"

Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brains physical deterioration.
调查大脑体积和智力的研究人员称，他们的研究提供的证据表明，接受教育能保护智力免受大脑自然衰退的影响。

The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the " reserve " hypothesis, according to the researchers.
据研究人员说，这份发表在 7月份的《神经病学》杂志上的研究报告第一次提供了生物学上的证据来支持 "后备 "假说。

Reliability of Eyewitness Evidence Never Absolute
目击者的证据并非绝对可靠

This becomes a difficulty when eyewitness accounts are important for evidence in court trials.
在法庭审讯中，当目击者的陈述被当作重要证据时，就给我们带来了一个难题。

Recent studies do not support the degree of faith judges, jurors, lawyers and the police have in eyewitness evidence.
对法官、陪审员、律师和警察给予目击证据的相信程度，近来的一些研究表示无法认同。

The law Commission recently published an educational paper, " Total Recall? The Reliability of Witness Testimony ", as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence.
最近，法律委员会发表了一篇有教育意义的论文（完全的回忆？目击者证言的可靠性）作为拟议中的 "证据法规 "的参考指南。

In court witnesses are asked to give evidence about events, and judges and ju-ries assess its reliability.
在法庭上，要求目击者为案件提供证据，由法官和陪审团判断其可靠性。

Where a case against a defendant depends on identification evidence, the judge must continue the practice of warning the jury to be cautious.
当对被告的指控依赖于指认证据时，法官必须继续按照惯例提醒陪审团千万小心。

The code provides alternative ways for children to give evidence to increase accuracy, and gives judges guidance on what to tell a jury to help assess the evidence of very young children "证据法规 "为儿童作证提供了其它的方法，以提高准确性，并指导法官如何向陪审团说明从而帮助他们辨别幼儿证词的可靠性。

The evidence for a warm Antarctic has been fossilized pollen and plankton found high in the Transantarctic Mountains, near the coast, and dated to around 3 million years ago.
南极洲曾经温暖的证据是在横跨南极山脉靠近海岸的高地上发现的花粉和浮游生物的化石，其年代被确定为距今 300万年左右。

Most strikingly, a new set of rules introduced in 1983 did away with the position of Devil's Advocate, the man previously charged with casting a sceptical eye over the evidence and asking hard questions about the weak, or less believable, points in a candidate's dossier.
最引人注目的是， 1983年采用的一套新的规则废除了列圣审查官的职位。从前交给这种官吏的任务是对申请人档案中的证据加以怀疑，并对其中的弱点或者不那么可信的疑点追根究底。

Mr. Singh was unable to provide evidence to back up his claims that making prisoners meditate worked.
辛格先生不能提供证据以支持他声称的让囚犯们进行沉思冥想很有作用的说法。

More evidence can be found in Wap( wireless application protocol) the method by which internet-based information can appear on the ridiculously small cellphone screens.
从 Wap 无线应用协议 ) 上可以找到更多的证据－借助 Wap ，基于因特网的信息能够在小得可笑的便携式电话屏幕上显示出来。

" Our research has revealed evidence that lots of women benefit from their partners being there and find them immensely supportive.
"我们的研究已提供了证明，许多妇女因其丈夫在场而获益，发觉她们得到极大的支持。
The most important thing is that the woman who is giving birth feels relaxed, confident and happy.
最重要的是妇女在分娩时感到放松、自信和快乐。

He produces this evidence in court and produces a sensation.
他在法庭上出示这些证据，引起了极大的轰动。

Financial devastation may have hit America, but from the evidence on records and film sound tracks, people kept on humming and strumming.
金融危机虽然对美国冲击巨大，但从唱片与电影配乐来看，人们并没有因此而放弃音乐。

But when several different labs reported almost definitive evidence of the enzyme's identity, it looked nothing like any other protease.
但是，当几家实验室发表了这几乎切存在的证时，它看上去其他蛋白白完全不同。

There's evidence that gamma secretase is crucial to the normal development of blood cells.
证显示，伽马分泌素减能能对血细胞正常发育至关重要。

