century [ 'sentʃuri] n.世纪，百年
century ['sentʃuri] n. 世纪,百年
century ['sentʃuri] n.世纪
跨世纪工程 a trans-century project
面向21世纪的中美建设性伙伴关系 a constructive, strategic partnership between China and the United Stated aimed at the next century
适应社会主义现代化建设需要，面向二十一世纪，具有中国特色的社会主义教育体系。
a socialist education system with distince Chinese characteristics that meets
the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21st century
何为新世纪的好老师？ What Is a Good Teacher in the Next Century?
展望廿一世纪 Looking Forward to the 21st Century
廿一世纪的青年人 The Youth and the 21st Century
Civil Service into the 21st Century--Civil Service Reform Consultation document
《迈进新世纪──公务员体制改革谘询文件》
The public school for girls was established at the beginning of the century.
这所公立女子学校建立于本世纪初。
The sea has been eating away at this shore for centuries.
几百年来海水一直在侵蚀着海岸。
At the end of the eighteenth century, the Americans rebelled against their English rulers.
18世纪末，美国人奋起反抗统治他们的英国人。
In the context of late 19th century Italy， it was difficult to be both a practicing Christian and a political official.
在十九世纪的意大利，既想当基督徒又想从政是很难的。
The key issue for higher education of the new century is to bring the students' creativity into full play.
新世纪高等教育的关键是要充分发挥学生的创造能力。
The story is a contemporary one; it occurs in the second half of the twentieth century.
这是一个发生在当代的故事--故事发生在20世纪下半叶。
She looked like a princess in a 19th-century illustration.
她像一个19世纪插图中的公主。
During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.
她认为十九世纪给家庭经济作出贡献的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改变了，今天提到那些没有挣取收入的“无用”孩子，甚至还要花销很多，仍然在情感上被认为是无价的。
Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
这种关于孩子的观点到19世纪时已在中上阶级中建立，并于19世纪末20世纪初在社会上广泛传播，当时改革者们推行童工规定和义务教育法，部分来源于孩子的情感价值的假设，这都使得使用童工被禁止了。
“The biggest construction project of this century”, explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them.
1986年1月，法国总统弗兰西斯· 密特朗解释说：“这是本世纪最大的建设项目。”当时，他和英国首相玛格丽特·撒切尔一起宣布两国将克服一直以来的争论和偏见，铺设一条横穿分隔两国的狭长海峡的地下隧道。
He enjoys the liberties hard won over centuries by the alliance of philosophic genius and political heroism, consecrated by the blood of martyrs; he is provided with comport and leisure by the most productive economy ever known to mankind; science has penetrated the secrets of nature in order to provide him with the marvellous, life like electronic sound and image reproductions he is enjoying.
他享受着数世纪来哲学天才和政治英雄们联合取得的自由，这是被烈士的鲜血神圣化了的自由；着人类有史以来最发达的经济提供的舒适与休闲；科学解开了自然的奥秘，使他能享受神奇逼真的音响和影像效果。
Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening.
直到这个世纪末还是有大量的这样的争论，书籍是否应该作为信息来认真对待，还是有些像报纸之类的阅读材料已经在精神上有某种程度地减弱了。
By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader.
到这个世纪末，学生们被介绍对书籍要采用“拿来主义”，阅读时也要采用技巧，可能的话，对于朗读者来说是不太适合的。
This book was written centuries ago.
这本书是几百年前写的。
Many centuries have passed since that time.
从那时起，几百年过去了。
We are living in the 21st century.
我们生活在21世纪。
Jane was counted among the greatest dancers of the century.
简被视为本世纪最伟大的舞蹈家之一。
Settlers flooded from Europe to America in the
19th century.
十九世纪欧洲移民纷纷涌到了美国。
We have had two world wars in this century.
本世纪我们已经经历了两次世界大战。
百个 century; hundred
白陶 [bái táo] /white pottery (of Shang Dynastry 16-11th century BC)/
百年 [bǎi nián] /a hundred years/a century/lifetime/
卜辞 [bǔ cí] /oracle inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty (16th-11th century BC) on tortoiseshells or animal bones/
二十世纪 [èr shí shì jì] /20th Century/
二十一世纪 [èr shí yī shì jì] /21st century/
年代 [nián dài] /a decade of a century (e.g. the Sixties)/age/era/period/
世纪 [shì jì] /century/
世纪末 [shì jì mò] /end of the century/
中叶 [zhōng yè] /mid- (e.g., mid-century)/middle period/
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."
18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“一个被误导的事业如果要成功，它惟一需要的是好人无所作为”。
One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.
一个这样的事业现在正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.
据说，在英国死亡很紧迫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。
Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.
难怪，在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。
Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使他们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年。
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。
The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.
19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且人们对可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。
Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.
因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究；而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受，那么它越来越倾向于必须体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。
Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.
另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。
The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从科学这个整体来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty.
目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多。
Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the US, when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.
但是很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并是否会重新造成约100年前美国标准石油公司对竞争造成的同样的威胁，那时由于人们对该公司的这种担心而导致了它最终的解散。
The mergers of telecom companies, such as World Com, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress.
像世界通讯这样的通讯公司合并似乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或者降低技术进步的速度。
On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast.
相反，通信的价格在迅速下降。
No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.
毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，
But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。
This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.
简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化；现在，我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。
Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.
因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。
Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall.
多少个世纪以来，苹果一直在许多地方落到地面，也有成千上万的人看到过苹果落地。
But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.
多年来牛顿一直对月球和行星绕轨道运行的起因好奇不已。
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.
科学与文化的其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。
Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.
想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛顿的机械的世界观所发表的尖锐批判。
The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间的分裂更深了。
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines.
19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大和完善各自相对立的组织。
All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation.
