class [ kla:s] n.班，班级；阶级
class [kla:s] n.(学校)班;年级;课
class [kla:s] 类
进修班 class for further studies
强化班 intensive training class
Guide for the Use of Class A Foams in Manual Structural Fire Fighting
人工灭火时使用A型泡沫器材的标准
Standard on Fire-Fighting Foam Chemicals for Class A Fuels in Rural, Suburban, and Vegetated Areas
在城郊和偏僻区域用燃油A型泡沫灭火器的标准
upper-middle-class 上中阶层
grade 年级
class 班级
first-class quality 或 first-rate quality 头等的质量
first-class 一等品
at each other's throats 吵架
A: I can't believe Sean and Keith. They were at each other's throats in front of the whole class yesterday.
A: 我真不敢相信 Sean 跟 Keith会这样。他俩昨天当着整个班上互相叫骂起来了。
B: They fight all the time. You didn't know that?
B: 他们经常在吵架, 你不知道吗?
飞机票
(指限定条件) endoresement/restrictions
前往城市 to
旅客姓名 name of passenger
承运人(公司) carrier
旅行经停地点 good for passage between
航班号 flight no.
起点城市 from
座舱等级 class (fare basis)
起飞日期 date
机号 plane No.
起飞时间 time
机座号 seat No.
订座情况 status
吸烟坐位 smoking seat
机票确认 ticket confirm
非吸烟席 non-smoking seat
登机口 gate
签 证
姓 surname 失效日期(或必须在...日之前入境) expiry date ( 或 before)
名 first (given) name 停留期为...... for stays of
性别 sex 10天 ten days
出生日期 birthdate 8周 eight weeks
国籍 nationality 3个月 three months
护照号 passport No. 6个月 six months
编号 control No. 1年 one year
签发地 Issue At 3年 three years
签发日期 Issue Date (或On) 签证种类 visa type(class)
一个经济舱座位，对吗？ One economy class seat, is that right？
Class（班、级或届）："Class"一词可以有多种解释。（１）"班"，根据同一课程表在
同一讲师或教授指导下上课的一群学生；（２）"级"，同一学年的学生，如一年级（freshman
class）、二年级（sophomore class）、三年级（junior class）、四年级（senior class）；
（３）"届"，某一特定年份毕业的学生，如"九七届"（"The Class of 1997")。
Class Card（听课证）：一种正式颁发的卡证，一般是用计算机打出，持证者得以到某课堂听课。
Class Rank（年级名次）：表示一个学生学习成绩在毕业年级（graduating class）的排列名
次或比率。在由一百名学生组成的年级中排列第一的学生的年级名次为１／１００，排列最
后则为１００／１００。年级名次也可以百分比表示，如前百分之二十五（the top 25
percent）、后百分之五十（the lower 50 percent）。
(对女人来说) 有三类男人：智慧的情人，尊荣的情人，***的情人。
There are three classes of men: lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, lovers of gain.
进修班 class for advanced studies
听课 to visit a class; to sit in on a class;p to attend a lecture
公开课 open class
课外辅导 instruction after class
课堂讨论 class discussion
扫盲班 literacy class
Class（班、级或届）：“Class”一词可以有多种解释。（1）“班”，根据同一课程表在同一讲师或教授指导下上课的一群学生；（2）“级”，同一学年的学生，如一年级（freshman class）、二年级（sophomore class）、三年级（junior class）、四年级（senior class）；（3）“届”，某一特定年份毕业的学生，如“九七届”（“The Class of 1997”)。
Class Card（听课证）：一种正式颁发的卡证，一般是用计算机打出，持证者得以到某课堂听课。
Class Rank（年级名次）：表示一个学生学习成绩在毕业年级（graduating class）的排列名次或比率。在由一百名学生组成的年级中排列第一的学生的年级名次为1／100，排列最后则为100／100。年级名次也可以百分比表示，如前百分之二十五（the top 25 percent）、后百分之五十（the lower 50 percent）。
economy class, tourist class 经济座
first class 头等
class 班级
课堂是以教师为中心还是以学生为中心？ A Teacher-centered Class or A Student-centered Class?
product class 产品类别
social class 社会阶层
accounting class
会计职类
administrative class
政务职类
broadcasting and information class
广播与新闻职类
class
职类
class of passage
旅费等级
class scale
职类薪级
clerical class
文书职类
construction class
建筑职类
Class A surface A级表面
His mark in math is second to none in the class.
他的数学分数在班上是名列前茅的。
Protect the interests of the working class 保护工人阶级利益
wage-earning class 工薪阶层
冲量
impulse
SAE100和180滤波通道
SAE channel class 100 and 180 filter
频率级通道
channel frequency classes
A society that gives to one class all the opportunities for leisure, and to another all the burdens of work, dooms both classes to spiritual sterility.
一个将闲暇的全部机会都给予一个阶级，而将劳作的全部重负都给予另一个阶级的社会，注定了两个阶级都处于精神贫瘠。
Instead of this absurd division into sexes they ought to class people as static and dynamic.
为取代性别这种荒唐的区别，他们应该把人分成静态与动态两种。
We are expected to participate actively in English class.
要求我们积极参与英语课的活动。
Now that John has arrived, we can begin our English class.
既然约翰来了，我们可以开始上英语课了。
The navy is introducing a new class of battle ship this year.
海军今年开始使用一种新的战艇。
At her best, she's a really first-class dancer.
在最佳状态时，她真是一位一流的舞蹈家。
The whole class were infected with the virus.
全班学生都感染上了这种病毒。
The teacher's colleagues taught his classes while he was ill.
老师生病时，他的同事们替他上课。
The teacher appointed her to chair the class meeting.
老师指定她主持班务会。
Bill's problems in math class concern Sandy very much.
比尔数学功课不好使桑迪很不安。
The boy failed in the examination because he had paid no attention to the teacher in class.
那男孩考试没及格, 他上课不听老师讲课。
Names, ages, and other data about the class are recorded in the teacher's notebook.
这个班级的学生姓名、年龄和其他方面的资料都被写在老师的笔记本上。
The number of students in the class declined from 25 to 20.
班上学生的人数由25个减少到了20个。
Professor Cary has a name as an outstanding lecturer. His classes are always well attended.
卡里教授上课之精彩是出了名的，他的课总是吸引着许多学生。
He hit the target when he became president of the class.
他达到了目的，当上了班长。
It took the teacher months to bring his class under control.
这个老师用了几个月的时间才把他教的班级控制住。
The staff rendered first-class service and all the guests were quite satisfied.
工作人员提供了一流的服务，客人们十分满意。
He was absent from class and he gave an incredible excuse.
他没来上课, 提出的借口令人难以置信。
We should apply what we have learned in class to the experiment.
我们应该把我们课堂上所学到的知识运用到实验中去。
Tony has the distinction of being the tallest boy in the class.
托尼是班上个子最高的孩子，这是他的出众之处。
George turned over a new leaf and stopped disturbing the class.
乔治己改好了, 不再在课堂上捣乱了。
In her youth, she earned a reasonable living by posing for art students in drawing classes.
她年轻时，靠着给学艺术的学生作绘画课上的模特，生活得还可以。
How do you account for your long absence from classes without asking for leave?
你如何解释你不请假而长期缺课的行为？
Anna got a lucky break yesterday when the teacher failed to notice she was late for class.
安娜昨天运气不错，上课迟到而老师却没有注意到。
We must press for a reduction in the number of students in a class.
我们必须要求减少每个班级的学生人数。
The lesson ended and the teacher dismissed the class.
课讲完了，老师让学生们下课。
It's time for class.
上课时间到了。
I'll call the roll before class.
课前我要点名。
The whole class is in a heated discussion.
全班同学正在热烈讨论。
There are many training classed and night classes.
有许多培训班与夜校。
My class went camping last summer.
去年夏天我们班去露营了。
Mr. Smith is in charge of this class. 史密斯老师负责该班。
Why don't you attend an aerobic class? 你为什么不去参加一个有氧健身班呢?