But curiosity about him continues, as evidenced by the continual flow of newly written Einstein books.
但是人们对他的好奇并没有停止，有关他的书籍不断出版，这就是很好的证明。

It operates your TV, cable box and VCR, though, of course, you e pretty much wearing evidence of your TV addiction.
它可以控制你的电视、有线电视和录象，但是，当然了，佩带这款手表显然是堂而皇之地告诉别人你是电视迷。

But there is no evidence that HIV-infected chimps were used in the experiments.
不过，至今无法证明在那次试验中使用了染上爱滋病的黑猩猩。

According to Southern Medical Journal, anecdotal evidence suggests that antiseizure drugs provide the best relief for neuropathic pain, associated with nerve problems.
《南方医学杂志》载文称，据说这种防止疼痛症发作的药物对于由神经系统紊乱引起的神经性疼痛疗效最为显著。

Fears of addiction are understandable, but evidence suggests that many of the older and newer medications can be safely prescribed.
担心用药成瘾是可以理解的，但是有证据表明许多早就生产的和最新研制的药物都可以放心地使用。

However, there is very little evidence about the beginning of the age of dinosaurs.
然而，有关恐龙时代开始的证据却知之甚少。

The MMR( measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine has also been suspected of causing autism, yet there is no definitive scientific evidence to connect any vaccines to the still mysterious behavioral disorder.
麻疹、百日咳和风疹疫苗也被怀疑可导致孤独症，尽管没有准确的科学依据证明任何疫苗与这种神秘的行为失常有联系。

Although the evidence is largely anecdotal, some parents charge that inoculations have brought on such disorders as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes and even autism.
尽管并没有有力的证据证明，一些家长认为接种疫苗导致了多发性硬化症、类风湿关节炎、慢性疲劳综合症和糖尿病，甚至孤独症。

Evidence is growing that certain fruits and vegetables seem to have powerful cancer fighting properties.
有越来越多的证据表明，某些水果和蔬菜好像有很强的抗癌特性。

It would be wonderful to observe a singularity and obtain direct evidence of the undoubtedly bizarre phenomena that occur near one.
倘若能观察到一颗奇点，并获取直接的证据以反映出发生在某一奇点附近那些无疑是离奇怪异的现象，那将令人叹止。

Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure-which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century-provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves. 　
古特曼以令人信服的证据证明，这种广泛悠久的亲缘结构——据他所称于十八世纪中期至后期发展起来——为奴隶之间所存在的那种强烈的集体意识提供了基础。

According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view.
按此理论，并非是感觉的神经冲动的性质在决定着它们所产生的不尽相同的有意识感觉，而是神经冲动所释放入其中的不同的大脑区域在起着决定性作用。

Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。

Some support for his theory can be found in evidence such as that drawn from Herofotus, the Greek "historian" of the fifth century B. C.,who speaks of an Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women hunted and fought in wars.
他的理论的某些依据可从某一类证据中寻找到，如由希罗多德（Herodotus）那里获取的证据，而希罗多德，乃公元前五世纪的希腊“史学家”，也曾谈及某一亚马孙社会，即Sauromatae，在此社会内，女性进行狩猎并在战争中作战。

Haney's thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population.
哈尼全面彻底的研究提供了令人信服的实地证据，证明食草动物确能对浮游植物的种群数量产生重大的压力。

Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them.
当它们是恰当的时候，并有充分的证据为其提供依据时，史学家们一贯在利用这样的解释。

It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.
它否认历史证据的基本标准，即证据应公开地为所有的史学家所获取，从而能为所有的史学家所评估。

But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630's on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery.
诚然，十七世纪六十代之前，黑人是绝少被称为奴隶的，但这一点不应该掩盖自十六世纪三十代年起就存在的证据，所有这些证据均可证明种族歧视的存在，虽然不曾使用“奴隶制”这一术语。

The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。

There is no conclusive evidence about the relative length, complexity, and temperatures of the various glacial and interglacial periods.
有关各个冰川期和间冰期的相对长度、复杂性（以及温度，没有任何结论性的证据。