整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。
{adj: Biedermeier} of or relating to a style of furniture developed in Germany in the 19th century
{adj: Chippendale} of or relating to an 18th-century style of furniture made by Thomas Chippendale; graceful outlines and Greek motifs and massive rococo carvings
{adj: Coptic} of or relating to the Copts or their church or language or art
"the distinctive Coptic art of 6th-century Christian Egypt"
{adj: Old} of a very early stage in development
"Old English is also called Anglo Saxon"
"Old High German is High German from the middle of the 9th to the end of the 11th century"
{adj: Tudor} of or relating to a style of architecture in England in the 15th century
"half-timbered Tudor houses"
"Tudor furniture"
{adj: Y2K compliant} prepared to accurately process date and time data between and into the 20th and 21st centuries
{adj: apart, isolated, obscure} remote and separate physically or socially
"existed over the centuries as a world apart"
"preserved because they inhabited a place apart"- W.H.Hudson
"tiny isolated villages remote from centers of civilization"
"an obscure village"
{adj: assassinated} murdered by surprise attack for political reasons
"the 20th century has seen too many assassinated leaders"
{adj: depopulated} having lost inhabitants as by war or disease
"the 15th century plagues left vast areas of Europe depopulated"
{adj: early} of an early stage in the development of a language or literature
"the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C."
"Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700"
<-> middle, late
{adj: enigmatic, enigmatical, puzzling} not clear to the understanding
"I didn't grasp the meaning of that enigmatic comment until much later"
"prophetic texts so enigmatic that their meaning has been disputed for centuries"
{adj: fin de siecle} relating to or characteristic of the end of a century (especially the end of the 19th century)
"fin de siecle art"
{adj: late} being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time
"late evening"
"late 18th century"
"a late movie"
"took a late flight"
"had a late breakfast"
<-> early, middle
{adj: majuscule} of or relating to a style of writing characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; 4th to 8th centuries
<-> minuscule
{adj: minuscule, minuscular} of or relating to a small cursive script developed from uncial; 7th to 9th centuries
<-> majuscule
{adj: peruked, periwigged} wearing a wig popular for men in the 17th and 18th centuries
{adj: red-brick, redbrick} of or relating to British universities founded in the late 19th century or the 20th century
{adv: amidships, amidship, midships} at or near or toward the center of a ship
"in the late 19th century, engines were placed in front, amidships, and at the rear"
{adv: centennially} every hundred years; once in a century
"the birthday of this city is being celebrated centennially"
{adv: forth, forward, onward} forward in time or order or degree
"from that time forth"
"from the sixth century onward"
{adv: illustriously} in an illustrious manner
"Einstein, the illustriously famous physicist of the 20th century"
{adv: importantly} in an important way
"for centuries jellies have figured importantly among English desserts, particularly upon festive occasion"
{adv: irreverently} in an irreverent manner
"in the seventeenth century England had known fifty years of doctrinal quarrels and civil war; clergymen had been turned from their cures, and churches irreverently used"
{adv: monotonously} in a monotonous manner
"the history of the play throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century is monotonously uneventful"
{adv: off, away} at a distance in space or time
"the boat was 5 miles off (or away)"
"the party is still 2 weeks off (or away)"
"away back in the 18th century"
{adv: spiritually} in a spiritual manner
"the ninth century was the spiritually freest period"
{adv: subtly} in a subtle manner
"late nineteenth-century French opera at its most beautiful, subtly romantic with a twilight melancholy"
{n: Abecedarian} a 16th century sect of Anabaptists centered in Germany who had an absolute disdain for human knowledge
{n: Ahab} according to the Old Testament he was a pagan king of Israel and husband of Jezebel (9th century BC)
{n: Akhbari} a religious movement by Arab Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iraq that is opposed to the Usuli
"Akhbari Shiism has never promoted political control"
{n: Albigenses, Cathars, Cathari} a Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; believers in Albigensianism
{n: Albigensianism, Catharism} a Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; characterized by dualism (asserted the coexistence of two mutually opposed principles, one good and one evil); was exterminated for heresy during the Inquisition
{n: Algeria, Algerie, Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria} a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea with a population that is predominantly Sunni Muslim; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s
{n: Alhazen, Alhacen, al-Haytham, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham} an Egyptian polymath (born in Iraq) whose research in geometry and optics was influential into the 17th century; established experiments as the norm of proof in physics (died in 1040)
{n: Amish sect} an orthodox Anabaptist sect separated from the Mennonites in late 17th century; settled chiefly in southeastern Pennsylvania
{n: Anaximenes} a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC)
{n: Anglo-Saxon} a person of Anglo-Saxon (especially British) descent whose native tongue is English and whose culture is strongly influenced by English culture as in WASP for `White Anglo-Saxon Protestant'
"in the ninth century the Vikings began raiding the Anglo-Saxons in Britain"
"his ancestors were not just British, they were Anglo-Saxons"
{n: Arabian Nights' Entertainment, Arabian Nights, Thousand and One Nights} a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century
{n: Aramaic, Aramaic script} an alphabetical (or perhaps syllabic) script used since the 9th century BC to write the Aramaic language; many other scripts were subsequently derived from it
{n: Aramean, Aramaean} a member of one of a group of Semitic peoples inhabiting Aram and parts of Mesopotamia from the 11th to the 8th century BC
{n: Argos} an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC
{n: Arminianism} 17th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignty
{n: Arnold of Brescia} Italian theologian who censured the worldly possessions of monks and the temporal power of bishops and was condemned for dogmatic errors by the Second Lateran Council (early 12th century)