Jack is the strongest boy in the class.杰克是全班最强壮的男孩。
Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
这种关于孩子的观点到19世纪时已在中上阶级中建立，并于19世纪末20世纪初在社会上广泛传播，当时改革者们推行童工规定和义务教育法，部分来源于孩子的情感价值的假设，这都使得使用童工被禁止了。
My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
我认为它的关键意识——它对于阶级和性的深远理解对人们的生活有着重要影响——很大程度上归功于文化遗产，总的来说，当代的文艺批评家并未对此给予足够评价。
If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors.
如果我们将人类看作动物来尝试解释作用在有机物上的环境影响力的话，我们不得不处理像气候，土壤，植物和一些对于所有生物环境来说共同的因素，但我们也发现，“文化”的影响也非常重大，它可以改变物理和生物因素。
You can join the class if you parents approve.
如果你父母同意，你可以参加这个班。
You must pay attention to your teacher in the class.
上课的时候必须专心听老师讲课。
She divided the food into four equal shares.
她把食物分成相同的四份。
The class is divided in opinion.
整个班级意见有分歧。
You should finish your English grammar drills in the class.
你应该在课堂上完成语法练习。
How many students are there in your class?
你班里有多少学生？
She is more clever than the other girls in her class.
她比班上其他任何女孩子都聪明。
How many pupils are there in your class?
你的班里有多少名小学生？
Hearing the bell, we raced to the class.
听到铃声，我们赶快跑去上课。
The teacher read the poem to the class.
老师给全班同学朗诵这首诗歌。
How many students are there in your class?
你们班有多少个学生？
咱们逃学吧!
Let's play hooky! *play hooky 俚语，“逃学”。
Let's skip school!
Let's cut class!
Let's ditch school!
毫无价值!/不值一提!
It's for the birds. *直译“帮不了谁，最多只能帮帮鸟罢了”，即“无聊，没有意思”。是比较旧的说法，但现在仍然在用。
I hate this class. (我最讨厌上这课。)
I agree. It's for the birds. (没错。真无聊。)
It's no good.
It sucks.
I'd like to change this ticket to the first class.
我想把这张票换成头等车。
What''s the fare to New York, Economy Class?
去纽约的经济舱机票多少钱？
Can I have a second-class one way ticket to Chicago,please?
请给我一张去芝加哥的单程二等票好吗？
She is at the top of her class.
她名列前茅。
school is open 与 the school is open：
school is open (或 schools are open) 是指「学校开学」(classes are in session)，这里的 open 是形容词，school 前面不加冠词 the，意味整个中小学的 school system。但是 the school is open，多指学校的建筑物开放著，但没有学生上课。
同理：He goes to school. 是指他去上学读书受教育，而 He goes to the school. 又指他去学校的建筑物（看朋友、参观等）。
至於 School is closed.（或 Schools are closed.) 是指「学校停课」，前面也不加 the。
注意：close 当形容词时，也有「附近」(nearby) 或「友善」(friendly) 的意思。 例如：
* The school is close（=nearby).（学校在附近。）
* That is a close neighborhood.（那是一个友善的住宅区），而 The school is opened at 8 a.m.; 或
* The school is closed at 5 p.m.（都是指学校的建筑物开放或关闭的时间。）
但是 The store is open. 是指店铺在营业中（= Business is going on.），而 The store is closed. 又是指店铺暂时不营业。
假如店铺是永久性的「关门大吉」，就应该说：
* The store was closed down. (permanently)
不过 closed 当形容词时，又有「保守」（conservative）或受某种「限制」（restricted）的意思。 例如：
* This is a closed community.（这是一个保守的社区。）（由於宗教信仰等原因，美国有的社区不欢迎外来的人。）
Cut class 逃课
A I’ll see you later tonight. I’m going to my music class first.
A 今晚晚些时候见。我先去上音乐课。
B Your music class What musical instrument do you play?
B 音乐课？你玩什么乐器？
A I play the piano. I practise every week. It’s my hobby.
A 我弹钢琴。我每周都练习。这是我的业余爱好。
B I didn’t know you play the piano. I’d love to hear you play.
B 我不知道你弹钢琴。我想听你弹弹。
A You can come and listen, if you’d like. What’s your hobby?
A 如果你愿意的话可以来听。你的爱好是什么？
B Well, I like music too – but not playing musical instrument. I like going to clubs and hearing the best DJs.
B 哦，我也喜欢音乐——但是不是乐器。我喜欢去俱乐部听最好的DJ。
A I know what you mean. Sometimes you are too busy for hobbies.
A 我明白你的意思。有时你太忙了，不能有爱好。
B And tired!? I’m often very tired when I get home after work.
B 还有累！下班回家时我经常感到很累。
A Me too. I’m too busy and tired for hobbies.
A 我也是。我太忙太累了，不能有爱好。
B There’re lots of things I want to do, if I had the time.
B 如果我有时间的话，我有很多想做的事。
A Yes. I’d like to go to regular English classes . . . and go dancing.
A 是的。我想定期去上英语课. . .还有舞蹈课。
B I’d like to practise tennis and learn how to play well.
B 我想练习打网球，学习打好网球。
I like to have a man's knowledge comprehend more than one class of topics, one row of shelves. I like a man who likes to see a fine barn as well as a good tragedy.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, American thinker
我希望人的知识不限于一类题目、一排书架。我既喜欢看一个好谷仓，也喜欢欣赏一出好悲剧。
美国思想家、爱默生。R. W.
Why don't you attend an aerobic class?
你为什么不去参加一个有氧健身班呢?
at each other's throats 吵架
A: I can't believe Sean and Keith. They were at each other's throats in front of the whole class yesterday.
A:我真不敢相信Sean跟Keith会这样。他俩昨天当着整个班上互相叫骂起来了。
B: They fight all the time. You didn't know that?
B:他们经常在吵架,你不知道吗?
Subject: Reservations for a Flight
Dear Sir/madam,
Mr.Zhang Xiaohua, our Marketing Manager, would like to fly from Guangzhou to London on the earliest flight possible.
We would be obliged if you would book one economy class seat for him on a flight leaving Guangzhou on or about July 28th.
Bank of China has been instructed to pay the fare and booking fee, and we would ask you to submit your account directly to them.
We appreciate your early confirmation.
Sincerely yours,
Lin Jie
Secretary to Mr.Zhang
Guangzhou Trading Company
主题：预订飞机座位
亲爱的先生/女士;
本公司营销部经理张晓华先生，希望搭乘尽可能早点的从广州飞往伦敦的班机。
如果你能为他预订1个经济舱的座位，在7月28日当天或者前后几天，飞离广州的话，不胜感激。
我们已委托中国银行支付机票费和预约费，请你把账单直接交给他们。
我们感激你早日确认。
你真诚的，
林洁
张先生秘书
广州贸易公司
Subject: Confirmation of reservation
Dear Miss Lin,
We have acknowledged your E-mail dated July 15th requesting us to book one economy-class seat for Mr. Zhang xiaohua on a flight from Guangzhou to London.
One seat has been reserved on flight S.A 917 departing Baiyun Airport, Guangzhou at 10:00 a.m. on the 28th, arriving London at 11:00 a.m. local time on the 30th.
The account will be sent to Bank of China, as requested.
Yours faithfully,
Tang xiaogang
Reservations Manager
主题：预订确认
亲爱的林小姐：
我们已收到你7月15日的电子邮件，要求我们为张晓华先生预订从广州到伦敦班机经济舱座位。
已预订南航917次班机的一个座位，该班机于28日早上10点从广州白云机场起飞，于30日当地时间早上11点抵达伦敦。
入你所要求的，账单将送到中国银行。
你忠实的
唐小刚
预订部经理
I would like to book a flight to Paris on January 8 on Air France, First Class and round trip.