Later, evidence in support of the idea of intense local chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfied was found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria were found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of vent water thought to be pure.
后来，支持强烈局部化学合成这一思想的证据渐趋积累起来：在热液口的水中发现了硫化氢（hydrogen sulfide）；许多热液口场址的细菌被发现具有化学合成的能力；此外，在那些曾被认为纯净无物的热液口水样中，发现了大量极为密集的细菌。

Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.
科研人员已经对这些铜制物和铜矿石进行了分析，以确定各种元素的各种含量，但出于种种原因，这些研究普遍而言没能提供证据，以反映出这些物件中所使用的铜的来源。

It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。
但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。

The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.
对于第一个前提，戴维斯教授提供了极为充分的证据，可予以接受，而无太大的保留意见；而第二个前提则显得要成问题得多。

Evidence supporting this view comes from observations of IRC+10216, a pulsating giant star located 700 light- years away from Earth.
支持这一观点的证据来自对IRC+10216的观察。
所谓IRC+10216，是指位于距地球700光年处的一颗颤动不停的巨星。

U.S officials investigating the alleged incident at Guantanamo detention facility, say they have found no evidence to confirm it took place.
美国调查关塔那摩湾拘留营亵渎事件的官员说，并没有发现证据证实这一事件发生过。

There has been no comment from Iran. But such a visit would mark the latest twist in the IAEA's long dealings with Iran over its suspected nuclear weapons program. The U.N. agency has not found hard evidence proving the country is working to produce nuclear weapons. But Tehran has acknowledged that it hid critical aspects of its civilian nuclear program for nearly two decades even though it insists all such programs are intended to produce electricity.
伊朗方面还没有对此做出评论。但这样一次访问将是国际原子能机构长期以来就伊朗可疑的核武器项目与伊朗交往中的最新进展。该机构一直没有找到确凿证据证明伊朗在生产核武器，但是德黑兰承认，20多年来一直向外界隐瞒了其民用核项目，不过伊朗坚持说，所有这类项目都是为了生产电力。

A White House spokeswoman says the United States has always supported a two term limit for U.N. organization chiefs. But she declines to comment on reports the U.S. has intercepted Mohamed ElBaradei's telephone calls in a search for evidence that could be used against him.
白宫发言人德弗朗西斯说，美国一直主张联合国各机构的首席官员只担任两届任期。有报道说，美国在寻找可能对巴拉迪不利的证据时窃听了他的电话，对此，德弗朗西斯拒绝发表任何评论。

These officials indicate they found no evidence of wrongdoing. Some said the calls sounded like he was being too soft on the Iranians, while others described the conversations as standard diplomacy.
美国官员表示，他们没有找到任何不法行为的证据。有些官员说，电话听上去好象巴拉迪对伊朗人过于心慈手软，另外一些官员则认为，谈话符合标准的外交做法。

Senator Kerry breaks with tradition and speaks out during his opponent's convention with remarks to the American Legion convention Wednesday. He has made veterans a cornerstone of a campaign that emphasizes his service in the Vietnam War as evidence of his ability to serve as commander-in-chief.
在对手共和党举行全国代表大会之际，参议员克里将打破传统在星期三美国军团的会议上发表讲话。克里以退伍军人为竞选的支柱，在竞选中强调他在越战中服役，并以此证明他的确有能力担任美国武装部队的最高统帅。

The results of the Army investigation are expected to be released in the coming days. Barring any last minute changes, U.S. military officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, say it will place most blame for the abuses at Abu Ghraib on reservist guards and those who ran the prison. They say the investigation found no direct evidence that high level Pentagon commanders gave orders for prisoners to be abused.
军队的调查报告在今后几天就会公布出来。为了防止最后有什么变化，美国军队官员以匿名的身份说，这起虐待事件的责任大部份应该由后备役警卫和管理监狱的军官来承担。他们说，调查没有找到显示五角大楼高层军官授意虐待伊拉克犯人的直接证据。