{n: Arthur, King Arthur} a legendary king of the Britons (possibly based on a historical figure in the 6th century but the story has been retold too many times to be sure); said to have led the Knights of the Round Table at Camelot
{n: Asanga} Indian religious leader and founder of the Yogacara school of Buddhism in India (4th century)
{n: Ash Can, Ashcan school} early 20th-century United States painting; portrays realistic and sordid scenes of city life
{n: Athens, Athinai, capital of Greece, Greek capital} the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)
"in the 5th century BC ancient Athens was the world's most powerful and civilized city"
{n: Athos, Mount Athos} an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century
{n: Austria, Republic of Austria, Oesterreich} a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century
{n: Avesta, Zend-Avesta} a collection of Zoroastrian texts gathered during the 4th or 6th centuries
{n: Babylonia, Chaldaea, Chaldea} an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where Daniel became a counselor to the king)
{n: Balzac, Honore Balzac, Honore de Balzac} French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850)
{n: Barbary} a region of northern Africa on the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Gibraltar; was used as a base for pirates from the 16th to 19th centuries
{n: Basil, St. Basil, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great, St. Basil the Great} (Roman Catholic Church) the bishop of Caesarea who defended the Roman Catholic Church against the heresies of the 4th century; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-379)
{n: Bastille} a fortress built in Paris in the 14th century and used as a prison in the 17th and 18th centuries; it was destroyed July 14, 1789 at the start of the French Revolution
{n: Bathsheba} (Old Testament) the wife of Uriah and later the wife of King David; Solomon was her son by David (circa 10th century BC)
{n: Beguine} (Roman Catholic Church) a member of a lay sisterhood (one of several founded in the Netherlands in the 12th and 13th centuries); though not taking religious vows the sisters followed an austere life
{n: Belshazzar} (Old Testament) Babylonian general and son of Nebuchadnezzar II; according to the Old Testament he was warned of his doom by divine handwriting on the wall that was interpreted by Daniel (6th century BC)
{n: Benedictine order, order of Saint Benedict} a Roman Catholic monastic order founded in the 6th century; noted for liturgical worship and for scholarly activities
{n: Beowulf} the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century; he slays a monster and becomes king but dies fighting a dragon
{n: Bithynia} an ancient country in northwestern Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; was absorbed into the Roman Empire by the end of the 1st century BC
{n: Black Hand} a secret terrorist society in the United States early in the 20th century
{n: Bloomsbury Group} an inner circle of writers and artists and philosophers who lived in or around Bloomsbury early in the 20th century and were noted for their unconventional lifestyles
{n: Brahmi} a script (probably adapted from the Aramaic about the 7th century BC) from which later Indian scripts developed
{n: British empiricism} the predominant philosophical tradition in Great Britain since the 17th century
{n: Britten, Benjamin Britten, Edward Benjamin Britten, Lord Britten of Aldeburgh} major English composer of the 20th century; noted for his operas (1913-1976)
{n: Bronte sisters} a 19th century family of three sisters who all wrote novels
{n: Bruges, City of Bridges} a city in northwestern Belgium that is connected by canal to the North Sea; in the 13th century it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League; the old city (known as the City of Bridges) is a popular tourist attraction
{n: Byrd, William Byrd} English organist and composer of church music; master of 16th century polyphony; was granted a monopoly in music printing with Thomas Tallis (1543-1623)
{n: Byzantine architecture} the style of architecture developed in the Byzantine Empire developed after the 5th century; massive domes with square bases and round arches and spires and much use of mosaics
{n: Caladium bicolor} most popular caladium; cultivated in many varieties since the late 19th century
{n: Caliphate} the era of Islam's ascendancy from the death of Mohammed until the 13th century; some Moslems still maintain that the Moslem world must always have a calif as head of the community
"their goal was to reestablish the Caliphate"
{n: Carmelite order, Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel} a Roman Catholic mendicant order founded in the 12th century
{n: Charleston} an American ballroom dance in syncopated rhythm; popular early in the 20th century
{n: Chartism} the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people
{n: Chartist} a 19th century English reformer who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people
{n: Cheops, Khufu} Egyptian Pharaoh of the 27th century BC who commissioned the Great Pyramid at Giza
{n: Chinese Wall, Great Wall, Great Wall of China} a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC; is 1,500 miles long and averages 6 meters in width
{n: Christopher, Saint Christopher, St. Christopher} Christian martyr and patron saint of travellers (3rd century)
{n: Chuang-tzu} 4th-century Chinese philosopher on whose teachings Lao-tse based Taoism
{n: Church Father, Father of the Church, Father} (Christianity) any of about 70 theologians in the period from the 2nd to the 7th century whose writing established and confirmed official church doctrine; in the Roman Catholic Church some were later declared saints and became Doctor of the Church; the best known Latin Church Fathers are Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory the Great, and Jerome; those who wrote in Greek include Athanasius, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, and John Chrysostom
{n: Clichy, Clichy-la-Garenne} a northwestern suburb of Paris; the residence of the Merovingian royalty in the 7th century
{n: Cologne, Koln} a commercial center and river port in western Germany on the Rhine River; flourished during the 15th century as a member of the Hanseatic League
{n: Constantine} a walled city in northeastern Algeria east of Algiers; was destroyed in warfare in the 4th century and rebuilt by Constantine I
{n: Coventry} an industrial city in central England; devastated by air raids during World War II; remembered as the home of Lady Godiva in the 11th century
{n: Cremona} a city in Lombardy on the Po River; noted for the manufacture of fine violins from the 16th to the 18th centuries
{n: Crispin, Saint Crispin, St. Crispin} patron saint of shoemakers; he and his brother were martyred for trying to spread Christianity (3rd century)
{n: Crusade} any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11th to 13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims
{n: Cynewulf, Cynwulf} Anglo-Saxon poet (circa 9th century)
{n: Damocles} the Greek courtier to Dionysius the Elder who (according to legend) was condemned to sit under a naked sword that was suspended by a hair in order to demonstrate to him that being a king was not the happy state Damocles had said it was (4th century BC)
{n: Damon} the friend of Phintias who pledged his life that Phintias would return (4th century BC)
{n: Daniel} (Old Testament) a youth who was taken into the court of Nebuchadnezzar and given divine protection when thrown into a den of lions (6th century BC)
{n: Democratic-Republican Party} a former major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; opposed the old Federalist party; favored a strict interpretation of the constitution in order to limit the powers of the federal government
{n: Diophantus} Greek mathematician who was the first to try to develop an algebraic notation (3rd century)
{n: Dominican order} a Roman Catholic order of mendicant preachers founded in the 13th century
{n: Donatism} a schismatic Christian religion in northern Africa from the 4th to the 7th century; held that only those who led a blameless life belonged in the church or could administer the sacraments
{n: Donatus, Aelius Donatus} Roman grammarian whose textbook on Latin grammar was used throughout the Middle Ages (fourth century)
{n: Dortmund} an industrial city in northwestern Germany; flourished from the 13th to 17th century as a member of the Hanseatic League
{n: Draco} Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC)
{n: East India Company} an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia; in the 18th century it assumed administrative control of Bengal and held it until the British army took over in 1858 after the Indian Mutiny
{n: Edda} either of two distinct works in Old Icelandic dating from the late 13th century and consisting of 34 mythological and heroic ballads composed between 800 and 1200; the primary source for Scandinavian mythology
{n: El Cid} the hero of a Spanish epic poem from the 12th century
{n: El Dorado, eldorado} an imaginary place of great wealth and opportunity; sought in South America by 16th-century explorers
{n: Elijah} a Hebrew prophet in the Old Testament who opposed the worship of idols; he was persecuted for rebuking Ahab and Jezebel (king and queen of Israel); he was taken up to heaven in a chariot of fire (circa 9th century BC)
{n: Elizabethan age} a period in British history during the reign of Elizabeth I in the 16th century; an age marked by literary achievement and domestic prosperity
{n: Empedocles} Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC)
{n: Enlightenment, Age of Reason} a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
{n: Epirus} an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwestern Greece and southern Albania
{n: Erie Canal} an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo; built in the 19th century; now part of the New York State Barge Canal
{n: Euclid} Greek geometer (3rd century BC)
{n: Ezekiel, Ezechiel} a Hebrew prophet of the 6th century BC who was exiled to Babylon in 587 BC
{n: Ezra, Book of Ezra} an Old Testament book telling of a rabbi's efforts in the 5th century BC to reconstitute Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity
{n: Farmer-Labor Party} a former minor political party in the United States in the early 20th century
{n: Federalist Party, American Federalist Party, Federal Party} a major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; founded by Alexander Hamilton; favored a strong centralized government
{n: Ferrara} a city in northern Italy
"in the 13th century Ferrara was a center of Renaissance learning and the arts"
{n: Firenze, Florence} a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries
{n: Fragonard, Jean Honore Fragonard} French artist whose rococo paintings typified the frivolity of life in the royal court of France in the 18th century (1732-1806)
{n: Franciscan order} a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Francis of Assisi in the 13th century
{n: Frank} a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century
{n: Galatian} a native or inhabitant of Galatia in Asia Minor (especially a member of a people believed to have been Gauls who conquered Galatia in the 3rd century BC)
{n: Gdansk, Danzig} a port city of northern Poland near the mouth of the Vistula River on a gulf of the Baltic Sea; a member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century
{n: Gloucester} a town in northeastern Massachusetts on Cape Ann northeast of Boston; the harbor has been a fishing center for centuries
{n: Golden Horde} a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century
{n: Gothic, Gothic architecture} a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches
{n: Gothic, black letter} a heavy typeface in use from 15th to 18th centuries
{n: Gothic} extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
{n: Goth} one of the Teutonic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the 3rd to 5th centuries
{n: Greenwich Village, Village} a mainly residential district of Manhattan; `the Village' became a home for many writers and artists in the 20th century
{n: Hadrian's Wall} an ancient Roman wall built by Hadrian in the 2nd century; marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Britain
{n: Hagia Sophia, Hagia Sofia, Santa Sophia, Santa Sofia} a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century
{n: Hakka} a member of a people of southeastern China (especially Hong Kong, Canton, and Taiwan) who migrated from the north in the 12th century
{n: Halle, Halle-an-der-Saale} a city in the Saxony region of Germany on the Saale River; a member of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries
{n: Hamburg} a port city in northern Germany on the Elbe River that was founded by Charlemagne in the 9th century and is today the largest port in Germany; in 1241 it formed an alliance with Lubeck that became the basis for the Hanseatic League
{n: Hanseatic League} a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669
{n: Hasidim, Hassidim, Hasidism, Chasidim, Chassidim} a sect of Orthodox Jews that arose out of a pietistic movement originating in eastern Europe in the second half of the 18th century; a sect that follows the Mosaic law strictly
{n: Hebrew alphabet, Hebraic alphabet, Hebrew script} a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino)
{n: Hero, Heron, Hero of Alexandria} Greek mathematician and inventor who devised a way to determine the area of a triangle and who described various mechanical devices (first century)
{n: Hesiod} Greek poet whose existing works describe rural life and the genealogies of the gods and the beginning of the world (eighth century BC)