我要订一张巴黎的往返票，1月8日，法航，头等舱。
class treasurer 班里的生活委员
@@@ 生活, 谋生
bread and butter 生活必需品; 衣、食和住, 生计
class treasurer 班里的生活委员
do business with 同...做生意
earn a/one's living 谋生
eke out an existence 勉强维持生活
fend for oneself 自己谋生, 照料自己
get along 过活; 进展; 应付
live by oneself 独自一人生活
living quarters 生活区
make a living 谋生, 挣钱度日
subsist on/upon 依靠...生活; 以...维持生命
way of life 生活方式; 行为准则
"My boss is a stuffed shirt: all he talks about is how important his ancestors are, how he was number one in his class at his university, and the wonderful things he thinks he's done for our company."
“我的老板老是爱摆架子，吹嘘自己。他一开口就是说他的祖先的地位有多么重要，他在大学念书时又如何成为他们班里的第一名，还自称对我们公司作出了多大的贡献等等。”
"I keep trying to get friendly with that lovely blonde who sits next to me in biology class. But she keeps me at arm's length."
“我一直设法和那个生物课坐在我旁边的金发姑娘接近。可是,她老是和我保持一定距离。”
- Clam up 守口如瓶，拒不开口，沉默不语
I don't understand why my students are quite talkative during the break but all clam up in class.
- a poor apology for...蹩脚货，名不副实
That travel agency was first-class, but it offered a poor apology for its service
- have ( a case of ) the jitters 忐忑不安
The new teacher had a case of jitters when he first stood in front of the class.
- .make a slip of the tongue 说走嘴
The class burst into laughter when the teacher made a slip of the tongue. He meant to say "Good morning" to students, but he said "Good afternoon".
- Take a dim view of …对……抱悲观态度；不赞同
Teachers in middle schools usually take a dim view of students' talking up too many after-class activities.
- Drive someone to the wall 把某人逼得走投无路
He hates learning foreign languages. But the challenging situation drives him to the wall. He decides to go to an evening class.
The quality of this article cannot qualify for first-class.
这批商品的质量不够一等品。
班 class; squad
班级 class
特别二等舱 cabin class
A: I would like to learn Chinese. What’s the best way to learn?
A: 我想学汉语。学习的最好方法是什么？
B: There’re quite a lot of schools and classes you can go to.
B: 有很多学校和课程，你可以参加。
A: Perhaps you could help me find a good one.
A: 也许你能帮我找个好的。
B: Yes, I can. And we can get books and CDs at the bookshop.
B: 是的，我能。我们还可以在书店买书和CD。
A: Yes, that will help me too. Thanks.
A: 是的，那对我也会有帮助。谢谢你。
班 [bān] /team/class/rank/squad/a work shift/a measure word/(a surname)/
般 [bān] /sort/kind/class/way/manner/
班次 [bān cì] /order of classes or grades at school/number of runs or flights/
班级 [bān jí] /classes or grades in school/
班务会 [bān wù huì] /a routine meeting of a squad/team or class/
班长 [bān zhǎng] /class monitor/squad leader/team leader/
班主任 [bān zhǔ rèn] /a teacher in charge of a class/
曹 [cáo] /a company/a class/a generation/(a surname)/
侪 [chái] /a class/a company/companion/
畴 [chóu] /arable fields/cultivated field/class/category/
出身 [chū shēn] /family background/class origin/
粗俗的阶级 [cū sú de jiē jí] /vulgar class/
大类 [dà lèi] /main type/main class/main category/
等 [děng] /class/rank/grade/equal to/same as/wait for/await/et cetera/and so on/
第一流 [dì yī liú] /first-class/
顶尖级 [dǐng jiān jí] /first class/top/world best/
放学 [fàng xué] /classes are over/
分子 [fèn zi ] /(math.) numerator (in fractions)/members of a class or group/political elements (such as intellectuals or extremists)/
纲 [gāng] /head rope of a fishing net/guiding principle/key link/class (taxonomy)/outline/program/
高层 [gāo céng] /high level/high class/
高层旅馆 [gāo céng lǚ guǎn] /luxury hotel/high class hotel/
工人阶级 [gōng rén jiē jí] /(n) the working class/
归入 [guī rù] /to assign (to a class)/to classify as/to include/
汇 [huì] /class/collection/
阶级 [jiē jí] /(social) class/
课 [kè] /subject/class/lesson/
课程 [kè chéng] /course/class/
课时 [kè shí] /class/period/
旷课 [kuàng kè] /(v) be truant from school; cut classes/
类 [lèi] /kind/type/class/category/similar/like/to resemble/
门 [mén] /opening/door/gate/doorway/gateway/valve/switch/way to do something/knack/family/house/(religious) sect/school (of thought)/class/category/phylum or division (taxonomy)/
旁听 [páng tīng] /be a visitor (at a meeting, class, trial, etc)/
跷课 [qiāo kè] /avoid attending classes/
软席 [ruǎn xí] /soft seat (= first class in PRC trains)/
上课 [shàng kè] /to attend class/
上流 [shàng liú] /upper class/
同等 [tóng děng] /(adj) having the same social class or status/
下课 [xià kè] /class is over/
小康社会 [xiǎo kāng shè huì] /middle-class society/
学级 [xué jí] /class/
学时 [xué shí] /class hour/period/
夜间 [yè jiān] /nighttime/evening or night (e.g., classes)/
中产 [zhōng chǎn] /middle class/to ascend to the middle class/
种类 [zhǒng lèi] /kind/genus/type/category/variety/species/sort/class/
资产阶级 [zī chǎn jiē jí] /the capitalist class/the bourgeoisie/
Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research.
科学家可以进入中学课堂，展示他们的实验结果。
Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.
这是一个棘手的行业，却不断地雇用观点总体上使客户恼怒的雇员。
Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.
然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们恼火了，为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻。
But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.
但它似乎从来就没回过头来去注意那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。
If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
如果它能注意这个问题的话，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目（这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工），进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline — after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s — and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应——出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模所引起的大量人员冗余之后——在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的缘由去寻求使自己的生活简单化。
The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80％的效力。
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。
With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.
然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物——即使承认其理论根据可能正确，也很难称之为文学。
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature.
尽管这符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，却很难被归入文学之列。
All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. 实际上，没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。
The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?
实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗？
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.