产地证明书 Certificate of Origin
1．Certificate of origin of China showing 中国产地证明书 stating 证明 evidencing 列明 specifying 说明 indicating 表明 declaration of 声明
2．Certificate of Chinese origin 中国产地证明书
3．Certificate of origin shipment of goods of … origin prohibited 产地证，不允许装运……的产品
4．Declaration of origin 产地证明书（产地生明）
5．Certificate of origin separated 单独出具的产地证
6．Certificate of origin “form A” “格式A”产地证明书
7．Generalised system of preference certificate of origin form “A” 普惠制格式“A”产地证明书

Parcel post receipt evidencing goods condigned to…and quoting our credit number
以……为收货人并注明本证号码的邮包收据

Loading port and destinaltion装运港与目的港
despatch/shipment from Chinese port to…
从中国港口发送/装运往……
evidencing shipment from China to…CFR by steamer in transit Saudi Arabia not later than 15th July, 1987 of the goods specified below
列明下面的货物按成本加运费价格用轮船不得迟于1987年7月15日从中国通过沙特阿拉伯装运到……

Date of shipment 装船期
（1）bills of lading must be dated not later than August 15, 1987 提单日期不得迟于1987年8月15日
（2）shipment must be effected not later than（or on）July 30,1987 货物不得迟于（或于）1987年7月30日装运
（3）shipment latest date… 最迟装运日期：……
（4）evidencing shipment/despatch on or before… 列明货物在…年…月…日或在该日以前装运/发送
（5）from China port to … not later than 31st August, 1987 不迟于1987年8月31日从中国港口至……

spsc-42261904
Biological evidence collection kits
生物证据收集套件

spsc-46151714
Evidence drying cabinets
证物干燥箱

Should the shipment have to be extended for fulfillment of this contract, the Buyer shall give the Seller a grace period of 30 (thirty) days upon submitting evidence by the Seller.

分叉t, the Buyer shall give the Seller a grace period of 30 (thirty) days upon submitting evidence by the Seller.

Should the shipment have to be extended for fulfillment of this contract, the Buyer shall give the Seller a grace period of 30 (thirty) days upon submitting evidence by the Seller.

分叉t, the Buyer shall give the Seller a grace period of 30 (thirty) days upon submitting evidence by the Seller.

Should the shipment have to be extended for fulfillment of this contract, the Buyer shall give the Seller a grace period of 30 (thirty) days upon submitting evidence by the Seller.

分叉t, the Buyer shall give the Seller a grace period of 30 (thirty) days upon submitting evidence by the Seller.

Should the shipment have to be extended for fulfillment of this contract, the Buyer shall give the Seller a grace period of 30 (thirty) days upon submitting evidence by the Seller.

SEQUELAE OF INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC
DISEASES (B90-B94)
Note : These categories are to be used to indicate conditions in categories A00-B89 as the
cause of sequelae, which are themselves classified elsewhere. The "sequelae"
include conditions specified as such; they also include late effects of diseases
classifiable to the above categories if there is evidence that the disease itself is no
longer present. For use of these categories, reference should be made to the morbidity or
mortality coding rules and guidelines in Volume 2.
感染症及寄生虫疾病後遗症 ( B90-B94 )
注：本分类码被用於 A00-B89 类情况之後遗症，及晚期
效应（当疾病本身已不存在时）。欲使用此分类码
请参考第二册罹病率及死亡率编码原则及指引。