{n: Hessian boot, hessian, jackboot, Wellington, Wellington boot} (19th century) a man's high tasseled boot
{n: Hiawatha} a native American chieftain who argued for peace with the European settlers (16th century)
{n: High Renaissance} the artistic style of early 16th century painting in Florence and Rome; characterized by technical mastery and heroic composition and humanistic content
{n: Hipparchus} Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made the first known star chart and is said to have invented trigonometry (second century BC)
{n: Hosea} a minor Hebrew prophet (8th century BC)
{n: Hudson, Hudson River} a New York river; flows southward into New York Bay; explored by Henry Hudson early in the 17th century
{n: Huguenot} a French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries
{n: Humpty Dumpty} an egg-shaped character in a nursery rhyme who fell off a wall and could not be put back together again (late 17th century)
{n: Hun} a member of a nomadic people who invaded Europe in the 4th century
{n: Impressionism} a school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light
{n: Isaiah} (Old Testament) the first of the major Hebrew prophets (8th century BC)
{n: Islam, Islamism, Mohammedanism, Muhammadanism, Muslimism} the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran
"Islam is a complete way of life, not a Sunday religion"
"the term Muhammadanism is offensive to Muslims who believe that Allah, not Muhammad, founded their religion"
{n: Istanbul, Stambul, Stamboul, Constantinople} the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church
{n: Italy, Italian Republic, Italia} a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD
{n: Jack the Ripper} an unidentified English murderer in the 19th century
{n: Jainism} religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism; emphasizes asceticism and immortality and transmigration of the soul; denies existence of a perfect or supreme being
{n: Jainism} sect founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism
{n: Jakarta, Djakarta, capital of Indonesia} capital and largest city of Indonesia; located on the island of Java; founded by the Dutch in 17th century
{n: Jeroboam, Jeroboam I} (Old Testament) first king of the northern kingdom of Israel who led Israel into sin (10th century BC)
{n: Jezebel} wife of Ahab who was king of Israel; according to the Old Testament she was a cruel immoral queen who fostered the worship of Baal and tried to kill Elijah and other prophets of Israel (9th century BC)
{n: Kabbalah, Kabbala, Kabala, Cabbalah, Cabbala, Cabala, Qabbalah, Qabbala} an esoteric theosophy of rabbinical origin based on the Hebrew scriptures and developed between the 7th and 18th centuries
{n: Karaites} a Jewish sect that recognizes only the Hebrew Scriptures as the source of divinely inspired legislation and denies the authority of the postbiblical tradition of the Talmud; the sect arose in Iraq in the eighth century
{n: Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakstan, Kazakh, Kazak} a landlocked republic south of Russia and northeast of the Caspian Sea; the original Turkic-speaking inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century; an Asian soviet from 1936 to 1991
{n: Ku Klux Klan, Klan, KKK} a secret society of white Southerners in the United States; was formed in the 19th century to resist the emancipation of slaves; used terrorist tactics to suppress Black people
{n: Lao-tzu, Lao-tse, Lao-zi} Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC)
{n: Late Greek} the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
{n: Late Latin, Biblical Latin} the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
{n: Lateran Palace} a palace that served as the residence of the popes until the 14th century
{n: Leo IX, Bruno, Bruno of Toul} German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054)
{n: Liberal Party} a major political party in Great Britain in the 19th century; now the third largest; advocated reforms and improvement of the conditions of working people
{n: Lima, capital of Peru} capital and largest city and economic center of Peru; located in western Peru; was capital of the Spanish empire in the New World until the 19th century
{n: Linear A} an undeciphered writing system used in Crete in the 17th century B.C.
{n: Linear B} a syllabic script used in Greece in the 13th century B.C.
{n: Lombard, Langobard} a member of a Germanic people who invaded northern Italy in the 6th century
{n: Lubavitch} a town in Belarus that was the center of the Chabad movement for a brief period during the 19th century
{n: Luddite} one of the 19th century English workmen who destroyed laborsaving machinery that they thought would cause unemployment
{n: Ludi Saeculares, secular games} the centennial rites and games of ancient Rome that marked the commencement of a new generation (100 years representing the longest life in a generation); observances may have begun as early as the 5th century BC and lasted well into the Christian era
{n: Lysippus} Greek sculptor (4th century BC)
{n: Macedonian War} one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province
{n: Machu Picchu} Inca fortress city in the Andes in Peru discovered in 1911; it may have been built in the 15th century
{n: Mafia, Maffia, Sicilian Mafia} a secret terrorist group in Sicily; originally opposed tyranny but evolved into a criminal organization in the middle of the 19th century
{n: Malachi, Malachias} a Hebrew minor prophet of the 5th century BC
{n: Manchu} a member of the Manchu speaking people of Mongolian race of Manchuria; related to the Tungus; conquered China in the 17th century
{n: Mandaeanism, Mandeanism} a Gnostic religion originating the 2nd and 3rd centuries that believes John the Baptist was the Messiah and that incorporates Jewish and Christian elements into a framework of dualistic beliefs
{n: Manichaeism, Manichaeanism} a religion founded by Manes the third century; a synthesis of Zoroastrian dualism between light and dark and Babylonian folklore and Buddhist ethics and superficial elements of Christianity; spread widely in the Roman Empire but had largely died out by 1000
{n: Marcionism} the Christian heresy of the 2nd and 3rd centuries that rejected the Old Testament and denied the incarnation of God in Jesus as a human
{n: Martial} Roman poet noted for epigrams (first century BC)
{n: Medici} aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century
{n: Mennonite Church} formed from the Anabaptist movement in the 16th century; noted for its simplicity of life
{n: Micah, Micheas} a minor Hebrew prophet (8th century BC)
{n: Middle East, Mideast, Near East} the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century
"the Middle East is the cradle of Western civilization"
{n: Mithraism, Mithraicism} ancient Persian religion; popular among Romans during first three centuries a.d.