有限责任公司及市政企业的发展导致了重大后果。
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营相分离。
Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起是为了给大批“舒适”阶层提供居住场所，这些人靠自己的丰厚收入而不工作，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界没有联系。
{adj: advanced} farther along in physical or mental development
"the child's skeletal age was classified as `advanced'"
"children in the advanced classes in elementary school read far above grade average"
{adj: advantaged, favored} blessed with advantages
"she is more advantaged than her cousin"
"born into the favored classes"
{adj: after-school} outside regular school hours
"a special after-school class"
{adj: all} quantifier; used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class
"we sat up all night"
"ate all the food"
"all men are mortal"
"all parties are welcome"
<-> some, no
{adj: amphibious, amphibian} relating to or characteristic of animals of the class Amphibia
{adj: animate} belonging to the class of nouns that denote living beings
"the word `dog' is animate"
<-> inanimate
{adj: arachnoid, arachnidian, spidery, spiderlike, spiderly} relating to or resembling a member of the class Arachnida
{adj: ascendant, ascendent, dominating} most powerful or important or influential
"the economically ascendant class"
"D-day is considered the dominating event of the war in Europe"
{adj: ascomycetous} related to or characteristic of fungi of the class Ascomycetes
{adj: atypical, untypical} not representative of a group, class, or type
"a group that is atypical of the target audience"
"a class of atypical mosses"
"atypical behavior is not the accepted type of response that we expect from children"
<-> typical
{adj: basidiomycetous} pertaining to or characteristic of fungi of the class Basidiomycetes
{adj: bemused, deep in thought, lost, preoccupied} deeply absorbed in thought
"as distant and bemused as a professor listening to the prattling of his freshman class"
"lost in thought"
"a preoccupied frown"
{adj: better} (comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another
"You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din"
"a better coat"
"a better type of car"
"a suit with a better fit"
"a better chance of success"
"produced a better mousetrap"
"she's better in math than in history"
<-> worse
{adj: boisterous, rambunctious, robustious, rumbustious, unruly} noisy and lacking in restraint or discipline
"a boisterous crowd"
"a social gathering that became rambunctious and out of hand"
"a robustious group of teenagers"
"beneath the rumbustious surface of his paintings is sympathy for the vulnerability of ordinary human beings"
"an unruly class"
{adj: bottom} the lowest rank
"bottom member of the class"
{adj: bourgeois, conservative, materialistic} conforming to the standards and conventions of the middle class
"a bourgeois mentality"
{adj: bourgeois} (according to Marxist thought) being of the property-owning class and exploitive of the working class
{adj: bourgeois} belonging to the middle class
{adj: cephalopod, cephalopodan} relating or belonging to the class Cephalopoda
{adj: class-conscious, stratified} (used of society) socially hierarchical
"American society is becoming increasingly stratified"
{adj: classified} arranged into classes
<-> unclassified
{adj: clipped} (of speech) having quick short sounds
"a clipped upper-class accent"
{adj: coroneted, highborn, titled} belonging to the peerage
"the princess and her coroneted companions"
"the titled classes"
{adj: costumed} dressed in clothing characteristic of a period, country, or class
{adj: crinoid} of or relating to or belonging to the class Crinoidea
{adj: crustaceous, crustacean} of or belonging to the class Crustacea
{adj: cyanobacterial, cyanophyte} relating to or caused by photosynthetic bacteria of the class Cyanobacteria
{adj: derived} formed or developed from something else; not original
"the belief that classes and organizations are secondary and derived"- John Dewey
<-> underived
{adj: excellent, first-class, fantabulous} of the highest quality
"made an excellent speech"
"the school has excellent teachers"
"a first-class mind"
{adj: extensional} defining a word by listing the class of entities to which the word correctly applies
{adj: first, foremost, world-class} ranking above all others
"was first in her class"
"the foremost figure among marine artists"
"the top graduate"
{adj: general} not specialized or limited to one class of things
"general studies"
"general knowledge"
{adj: generic} applicable to an entire class or group
"is there a generic Asian mind?"
{adj: gymnospermous} relating to or characteristic of plants of the class Gymnospermae
{adj: hierarchical, hierarchal, hierarchic} classified according to various criteria into successive levels or layers
"it has been said that only a hierarchical society with a leisure class at the top can produce works of art"
"in her hierarchical set of values honesty comes first"
<-> nonhierarchical
{adj: high-class, high-toned} pretentiously elegant
"a high-toned restaurant"
{adj: inanimate} belonging to the class of nouns denoting nonliving things
"the word `car' is inanimate"
<-> animate
{adj: incoming} arriving at a place or position
"incoming class"
"incoming mail"
"the incoming president"
<-> outgoing
{adj: industrial} employed in industry
"the industrial classes"
"industrial work"
{adj: inorganic} relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis
"hydrochloric and sulfuric acids are called inorganic substances"
<-> organic
{adj: insectan} of or relating to the class Insecta
{adj: jaded} dulled by surfeit
"the amoral, jaded, bored upper classes"
{adj: junior, third-year, next-to-last} used of the third or next to final year in United States high school or college
"the junior class"
"a third-year student"
{adj: lax, slack} lacking in rigor or strictness
"such lax and slipshod ways are no longer acceptable"
"lax in attending classes"
"slack in maintaining discipline"
{adj: leisured} free from duties or responsibilities
"he writes in his leisure hours"
"life as it ought to be for the leisure classes"- J.J.Chapman
"even the artist and the sculptor were not regarded...as leisured men"- Ida Craven
{adj: lower-class, low-class} occupying the lowest socioeconomic position in a society
<-> middle-class, upper-class
{adj: lower-middle-class} occupying the lower part of the middle socioeconomic range in a society
{adj: mainstreamed} (of the handicapped) placed in regular school classes
{adj: mammalian} of or relating to the class Mammalia
{adj: marginal} being close to a lower limit or or of lower class
"marginal abilities"
{adj: middle-class} occupying a socioeconomic position intermediate between those of the lower classes and the wealthy
<-> upper-class, lower-class
{adj: non-U} not characteristic of the upper classes especially in language use
{adj: nonresident} not living in a particular place or owned by permanent residents
"nonresident students who commute to classes"
"nonresident real estate"
<-> resident
{adj: off-putting} tending to repel
"The trappings of upper-class life are off-putting and sterile"- Elizabeth Hess
{adj: organic} relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis
"hydrocarbons are organic compounds"
<-> inorganic
{adj: outbred} bred of parents not closely related; having parents of different classes or tribes
<-> inbred
{adj: outclassed} decisively surpassed by something else so as to appear to be of a lower class
{adj: paradigmatic} related as members of a substitution class
"paradigmatic word associations"
<-> syntagmatic
{adj: parasitic, parasitical, leechlike, bloodsucking} of plants or persons; having the nature or habits of a parasite or leech; living off another
"a wealthy class parasitic upon the labor of the masses"
"parasitic vines that strangle the trees"
"bloodsucking blackmailer"
"his indolent leechlike existence"
{adj: particularistic} relating to particularism (exclusive interest in one group or class or sect etc.)
"a particularistic-seeming statement"
{adj: patrician} of the hereditary aristocracy or ruling class of ancient Rome or medieval Europe; of honorary nobility in the Byzantine empire
<-> plebeian, proletarian
{adj: pink-collar} of or relating to a class of jobs once traditionally filled by women
"a pink-collar employee"
{adj: proletarian, propertyless} the lowest class of citizens of ancient Rome who had no property
<-> patrician, plebeian
{adj: promiscuous} not selective of a single class or person
"Clinton was criticized for his promiscuous solicitation of campaign money"
{adj: propertyless, wage-earning, working-class, blue-collar} of those who work for wages especially manual or industrial laborers
"party of the propertyless proletariat"- G.B.Shaw
{adj: pukka, pucka} absolutely first class and genuine
"pukka sahib"
"pukka quarters with a swarm of servants"
{adj: quintessential} representing the perfect example of a class or quality
{adj: ragged} having an irregular outline
"text set with ragged right margins"
"herded the class into a ragged line"
{adj: reptilian} of or relating to the class Reptilia
{adj: second-class} of inferior status or quality
"a second-class citizen"
"second-class accommodations"
{adj: secondary} belonging to a lower class or rank
{adj: separate} separated according to race, sex, class, or religion
"separate but equal"
"girls and boys in separate classes"
{adj: sophomore, second-year} used of the second year in United States high school or college
"the sophomore class"
"his sophomore year"
{adj: spare, free} not taken up by scheduled activities
"a free hour between classes"
"spare time on my hands"
{adj: stodgy, stuffy} excessively conventional and unimaginative and hence dull
"why is the middle class so stodgy, so utterly without a sense of humor?"