MALNUTRITION (E40-E46)
Note: The degree of malnutrition is usually measured in terms of weight, expressed in
standard deviations from the mean of the relevant reference population. When one or more
previous measurements are available, lack of weight gain in children, or evidence of
weight loss in children or adults, is usually indicative of malnutrition. When only one
measurement is available, the diagnosis is based on probabilities and is not definitive
without other clinical or laboratory tests. In the exceptional circumstances that no
measurement of weight is available, reliance should be placed on clinical evidence. If an
observed weight is below the mean value of the reference population, there is a high
probability of severe malnutrition if there is an observed value situated 3 or more
standard deviations below the mean value of the reference population; a high probability
of moderate malnutrition for an observed value located between 2 and less than 3 standard
deviations below this mean; and a high probability of mild malnutrition for an observed
value located between 1 and less than 2 standard deviations below this mean.
Excludes: intestinal malabsorption (K90.-)
nutritional anaemias (D50-D53)
sequelae of protein-energy malnutrition (E64.0)
slim disease (B22.2)
starvation (T73.0)
营养不良 (E40-E46)
注：营养不良的程度，通常以体重与关联参考人口
相比较，以低多少标准差来表示。曾经一次或多次
量体重时，如果小孩没有增加体重，或如果小孩或
成人体重减少，通常表示营养不良。只有一项数据
时，只能根据或然率诊断，如无其他临床或实验室
检查佐证，则无法确定。如有特殊情况没有体重值
时，只能依赖临床证据。如果所测体重在参考人口
的平均值以下 3 个或更多标准差时，有严重的营养不
良的可能性很高；如果比该平均值低於 2 至 3 个标准
差时，中度营养不良的可能性很高；测得数值比该
平均值低 1 至 2 个标准差时，轻度营养不良的可能性
很高。
不包含：肠吸收不良 (K90.-)
营养性贫血 (D50-D53)
蛋白质及热量短缺性营养不良的後遗症 (E64.0)
纤弱性疾病 (B22.2)
绝食 (T73.0)

F06.7
Mild cognitive disorder
A disorder characterized by impairment of memory, learning difficulties, and reduced
ability to concentrate on a task for more than brief periods. There is often a marked
feeling of mental fatigue when mental tasks are attempted, and new learning is found to be
subjectively difficult even when objectively successful. None of these symptoms is so
severe that a diagnosis of either dementia (F00-F03) or delirium (F05.-) can be made. This
diagnosis should be made only in association with a specified physical disorder, and
should not be made in the presence of any of the mental or behavioural disorders
classified to F10-F99. The disorder may precede accompany, or follow a wide variety of
infections and physical disorders both cerebral and systemic, but direct evidence of
cerebral involvement is not necessarily present. It can be differentiated from
postencephalitic syndrome (F07.1) and postconcussional syndrome (F07.2) by its different
etiology, more restricted range of generally milder symptoms , and usually shorter
duration.
轻度认知障碍症　
主要表徵为记忆障碍，学习或注意力集中困难。当
要用脑力时，会有明显的脑力疲倦之感觉（无力感
），要学习新东西时，甚至客观上学习的很成功，
但主观上一直觉得学习得不好，而有学习之困难。
这些症状均属轻微程度，所以无法作痴呆（F00-F03）或
谵妄（F05.-）之诊断。这个诊断只当有连带之身体疾
病才能诊断，若有 F10-F99 种种精神疾病同存时，即不
能作此诊断。此疾病发生於种种发炎或其他身体疾
病之前後或同时发生，这些同存身体疾病包含脑之
疾病，但这些种种身体疾病不一定有直接证据可以
显现脑部之障碍。此疾病应与脑炎後徵候群（F07.1）
与脑震汤後徵候群（F07.2）做区分，其鉴别之重点是
病因不同、程度较轻、症状范围较狭窄、期间较短
。　