{n: Monophysitism} a Christian heresy of the 5th and 6th centuries that challenged the orthodox definition of the two natures (human and divine) in Jesus and instead believed there was a single divine nature
{n: Moorish, Moorish architecture} a style of architecture common in Spain from the 13th to 16th centuries; characterized by the horseshoe (Moorish) arch
{n: Moor} one of the Muslim people of north Africa; of mixed Arab and Berber descent; converted to Islam in the 8th century; conqueror of Spain in the 8th century
{n: Munich beer, Munchener} a dark lager produced in Munich since the 10th century; has a distinctive taste of malt
{n: Muscovy} a Russian principality in the 13th to 16th centuries; Moscow was the capital
{n: Nahum} a Hebrew minor prophet of the 7th century BC
{n: Nefertiti} queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (14th century BC)
{n: Neoplatonism} a system of philosophical and theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism; its most distinctive doctrine holds that the first principle and source of reality transcends being and thought and is naturally unknowable
"Neoplatonism was predominant in pagan Europe until the 6th century"
"Neoplatonism was a major influence on early Christian writers and on later medieval and Renaissance thought and on Islamic philosophy"
{n: Nestorius} Syrian who was a Christian bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople in the early fifth century; one of the major heresies concerning the doctrine of the hypostasis of Christ was named after him (died in 451)
{n: New London} a town in southeastern Connecticut near Long Island Sound; an important whaling center in the 19th century
{n: New Orleans} a port and largest city in Louisiana; located in southeastern Louisiana near the mouth of the Mississippi river; a major center for offshore drilling for oil in the Gulf of Mexico; jazz originated here among black musicians in the late 19th century; Mardi Gras is celebrated here each year
{n: Nicaea} an ancient city in Bithynia; founded in the 4th century BC and flourished under the Romans; the Nicene Creed was adopted there in 325
{n: Nicholas, Saint Nicholas, St. Nicholas} a bishop in Asia Minor who is associated with Santa Claus (4th century)
{n: Nijinsky, Vaslav Nijinsky, Waslaw Nijinsky} Russian dancer considered by many to be the greatest dancer of the 20th century (1890-1950)
{n: Nome} a town in western Alaska on the southern coast of the Seward Peninsula; an important center of an Alaskan gold rush at the beginning of the 20th century
{n: Norman architecture} a Romanesque style first appearing in Normandy around 950 AD and used in Britain from the Norman Conquest until the 12th century
{n: Northwest Passage} a water route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean along the northern coast of North America; Europeans since the 16th century had searched for a short route to the Far East before it was successfully traversed by Roald Amundsen (1903-1906)
{n: Old Catholic Church} Catholic churches that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the 18th century
{n: Old Catholic} a member of the church formed in the 19th century by German Catholics who refused to accept the infallibility of the Pope
{n: Old Church Slavonic, Old Church Slavic, Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian} the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th century
{n: Old French} the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
{n: Old Frisian} the Frisian language until the 16th century; the Germanic language of ancient Frisia
{n: Old Italian} the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
{n: Old Latin} the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
{n: Olympiad} one of the four-year intervals between Olympic Games; used to reckon time in ancient Greece for twelve centuries beginning in 776 BC
{n: Osage} a member of the Siouan people formerly living in Missouri in the valleys of the Missouri and Osage rivers; oil was found on Osage lands early in the 20th century
{n: Osman I, Othman I} the conqueror of Turkey who founded the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman dynasty that ruled Turkey after the 13th century; conquered most of Asia Minor and assumed the title of emir in 1299 (1259-1326)
{n: Ottoman Empire, Turkish Empire} a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe; created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire
{n: Ottoman, Ottoman dynasty} the Turkish dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire from the 13th century to its dissolution after World War I
{n: Oxford movement} 19th-century movement in the Church of England opposing liberal tendencies
{n: Pahlavi} the Iranian language of the Zoroastrian literature of the 3rd to 10th centuries
{n: Parmenides} a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC)
{n: Patras, Patrai} a port city in western Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese on an inlet of the Ionian Sea; was a major trade center from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC; commercial importance revived during the Middle Ages
{n: Patrick, Saint Patrick, St. Patrick} Apostle and patron saint of Ireland; an English missionary to Ireland in the 5th century
{n: Peloponnese, Peloponnesus, Peloponnesian Peninsula} the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC
{n: Pepys, Samuel Pepys} English diarist whose diary contained detailed descriptions of 17th century disasters in England (1633-1703)
{n: Persia, Persian Empire} an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC
{n: Peru, Republic of Peru} a republic in western South America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; was the heart of the Inca empire from the 12th to 16th centuries
{n: Philistine} a member of an Aegean people who settled ancient Philistia around the 12th century BC
{n: Phintias, Pythias} friend of Damon; Phintias (according to legend) was condemned to death by Dionysius the Elder and asked a respite to put his affairs in order; Damon pledged his life for the return of his friend; when Phintias returned in time the tyrant released them both (4th century BC)
{n: Pietism} 17th and 18th-century German movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion
{n: Plantation} a newly established colony (especially in the colonization of North America)
"the practice of sending convicted criminals to serve on the Plantations was common in the 17th century"
{n: Polo, Marco Polo} Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)
{n: Portugal, Portuguese Republic} a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)
{n: Prague, Praha, Prag, Czech capital} the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic in the western part of the country; a cultural and commercial center since the 14th century
{n: Prakrit} any of the vernacular Indic languages of north and central India (as distinguished from Sanskrit) recorded from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD
{n: Prussia, Preussen} a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland
"in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states"
{n: Ptolemy, Claudius Ptolemaeus} Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)
{n: Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin} English architect who played a prominent role in the 19th century revival of Gothic architecture (1812-1852)
{n: Purana} a body of 18 works written between the first and 11th centuries and incorporating legends and speculative histories of the universe and myths and customary observances