"a stodgy dinner party"
{adj: sui generis} constituting a class of its own; unique
"a history book sui generis"
"sui generis works like Mary Chestnut's Civil War diary"
{adj: unrepresentative} not exemplifying a class
"I soon tumbled to the fact that my weekends were atypical"
"behavior quite unrepresentative (or atypical) of the profession"
{adj: upper-class} occupying the highest socioeconomic position in a society
<-> lower-class, middle-class
{adj: upper-lower-class} occupying the upper part of the lower class
{adj: upper-middle-class} occupying the upper part of the middle socioeconomic range in a society
{adj: upper} superior in rank or accomplishment
"the upper half of the class"
{adj: u} (chiefly British) of or appropriate to the upper classes especially in language use
{adj: vertical} of or relating to different levels in a hierarchy (as levels of social class or income group)
"vertical social mobility"
{adj: wage-earning, working-class} working for hourly wages rather than fixed (e.g. annual) salaries
"working-class occupations include manual as well as industrial labor"
{adj: wellborn} of good or upper-class lineage
"a rich and wellborn husband"
{adj: white-bread} of or belonging to or representative of the white middle class
"white-bread America"
"a white-bread college student"
{adv: aloof} in an aloof manner
"the local gentry and professional classes had held aloof for the school had accepted their sons readily enough"
{adv: evenly, equally} in equal amounts or shares; in a balanced or impartial way
"a class evenly divided between girls and boys"
"they split their winnings equally"
"deal equally with rich and poor"
<-> unequally, unevenly
{adv: first-class} by first-class conveyance; with first-class accommodations
"we always travel first class"
{adv: head and shoulders above} outstandingly superior to
"in intelligence he was head and shoulders above the others in his class"
{adv: homogeneously} all similarly
"the students at this college are homogeneously middle-class"
{adv: nowadays, now, today} in these times
"it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished"- Nancy Mitford
"we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets"
"today almost every home has television"
{adv: quietly} with little or no sound
"the class was listening quietly and intently"
"she was crying quietly"
<-> noisily
{adv: second class} by second class conveyance
"we traveled second class"
{adv: thereupon, therewith, with that} immediately after that
"thereupon the entire class applauded"
"with that, she left the room"
"I therewith withdraw my complaints"
{adv: true, admittedly, avowedly, confessedly} as acknowledged
"true, she is the smartest in her class"
{adv: undeniably} to an undeniable degree or in an undeniable manner
"she is undeniably the most gifted student in the class"
{n: Acanthocephala, phylum Acanthocephala} phylum or class of elongated wormlike parasites that live in the intestines of vertebrates: spiny-headed worms
{n: Acrasiomycetes, class Acrasiomycetes} cellular slime molds; in some classifications placed in kingdom Protoctista
{n: Amphineura, subclass Amphineura} a class of Gastropoda
{n: Angiospermae, class Angiospermae, Magnoliophyta, division Magnoliophyta, Anthophyta, division Anthophyta} comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Angiospermae) and in others a division (Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta)
{n: Anthoceropsida, class Anthoceropsida} hornworts: in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida
{n: Anthocerotales, order Anthocerotales} hornworts; liverworts having a thalloid gametophyte; in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida
{n: Anthozoa, class Anthozoa, Actinozoa, class Actinozoa} no alternation of generations the medusoid phase being entirely suppressed: sea anemones; corals
{n: Aphasmidia, class Aphasmidia} one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems
{n: Aphyllophorales, order Aphyllophorales} includes chiefly saprophytic fungi typically with shelflike bodies; sometimes placed in class Hymenomycetes or included in Agaricales
{n: Arachnida, class Arachnida} a large class of arthropods including spiders and ticks and scorpions and daddy longlegs; have four pairs of walking legs and no wings
{n: Archiannelida, class Archiannelida} a class of Annelida
{n: Ascidiaceae, class Ascidiaceae} sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts
{n: Ascomycetes, class Ascomycetes} large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi
{n: Asteroidea, class Asteroidea} sea stars
{n: Atlantic spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias} destructive dogfish of the Atlantic coastal waters of America and Europe; widely used in anatomy classes
{n: Austen, Jane Austen} English novelist noted for her insightful portrayals of middle-class families (1775-1817)
{n: Aves, class Aves} birds
{n: Bacillariophyceae, class Bacillariophyceae, Diatomophyceae, class Diatomophyceae} marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms
{n: Basidiomycetes, class Basidiomycetes} large class of higher fungi coextensive with subdivision Basidiomycota
{n: Bivalvia, class Bivalvia, Lamellibranchia, class Lamellibranchia, class Pelecypoda} oysters; clams; scallops; mussels
{n: Blastocladiales, order Blastocladiales} fungi that carry out asexual reproduction by thick-walled resting spores that produce zoospores upon germination; sometimes placed in class Oomycetes
{n: Bryopsida, class Bryopsida, Musci, class Musci} true mosses: bryophytes having leafy rather than thalloid gametophytes: comprises orders Andreaeales; Bryales; Dicranales; Eubryales; Sphagnales
{n: Cabin class, second class} accommodations on a ship or train or plane that are less expensive than first class accommodations
{n: Cephalopoda, class Cephalopoda} octopuses; squids; cuttlefish; pearly nautilus
{n: Cestoda, class Cestoda} tapeworms
{n: Channidae, class Channidae} snakeheads
{n: Charophyceae, class Charophyceae} in some classifications: contains only the order Charales
{n: Chilopoda, class Chilopoda} arthropods having the trunk composed of numerous somites each bearing one pair of legs: centipedes
{n: Chlorophyceae, class Chlorophyceae} algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments
{n: Chlorophyta, division Chlorophyta} large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls; classes Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charophyceae; obviously ancestral to land plants
{n: Chondrichthyes, class Chondrichthyes} cartilaginous fishes
{n: Chrysophyceae, class Chrysophyceae, Heterokontae, class Heterokontae} all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length
{n: Chytridiales, order Chytridiales} simple aquatic fungi mostly saprophytic but some parasitic on higher plants or animals or fresh water fungi; sometimes placed in class Oomycetes
{n: Chytridiomycetes, class Chytridiomycetes} a class of mostly aquatic fungi; saprophytic or parasitic on algae or fungi or plants
{n: Ciliata, class Ciliata, Ciliophora, class Ciliophora} class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle
{n: Clavicipitaceae, grainy club mushrooms} any of various mushrooms of the class Ascomycetes
{n: Communist Manifesto} a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views
{n: Coniferopsida, class Coniferopsida, Coniferophytina, subdivision Coniferophytina, Coniferophyta} cone-bearing gymnosperms dating from the Carboniferous period; most are substantial trees; includes the classes Pinopsida (subdivision Pinophytina) and Ginkgopsida (subdivision Ginkgophytina) and Taxopsida (subdivision Taxophytina) which in turn include the surviving orders Coniferales and Taxales (yews) and sometimes Ginkgoales as well as extinct orders such as Cordaitales (of the Carboniferous and Permian)
{n: Crinoidea, class Crinoidea} sea lilies
{n: Crustacea, class Crustacea} class of mandibulate arthropods including: lobsters; crabs; shrimps; woodlice; barnacles; decapods; water fleas
{n: Cryptophyceae, class Cryptophyceae} motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae
{n: Ctenophora, phylum Ctenophora} comb jellies; sea acorns; a small phylum formerly considered a class of Coelenterata
{n: Cyanophyta, division Cyanophyta} prokaryotic organisms sometimes considered a class or phylum or subkingdom; coextensive with the Cyanophyceae: cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
{n: Cycadopsida, class Cycadopsida, Cycadophytina, subdivision Cycadophytina, Cycadophyta, subdivision Cycadophyta} palmlike gymnosperms: includes the surviving order Cycadales and several extinct orders; possibly not a natural group; in some systems considered a class (Cycadopsida) and in others a subdivision (Cycadophytina or Cycadophyta)
{n: Cyclosporeae, class Cyclosporeae} in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales
{n: Deuteromycetes, class Deuteromycetes} form class; coextensive with subdivision Deuteromycota
{n: Dicotyledones, class Dicotyledones, Dicotyledonae, class Dicotyledonae, Magnoliopsida, class Magnoliopsida} comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves; divided into six (not always well distinguished) subclasses (or superorders): Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae (considered primitive); Caryophyllidae (an early and distinctive offshoot); and three more or less advanced groups: Dilleniidae; Rosidae; Asteridae
{n: Diplopoda, class Diplopoda, Myriapoda, class Myriapoda} arthropods having the body composed of numerous double somites each with two pairs of legs: millipedes
{n: Echinoidea, class Echinoidea} sea urchins and sand dollars
{n: English class} students taking a course in English together
{n: Euglenophyceae, class Euglenophyceae} coextensive with the division Euglenophyta
{n: Eumycetes, class Eumycetes} category used in some classifications: coextensive with division Eumycota
{n: Filicopsida, class Filicopsida, Filicinae, class Filicinae} ferns