This block contains a wide variety of disorders that differ
in severity and clinical form but that are all attributable to the use of one or more
psychoactive substances, which may or may not have been medically prescribed. The third
character of the code identifies the substance involved, and the fourth character
specifies the clinical state. The codes should be used, as required, for each substance
specified, but it should be noted that not all fourth-character codes are applicable to
all substances.
Identification of the psychoactive substance should be based on as many sources of
information as possible. These include self-report data, analysis of blood and other body
fluids, characteristic physical and psychological symptoms, clinical signs and behaviour,
and other evidence such as a drug being in the patient's possession or reports from
informed third parties. Many drug users take more than one type of psychoactive substance.
The main diagnosis should be classified, whenever possible, according to the substance or
class of substances that has caused or contributed most to the presenting clinical
syndrome. Other diagnoses should be coded when other psychoactive substances have been
taken in intoxicating amounts (common fourth character .0) or to the extent of causing
harm (common fourth character .1), dependence (common fourth character .2) or other
disorders (common fourth character .3-.9).
Only in cases in which patterns of psychoactive substance-taking are chaotic and
indiscriminate, or in which the contributions of different psychoactive substances are
inextricably mixed, should the diagnosis of disorders resulting from multiple drug use
(F19.-) be used.
Excludes: abuse of non-dependence-producing substances (F55)
The following fourth-character subdivisions are for use with categories F10-F19:
本节包含了几种不同严重程度与临床型态的疾病，
这些疾病均因由於使用一种或更多的精神作用物质
所引起。这些药物可能由医师处方或自行使用。本
节用第３码代表特定的物质，第４码表示临床状况
；这些号码可用来代表特定物质所造成的精神状态
，但需注意不是所有的号码都能应用在每个物质上
。
对於精神作用物质使用与否的界定要尽可能运用多
种的临床资讯，这些包含患者自我陈述的资料，血
液与其他体液检体的客观分析，特殊之身体与心理
症状、临床候、行为表现、以及其他资料，如在病
人身上发现药物，或第叁者提供的报告。许多药物
使用者服用不止一种的药品，但在主要的诊断方面
仍应依据与临床状况最相关的药物（或同一类的药
物）加以分类。当其他精神作用物质之使用量引起
中毒（第 4 码 .0），引起伤害（第 4 码.1），依赖（第 4 码.2）
或其他障碍（第 4 码.3-.9）时，也要把其他精神作用物
质相关之诊断加以记述。
只有当精神作用物质的使用型态非常混乱且不易分
辨，或者使用的不同药物对临床表现之影响相当的
复杂时，才诊断为由於使用多种药物引起之精神疾
病（F19.－）
不包含：非成瘾性药物的滥用（F55）
下面第４码之分类要与 F10-F19 之各类别诊断一起使用
：

.7
Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder
A disorder in which alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced changes of cognition,
affect, personality, or behaviour persist beyond the period during which a direct
psychoactive substance-related effect might reasonably be assumed to be operating. Onset
of the disorder should be directly related to the use of the psychoactive substance. Cases
in which initial onset of the state occurs later than episode(s) of such substance use
should be coded here only where clear and strong evidence is available to attribute the
state to the residual effect of the psychoactive substance. Flashbacks may be
distinguished from psychotic state partly by their episodic nature, frequently of very
short duration, and by their duplication of previous alcohol- or other psychoactive
substance-related experiences.
Alcoholic dementia NOS
Chronic alcoholic brain syndrome
Dementia and other milder forms of persisting impairment of cognitive functions
Flashbacks
Late-onset psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorder
Posthallucinogen perception disorder
Residual:
. affective disorder
. disorder of personality and behaviour
Excludes: alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced:
. Korsakov's syndrome (F10-F19 with common fourth char- acter .6)
. psychotic state (F10-F19 with common fourth character .5)
残馀及晚发精神病症
此病症是因酒精或精神作用物质引起认知、情感、
人格或行为的改变，此变化会较原先精神作用质引
起的效果持续续得更久。此病症的发病必须和使用
酒精或精神作用物质直接相关。要有明确及强烈的
证据显示发病是因使用精神作用物质後的残馀效果
时才能归类於此诊断。重现现象（F1x.70）与精神病症
是不同的，其区别之要点是其短暂性、阵发性、以
及其重覆先前酒精或其他精神作用物质相关之经验
。
酒精性痴呆症，其他未明示者
慢性酒精性脑徵候群
痴呆症与其他轻型持久性认知功能障碍
重现现象
晚发性精神作用物质引起之精神病性疾病
幻觉剂使用後知觉障碍症
残馀性：
．情感障碍症
．人格与行为障碍症
不包含：酒精或精神作用物质引起：
．柯沙科夫徵候群（F10-F19 与有第４码.6 者）
．精神病性状态（F10-F19 与有第４码.5 者）

F22.0
Delusional disorder
A disorder characterized by the development either of a single delusion or of a set of
related delusions that are usually persistent and sometimes lifelong. The content of the

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