{n: Puritan} a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship
{n: Reformation, Protestant Reformation} a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
{n: Renaissance, Renascence} the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries
{n: Rilke, Rainer Maria Rilke} German poet (born in Austria) whose imagery and mystic lyricism influenced 20th-century German literature (1875-1926)
{n: Robin Hood} legendary English outlaw of the 12th century; said to have robbed the rich to help the poor
{n: Romanticism, Romantic Movement} a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization
"Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality"
<-> classicism
{n: Rosicrucian} a member of a secret 17th-century society of philosophers and scholars versed in mystical and metaphysical and alchemical lore
{n: Rosicrucian} a member of any of various organizations that subsequently derived from the 17th-century society
{n: Rostock} a city in northeastern Germany near the Baltic sea; an important member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century
{n: Russia} a former empire in eastern Europe and northern Asia created in the 14th century with Moscow as the capital; powerful in the 17th and 18th centuries under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great when Saint Petersburg was the capital; overthrown by revolution in 1917
{n: Rus} the medieval Russian state established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century; the capital was first in Novgorod and then in Kiev
{n: Saint Joseph, St. Joseph} a town in northwest Missouri on the Missouri River; in the 19th century it became the eastern terminus of the pony express
{n: Saint Louis, St. Louis, Gateway to the West} the largest city in Missouri; a busy river port on the Mississippi River near its confluence with the Missouri River; was an important staging area for wagon trains westward in the 19th century
{n: Saints Peter and Paul, June 29} first celebrated in the 3rd century
{n: Salian Frank, Salian} a member of the tribe of Franks who settled in the Netherlands in the 4th century AD
{n: Samaria} an ancient city in central Palestine founded in the 9th century BC as the capital of the northern Hebrew kingdom of Israel; the site is in present-day northwestern Jordan
{n: Samarkand, Samarcand} city in southern Uzbekistan; Tamerlane's opulent capital in the 14th century
{n: Santa Fe Trail} a trail that extends from Missouri to New Mexico; an important route for settlers moving west in the 19th century
{n: Sappho} the Greek lyric poet of Lesbos; much admired although only fragments of her poetry have been preserved (6th century BC)
{n: Sardinia, Sardegna} the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century
{n: Scythia} an ancient area of Eurasia extending from the Black Sea to the Aral Sea that was populated by Scythians from the eighth to the fourth century BC
{n: Seljuk} any one of the Turkish dynasties that ruled Asia Minor from the 11th to the 13th centuries; they successfully invaded Byzantium and defended the Holy Land against Crusaders
{n: Seminole} a member of the Muskhogean people who moved into Florida in the 18th century
{n: Serbia, Srbija} a historical region in central and northern Yugoslavia; Serbs settled the region in the 6th and 7th centuries
{n: Serbian, Serb} a member of a Slavic people who settled in Serbia and neighboring areas in the 6th and 7th centuries
{n: Sessions, Roger Sessions, Roger Huntington Sessions} United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985)
{n: Shang, Shang dynasty} the imperial dynasty ruling China from about the 18th to the 12th centuries BC
{n: Sikhism} the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam
{n: Silk Road} an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles); followed by Marco Polo in the 13th century to reach Cathay
{n: Simon, St. Simon, Simon Zelotes, Simon the Zealot, Simon the Canaanite} one of the twelve Apostles (first century)
{n: Social Democratic Party} a political party in Germany and Britain (and elsewhere) founded in late 19th century; originally Marxist; now advocates the gradual transformation of capitalism into democratic socialism
{n: Solomon} (Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC)
{n: Sophist} any of a group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC who speculated on a wide range of subjects
{n: Spanish Inquisition} an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)
"the Spanish Inquisition was administered by both civil and church authorities which gave it ultimate power"
"Torquemada was the inquisitor general for the Spanish Inquisition"
{n: Sparta} an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC
{n: States General} assembly of the estates of an entire country especially the sovereign body of the Dutch republic from 16th to 18th centuries
{n: Sussex} a county in southern England on the English Channel; formerly an Anglo-Saxon kingdom that was captured by Wessex in the 9th century
{n: Syracuse, Siracusa} a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC
{n: Tara} a village in eastern Ireland (northwest of Dublin); seat of Irish kings until 6th century
{n: Tarbell, Ida Tarbell, Ida M. Tarbell, Ida Minerva Tarbell} United States writer remembered for her muckraking investigations into industries in the early 20th century (1857-1944)
{n: Tartary, Tatary} the vast geographical region of Europe and Asia that was controlled by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries
"under Genghis Khan Tartary extended as far east as the Pacific Ocean"
{n: Tatar, Tartar, Mongol Tatar} a member of the Mongolian people of central Asia who invaded Russia in the 13th century
{n: Tell, William Tell} a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer; according to legend an Austrian governor compelled him to shoot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow (which he did successfully without mishap)
{n: Temple of Jerusalem, Temple of Solomon} any of three successive temples in Jerusalem that served as the primary center for Jewish worship; the first temple contained the Ark of the Covenant and was built by Solomon in the 10th century BC and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC; the second was built in 515 BC and the third was an enlargement by Herod the Great in 20 BC that was destroyed by the Romans during a Jewish revolt in AD 70; all that remains is the Wailing Wall
{n: Thebes} an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC; today the archeological remains include many splendid temples and tombs
{n: Thespis} Greek poet who is said to have originated Greek tragedy (sixth century BC)
{n: Thomism} the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans
{n: Tobit, Book of Tobit} an Apocryphal book that was a popular novel for several centuries
{n: Toledo} a city in central Spain on the Tagus river; famous for steel and swords since the first century
{n: Tripoli, Tarabulus Al-Gharb, capital of Libya} the capital and chief port and largest city of Libya; in northwestern Libya on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by the Phoenicians in the 7th century BC
{n: Tucson} a city in southeastern Arizona ringed by mountain ranges; long known as a winter and health resort but the population shift from industrial states to the Sunbelt resulted in rapid growth late in the 20th century
{n: Ukraine, Ukrayina} a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century