{n: Gasteromycetes, class Gasteromycetes, Gastromycetes, class Gastromycetes} fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi
{n: Gastropoda, class Gastropoda, Gasteropoda, class Gasteropoda} snails and slugs and their relatives
{n: Ginkgopsida, class Ginkgopsida, Ginkgophytina, class Ginkgophytina, subdivision Ginkgophytina, subdivision Ginkgophyta} ginkgos: in some systems classified as a class and in others as a subdivision; used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
{n: Gnetopsida, class Gnetopsida, Gnetophytina, subdivision Gnetophytina, Gnetophyta} gymnospermous flowering plants; supposed link between conifers and angiosperms; in some systems classified as a class (Gnetopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Gnetophytina or Gnetophyta)
{n: Gymnospermae, class Gymnospermae, Gymnospermophyta, division Gymnospermophyta} plants having naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Gymnospermae) and in others a division (Gymnospermophyta); comprises three subdivisions (or classes): Cycadophytina (class Cycadopsida) and Gnetophytina (class Gnetopsida) and Coniferophytina (class Coniferopsida); in some classifications the Coniferophytina are divided into three groups: Pinophytina (class Pinopsida) and Ginkgophytina (class Ginkgopsida) and Taxophytina (class Taxopsida)
{n: Hemiascomycetes, class Hemiascomycetes} class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites
{n: Hepaticopsida, class Hepaticopsida, Hepaticae, class Hepaticae} liverworts: comprises orders Anthocerotales; Jungermanniales; Marchantiales; Sphaerocarpales
{n: Hirudinea, class Hirudinea} hermaphroditic aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic annelids
{n: Holothuroidea, class Holothuroidea} class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers
{n: Homobasidiomycetes, subclass Homobasidiomycetes} category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including e.g. mushrooms and puffballs which are usually placed in the classes Gasteromycetes and Hymenomycetes
{n: Hooray Henry} a lively and ineffectual upper-class young man
{n: Hyalospongiae, class Hyalospongiae} sponges with siliceous spicules that have six rays; choanocytes are restricted to finger-shaped chambers
{n: Hydrozoa, class Hydrozoa} coelenterates typically having alternation of generations; hydroid phase is usually colonial giving rise to the medusoid phase by budding: hydras and jellyfishes
{n: Hymenogastrales, order Hymenogastrales} an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes; has a distinct basidiocarp with a fleshy or waxy gleba (sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes)
{n: Hymenomycetes, class Hymenomycetes} used in some classifications; usually coextensive with order Agaricales: mushrooms; toadstools; agarics; bracket fungi
{n: Insecta, class Insecta, Hexapoda, class Hexapoda} insects; about five-sixths of all known animal species
{n: Lamaze method of childbirth, Lamaze method} a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth; the pregnant woman (in classes and at home) practices (usually with the help of a coach) learns about the physiology of childbirth and techniques of relaxation and concentration and breathing
{n: Larvacea, class Larvacea} small free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order
{n: Lewis, Sinclair Lewis, Harry Sinclair Lewis} United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)
{n: Lycophyta} used in some classifications for the class Lycopsida: club mosses
{n: Lycopodineae, class Lycopodineae} alternative designation for the class Lycopsida
{n: Lycopsida, class Lycopsida, Lycopodiate, class Lycopodiate} club mosses and related forms: includes Lycopodiales; Isoetales; Selaginellales; and extinct Lepidodendrales; sometimes considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta
{n: Mammalia, class Mammalia} warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female
{n: Marxism} the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism
{n: Mastigophora, class Mastigophora, Flagellata, class Flagellata} protozoa having flagella
{n: Merostomata, class Merostomata} used in some classifications; includes the orders Xiphosura and Eurypterida
{n: Monocotyledones, class Monocotyledones, Monocotyledonae, class Monocotyledonae, Liliopsida, class Liliopsida} comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves: includes grasses and lilies and palms and orchids; divided into four subclasses or superorders: Alismatidae; Arecidae; Commelinidae; and Liliidae
{n: Myxomycetes, class Myxomycetes} the class of true slime molds; essentially equivalent to the division Myxomycota
{n: Nuda, class Nuda} ctenophores lacking tentacles; comprises one genus: beroe
{n: Oligochaeta, class Oligochaeta} earthworms
{n: Onychophora, class Onychophora} enigmatic small elongated wormlike terrestrial invertebrates of damp dark habitats in warm regions; distinct from the phylum Annelida; resemble slugs with legs and are sometimes described as the missing link between arthropods and annelids
{n: Oomycetes, class Oomycetes} nonphotosynthetic fungi that resemble algae and that reproduce by forming oospores; sometimes classified as protoctists
{n: Ophiuroidea, class Ophiuroidea} brittle stars and basket stars
{n: Osteichthyes, class Osteichthyes} a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage
{n: Pauropoda, class Pauropoda} an obscure class of minute arthropods with branched antennae and 8 to 10 pairs of legs
{n: Phaeophyceae, class Phaeophyceae} brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae
{n: Phaeophyta, division Phaeophyta} coextensive with class Phaeophyceae; in some classifications subsumed in the division Heterokontophyta
{n: Phasmidia, class Phasmidia} one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems
{n: Pinopsida, class Pinopsida, Pinophytina, subdivision Pinophytina} most conifers: in some systems classified as a class (Pinopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Pinophytina); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
{n: Placodermi, class Placodermi} extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws
{n: Plectomycetes, class Plectomycetes} class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration)
{n: Polychaeta, class Polychaeta} marine annelid worms
{n: Polyplacophora, class Polyplacophora} small class of marine mollusks comprising the chitons; sometimes considered an order of the subclass Amphineura
{n: Psilopsida, class Psilopsida, Psilotatae, class Psilotatae} whisk ferns; comprising the family Psilotaceae or Psilotatae: vascular plants with no roots, partial if any leaf differentiation, and rudimentary spore sacs
{n: Pteridospermopsida, class Pteridospermopsida} extinct gymnosperms most of Carboniferous to Jurassic: seed ferns and allies
{n: Pteropsida, subdivision Pteropsida} used in former classifications to include all ferns and flowering plants and divided into the three classes Filicinae and Gymnospermae and Angiospermae
{n: Pyrenomycetes, class Pyrenomycetes} class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and Neurospora
{n: Quechua, Kechua} a member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire
{n: Red Army Faction, RAF} a Marxist and Maoist terrorist organization in Germany; a network of underground guerillas who committed acts of violence in the service of the class struggle; a successor to the Baader-Meinhof Gang; became one of Europe's most feared terrorist groups; disbanded in 1998
{n: Red Brigades, Brigate Rosse, BR} a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization that arose out of a student protest movement in the late 1960s; wants to separate Italy from NATO and advocates violence in the service of class warfare and revolution; mostly inactive since 1989
{n: Reptilia, class Reptilia} class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals
{n: Rhodophyceae, class Rhodophyceae} coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae
{n: Roth, Philip Roth, Philip Milton Roth} United States writer whose novels portray middle-class Jewish life (born in 1933)
{n: Salpidae, family Salpidae} a small family of tunicates in the class Thaliacea
{n: Sarcodina, class Sarcodina} characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda
{n: Scaphopoda, class Scaphopoda} small class of bilaterally symmetrical marine forms comprising the tooth shells
{n: Schizomycetes, class Schizomycetes} a former classification
{n: Scyphozoa, class Scyphozoa} coelenterates in which the polyp stage is absent or at least inconspicuous: jellyfishes
{n: Secotiales, order Secotiales} an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes
{n: Sphenopsida, class Sphenopsida, Equisetatae, class Equisetatae} horsetails and related forms
{n: Sporozoa, class Sporozoa} strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites
{n: Stegocephalia, order Stegocephalia} in former classifications a division of class Amphibia comprising all pre-Jurassic and some later extinct large salamandriform amphibia
{n: Sunday school class} a class in a Sunday school
{n: Symphyla, class Symphyla} small class of minute arthropods; unimportant except for the garden centipede
{n: Tardigrada, class Tardigrada} in some classifications considered a separate phylum: microscopic arachnid-like invertebrates living in water or damp moss having 4 pairs of legs and instead of a mouth a pair of stylets or needlelike piercing organs connected with the pharynx
{n: Taxopsida, class Taxopsida, Taxophytina, subdivision Taxophytina} yews: in some systems classified as a class (Taxopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Taxophytina) used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
{n: Tentaculata, class Tentaculata} ctenophores have retractile tentacles
{n: Thaliacea, class Thaliacea} small class of free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order
{n: Tiliomycetes, class Tiliomycetes} category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts)
{n: Trematoda, class Trematoda} parasitic flatworms (including flukes)
{n: Tulostomatales, order Tulostomatales} an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes
{n: Turbellaria, class Turbellaria} free-living flatworms
{n: Ulvophyceae, class Ulvophyceae} alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications
{n: Ustilaginales, order Ustilaginales} parasitic fungi causing smuts; sometimes placed in class Tiliomycetes
{n: Xanthophyceae, class Xanthophyceae} yellow-green algae
{n: Zygomycetes, class Zygomycetes} class of fungi coextensive with subdivision Zygomycota
{n: acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS} any of a class of composite plastics used to make car bodies and cases for computers and other appliances
{n: adjective} the word class that qualifies nouns
{n: adverb} the word class that qualifies verbs or clauses
{n: age class} people in the same age range
{n: agriculture} the class of people engaged in growing food
{n: al-Ma'unah} a radical insurgent Islamist group consisting of disaffected middle-class professionals in Malaysia who want to overthrow the government by violent means and set up an Islamic state
{n: aldehyde} any of a class of highly reactive chemical compounds; used in making resins and dyes and organic acids
{n: alprazolam, Xanax} an antianxiety agent (trade name Xanax) of the benzodiazepine class
{n: amphibia, class Amphibia} the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water; frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians
{n: analysis} the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., `the father of the bride' instead of `the bride's father'
{n: anionic detergent, anionic, non-ionic detergent} a class of synthetic detergents in which the molecules do not ionize in aqueous solutions
{n: anti-TNF compound} a class of drugs that block the action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF); used in cases of rheumatoid arthritis because TNF instigates inflammation of the joints
{n: antidepressant, antidepressant drug} any of a class of drugs used to treat depression; often have undesirable side effects
{n: art class} a class in which you learn to draw or paint
{n: article} one of a class of artifacts
"an article of clothing"
{n: ascomycete, ascomycetous fungus} any fungus of the class Ascomycetes (or subdivision Ascomycota) in which the spores are formed inside an ascus
{n: baccalaureate} a farewell sermon to a graduating class at their commencement ceremonies
{n: biology class} students taking a course in biology together
{n: blocker, blocking agent} a class of drugs that inhibit (block) some biological process
{n: bony fish} any fish of the class Osteichthyes
{n: booboisie} class consisting of all those who are considered boobs
{n: bourgeois, burgher} a member of the middle class
{n: bulk mail} mail consisting of large numbers of identical items (circulars or advertisements) sent to individual addresses at less than 1st-class rates and paid for in one lot
{n: calcium blocker, calcium-channel blocker} any of a class of drugs that block the flow of the electrolyte calcium (either in nerve cell conduction or smooth muscle contraction of the heart); has been used in the treatment of angina or arrhythmia or hypertension or migraine
{n: carotenoid} any of a class of highly unsaturated yellow to red pigments occurring in plants and animals
{n: carriage trade} trade from upper-class customers
{n: caste system} a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity
{n: caste} (Hinduism) a hereditary social class among Hindus; stratified according to ritual purity
{n: caste} a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth
{n: caste} social status or position conferred by a system based on class
"lose caste by doing work beneath one's station"
{n: categorization, categorisation, classification, compartmentalization, compartmentalisation, assortment} the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type
{n: cationic detergent, invert soap} a class of synthetic detergents in which the surface-active part of the molecule is the cation
{n: chemistry class} students taking a course in chemistry together
{n: childbirth-preparation class} a course that teaches pregnant women to use breathing and concentration and exercise techniques to use during labor
{n: chrome green} any of a class of green pigments consisting of chrome yellow and iron blue
{n: class Cyanobacteria, Cyanophyceae, class Cyanophyceae} photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae
{n: class action, class-action suit} a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the group
{n: class act} someone who shows impressive and stylish excellence
{n: class feeling} feelings of envy and resentment of one social or economic class for toward another
{n: class list, honours list} a list issued by examiners that categorizes students according to the class of honours they achieved in their degree examinations
{n: class structure} the organization of classes within a society
{n: class struggle, class war, class warfare} conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)
{n: class, category, family} a collection of things sharing a common attribute
"there are two classes of detergents"
{n: class, division} a league ranked by quality
"he played baseball in class D for two years"
"Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA"
{n: class, form, grade} a body of students who are taught together
"early morning classes are always sleepy"
{n: class, social class, socio-economic class} people having the same social or economic status
"the working class"
"an emerging professional class"
{n: class, year} a body of students who graduate together
"the class of '97"
"she was in my year at Hoehandle High"
{n: classification, categorization, categorisation, sorting} the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories
{n: classification, categorization, categorisation} a group of people or things arranged by class or category
{n: classifier} a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts (such as counting) to indicate the semantic class in which an item belongs
{n: class} (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
{n: class} elegance in dress or behavior
"she has a lot of class"
{n: cleaning implement} any of a large class of implements used for cleaning
{n: clientele, patronage, business} customers collectively
"they have an upper class clientele"
{n: colleague, confrere, fellow} a person who is member of your class or profession
"the surgeon consulted his colleagues"
"he sent e-mail to his fellow hackers"
{n: common noun} a noun that denotes any or all members of a class
<-> proper noun
{n: commonalty, commonality, commons} class composed of persons lacking noble or knightly or gentle rank
{n: computer language, computer-oriented language, machine language, machine-oriented language} a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers
{n: conjugation} a class of verbs having the same inflectional forms
{n: consumer research} marketing research that yields information about the motives and needs of different classes of consumers
{n: content word, open-class word} a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned
{n: corruption, degeneracy, depravation, depravity, putrefaction} moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles
"the luxury and corruption among the upper classes"
"moral degeneracy followed intellectual degeneration"
"its brothels, its opium parlors, its depravity"
"Rome had fallen into moral putrefaction"
{n: costume} the attire characteristic of a country or a time or a social class
"he wore his national costume"
{n: course session, class period, recitation} a regularly scheduled session as part of a course of study
{n: course, course of study, course of instruction, class} education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings
"he took a course in basket weaving"
"flirting is not unknown in college classes"
{n: cut} an unexcused absence from class
"he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class"
{n: cyanine dye} any of a class of dyes containing a -CH= group linking two heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen; used as sensitizers in photography
{n: cytochrome} (biochemistry) a class of hemoprotein whose principle biological function is electron transfer (especially in cellular respiration)
{n: daisy chain} flower chain consisting of a string of daisies linked by their stems; worn by students on class day at some schools
{n: date} the particular day, month, or year (usually according to the Gregorian calendar) that an event occurred
"he tried to memorizes all the dates for his history class"
{n: declension} a class of nouns or pronouns or adjectives in Indo-European languages having the same (or very similar) inflectional forms
"the first declension in Latin"
{n: demimonde} a class of woman not considered respectable because of indiscreet or promiscuous behavior
{n: denomination} a class of one kind of unit in a system of numbers or measures or weights or money
"he flashed a fistful of bills of large denominations"
{n: determiner, determinative} one of a limited class of noun modifiers that determine the referents of noun phrases
{n: dingbat} a silly empty-headed person
"you would be a dingbat even to try it"
"yet here he was with an upper class dingbat who just happened to be married to his sister"
{n: diol, glycol, dihydric alcohol} any of a class of alcohols having 2 hydroxyl groups in each molecule
{n: double first} a first-class honours degree in two subjects
{n: elasmobranch, selachian} any of numerous fishes of the class Chondrichthyes characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton and placoid scales: sharks; rays; skates
{n: elite, elite group} a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status
{n: endemic, endemic disease} a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location
{n: engagement, participation, involvement, involution} the act of sharing in the activities of a group
"the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities"
<-> non-engagement, non-involvement, nonparticipation
{n: enrollee} a person who enrolls in (or is enrolled in) a class or course of study
{n: estate, estate of the realm} a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country and formerly possessing distinct political rights
{n: ether} any of a class of organic compounds that have two hydrocarbon groups linked by an oxygen atom
{n: euglena} minute single-celled green freshwater organism having a single flagella; often classed as algae
{n: evocation, induction, elicitation} stimulation that calls up (draws forth) a particular class of behaviors
"the elicitation of his testimony was not easy"
{n: exploitation, victimization, victimisation, using} an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)
"capitalistic exploitation of the working class"
"paying Blacks less and charging them more is a form of victimization"
{n: fatty acid} any of a class of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that form part of a lipid molecule and can be derived from fat by hydrolysis; fatty acids are simple molecules built around a series of carbon atoms linked together in a chain of 12 to 22 carbon atoms
{n: fee simple} a fee without limitation to any class of heirs; they can sell it or give it away
{n: fern ally} pteridophytes of other classes than Filicopsida
{n: first class, 1st class, first-class mail, 1st-class mail} mail that includes letters and postcards and packages sealed against inspection
{n: first class} the highest rank in a classification
{n: first class} the most expensive accommodations on a ship or train or plane
{n: first sergeant, sergeant first class} a sergeant in the army above the rank of staff sergeant and below master sergeant
{n: first, first-class honours degree} an honours degree of the highest class
{n: flash card, flashcard} a card with words or numbers of pictures that are flashed to a class by the teacher
{n: flower people, hippies, hipsters} a youth subculture (mostly from the middle class) originating in San Francisco in the 1960s; advocated universal love and peace and communes and long hair and soft drugs; favored acid rock and progressive rock music
{n: formalization, formalisation} the act of making formal (as by stating formal rules governing classes of expressions)
{n: freshman class} the first class in college or high school
{n: function word, closed-class word} a word that is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning
{n: gasteromycete, gastromycete} any fungus of the class Gasteromycetes
{n: gastropod, univalve} a class of mollusks typically having a one-piece coiled shell and flattened muscular foot with a head bearing stalked eyes
{n: genre} a class of art (or artistic endeavor) having a characteristic form or technique
{n: gentrification} the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of low-income residents)
{n: genus Appendicularia} a genus of chordates in the class Larvacea
{n: genus Beroe} coextensive with the class Nuda
{n: glass sponge} a siliceous sponge (with glassy spicules) of the class Hyalospongiae
{n: graduating class} the body of students who graduate together this year
{n: grandmaster} a player of exceptional or world class skill in chess or bridge
{n: gravitation} a figurative movement toward some attraction
"the gravitation of the middle class to the suburbs"
{n: gymnosperm} plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary
{n: hardness, ruggedness} the quality of being difficult to do
"he assigned a series of problems of increasing hardness"
"the ruggedness of his exams caused half the class to fail"
{n: homework problem} a problem that students are assigned to do outside of class
{n: hypernymy, superordination} the semantic relation of being superordinate or belonging to a higher rank or class
{n: hyponymy, subordination} the semantic relation of being subordinate or belonging to a lower rank or class
{n: imide} any of a class of organic compounds that contain the divalent radical -CONHCO-
{n: immigrant class} recent immigrants who are lumped together as a class by their low socioeconomic status in spite of different cultural backgrounds
{n: immunoglobulin A, IgA} one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
{n: immunoglobulin D, IgD} one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts
{n: immunoglobulin E, IgE} one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
{n: immunoglobulin G, IgG} one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
{n: immunoglobulin M, IgM} one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
{n: immunoglobulin, Ig, immune serum globulin, immune gamma globulin, immune globulin} a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
{n: junior class} penultimate class in high school or college
{n: junk mail} third-class mail consisting of advertising and often addressed to `resident' or `occupant'
{n: ketone} any of a class of organic compounds having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of two hydrocarbon radicals
{n: kinin, cytokinin} any of a class of plant hormones that promote cell division and delay the senescence of leaves
{n: labor coach, monitrice} assistant (often the father) who provides support for a woman in labor by encouraging her to use techniques learned in childbirth-preparation classes
{n: labor, labour, working class, proletariat} a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages
"there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field"
{n: lance corporal} an enlisted man in the marine corps ranking above a private first class and below a corporal
{n: landed gentry, squirearchy} the gentry who own land (considered as a class)
{n: larvacean} any member of the class Larvacea
{n: lecture, lecturing} teaching by giving a discourse on some subject (typically to a class)
{n: life class} an art class using a live human model
{n: linguistic profiling} using speech characteristics or dialect to identify a speaker's race or religion or social class
{n: liverwort, hepatic} any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses
{n: lower class, underclass} the social class lowest in the social hierarchy
{n: major form class} any of the parts of speech of traditional grammar
{n: master class} a class (especially in music) given to talented students by an expert
{n: member} anything that belongs to a set or class
"snakes are members of the class Reptilia"
"members of the opposite sex"
{n: middle class, bourgeoisie} the social class between the lower and upper classes
{n: mods} a youth subculture that began in London in the early 1960s; a working-class movement with highly stylized dress and short hair; listened to rhythm and blues music and travelled on motor scooters
{n: monoclonal antibody, monoclonal} any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a hybridoma; very specific for a particular location in the body
{n: night school} a school that holds classes in the evenings for students who cannot attend during the day
<-> day school
{n: ninja} a class of 14th century Japanese who were trained in martial arts and were hired for espionage and assassinations
{n: nitrile, nitril, cyanide} any of a class of organic compounds containing the cyano radical -CN
{n: nobility, aristocracy} a privileged class holding hereditary titles
{n: nontricyclic, nontricyclic drug, nontricyclic antidepressant, nontricyclic antidepressant drug} a class of antidepressant drugs that are not tricyclic drugs and do not act by inhibiting MAO
{n: norm} a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical
"the current middle-class norm of two children per family"
{n: old boy network} an exclusive informal network linking members of a social class or profession or organization in order to provide connections and information and favors (especially in business or politics)
"professional women have developed an old boy network of their own"
{n: old school} a class of people favoring traditional ideas
{n: ozonide} any of a class of unstable chemical compounds resulting from the addition of ozone to a double bond in an unsaturated compound
{n: part of speech, form class, word class} one of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context
{n: particular, particular proposition} (logic) a proposition that asserts something about some (but not all) members of a class
<-> universal proposition, universal
{n: peasantry} the class of peasants
{n: peasant} one of a (chiefly European) class of agricultural laborers
{n: petit bourgeois, petite bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie} lower middle class (shopkeepers and clerical staff etc.)
{n: petit bourgeois} a member of the lower middle class
{n: phenol} any of a class of weakly acidic organic compounds; molecule contains one or more hydroxyl groups
{n: phylum} (biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants; contains classes
{n: physics class} students taking a course in physics together
{n: planned community} a residential district that is planned for a certain class of residents
{n: polyester, polyester fabric} any of a large class of synthetic fabrics
{n: polysaccharide, polyose} any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
{n: polyunsaturated fat} a class of fats having long carbon chains with many double bonds unsaturated with hydrogen atoms; used in some margarines; supposedly associated with low blood cholesterol
{n: population} the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place (country or city etc.)
"people come and go, but the population of this town has remained approximately constant for the past decade"
"the African-American population of Salt Lake City has been increasing"
{n: powerhouse} a team considered to be the best of its class
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