{n: Uriah} (Old Testament) the husband of Bathsheba and a soldier who was sent to die in battle so that King David could marry his wife (circa 10th century BC)
{n: Usuli} a religious movement by Persian Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iran that is opposed to the Akhbari
"Usuli Shiism produced the politically active caste of priests that is a distinctive feature of Iranian Shiism"
{n: Vedanga} Vedic texts from the fifth and fourth centuries BC dealing with phonetics and ritual injunctions and linguistics and grammar and etymology and lexicography and prosody and astronomy and astrology
{n: Versailles, Palace of Versailles} a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles
{n: Versailles} a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century
{n: Victorian age} a period in British history during the reign of Queen Victoria in the 19th century; her character and moral standards restored the prestige of the British monarchy but gave the era a prudish reputation
{n: Viking} any of the Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries
{n: Voltaire, Arouet, Francois-Marie Arouet} French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)
{n: Vulgate} the Latin edition of the Bible translated from Hebrew and Greek mainly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century; as revised in 1592 it was adopted as the official text for the Roman Catholic Church
{n: Wahhabi, Wahabi} a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia; strives to purify Islamic beliefs and rejects any innovation occurring after the 3rd century of Islam
"Osama bin Laden is said to be a Wahhabi Muslim"
{n: Waldenses, Vaudois} a Christian sect of dissenters that originated in southern France in the late 12th century adopted Calvinist doctrines in the 16th century
{n: Wessex} a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England that became the most powerful English kingdom by the 10th century
{n: Whig} a member of the political party that urged social reform in 18th and 19th century England; was the opposition party to the Tories
{n: Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom} an Apocryphal book consisting mainly of a meditation on wisdom; although ascribed to Solomon it was probably written in the first century BC
{n: Young Turk} a member of one or more of the insurgent groups in Turkey in the late 19th century who rebelled against the absolutism of Ottoman rule
{n: Zealot} a member of an ancient Jewish sect in Judea in the first century who fought to the death against the Romans and who killed or persecuted Jews who collaborated with the Romans
{n: Zechariah, Zacharias} a Hebrew minor prophet of the late 6th century BC
{n: Zephaniah, Sophonias} a Hebrew minor poet of the late 7th century BC
{n: Zionism, Zionist movement} a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine
{n: Zoroastrianism, Mazdaism} system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; set forth in the Zend-Avesta; based on concept of struggle between light (good) and dark (evil)
{n: agave, century plant, American aloe} tropical American plants with basal rosettes of fibrous sword-shaped leaves and flowers in tall spikes; some cultivated for ornament or for fiber
{n: apogee, culmination} a final climactic stage
"their achievements stand as a culmination of centuries of development"
{n: aspersion, slur} a disparaging remark
"in the 19th century any reference to female sexuality was considered a vile aspersion"
"it is difficult for a woman to understand a man's sensitivity to any slur on his virility"
{n: assassin} a member of a secret order of Muslims (founded in the 12th century) who terrorized and killed Christian Crusaders
{n: baroque, baroqueness} elaborate and extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century
{n: being, beingness, existence} the state or fact of existing
"a point of view gradually coming into being"
"laws in existence for centuries"
<-> nonbeing, nonexistence
{n: bell seat, balloon seat} a seat that has a bell shape (on some 18th century chairs)
{n: bellarmine, longbeard, long-beard, greybeard} a stoneware drinking jug with a long neck; decorated with a caricature of Cardinal Bellarmine (17th century)
{n: blues} a type of folksong that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes
{n: bridge} something resembling a bridge in form or function
"his letters provided a bridge across the centuries"
{n: burgrave} the military governor of a German town in the 12th and 13th centuries
{n: calash, caleche} a woman's large folded hooped hood; worn in the 18th century
{n: caroche} a luxurious carriage suitable for nobility in the 16th and 17th century
{n: carpetbag} traveling bag made of carpet; widely used in 19th century
{n: casque} (15-16th century) any armor for the head; usually ornate without a visor
{n: century} a period of 100 years
{n: cittern, cithern, cither, citole, gittern} a 16th century musical instrument resembling a guitar with a pear-shaped soundbox and wire strings
{n: classicism, classicalism} a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms
"classicism often derived its models from the ancient Greeks and Romans"
<-> Romanticism
{n: codpiece} (15th-16th century) a flap for the crotch of men's tight-fitting breeches
{n: commedia dell'arte} Italian comedy of the 16th to 18th centuries improvised from standardized situations and stock characters
{n: confession} a document that spells out the belief system of a given church (especially the Reformation churches of the 16th century)
{n: conquistador} an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century)
{n: cotillion, cotilion} a lively dance originating in France in the 18th century
{n: covered wagon, Conestoga wagon, Conestoga, prairie wagon, prairie schooner} a large wagon with broad wheels and an arched canvas top; used by the United States pioneers to cross the prairies in the 19th century
{n: culverin} a heavy cannon with a long barrel used in the 16th and 17th centuries
{n: dada, dadaism} a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century; based on irrationality and negation of the accepted laws of beauty
{n: didacticism} communication that is suitable for or intended to be instructive
"the didacticism expected in books for the young"
"the didacticism of the 19th century gave birth to many great museums"
{n: divine right, divine right of kings} the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects; rebellion is the worst of political crimes
"the doctrine of the divine right of kings was enunciated by the Stuarts in Britain in the 16th century"
{n: dogtooth} a carved pyramidal ornament; used in 13th century England
{n: dormancy, quiescence, quiescency} a state of quiet (but possibly temporary) inaction
"the volcano erupted after centuries of dormancy"
{n: dragoman} an interpreter and guide in the Near East; in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries a translator of European languages for the Turkish and Arab authorities and most dragomans were Greek (many reached high positions in the government)
{n: enigma canon, enigmatic canon, enigmatical canon, riddle canon} a canon in which the entrances of successive parts were indicated by cryptic symbols and devices (popular in the 15th and 16th centuries)
{n: existentialism, existential philosophy, existentialist philosophy} (philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves
{n: expressionism} an art movement early in the 20th century; the artist's subjective expression of inner experiences was emphasized; an inner feeling was expressed through a distorted rendition of reality
{n: fag end, tail, tail end} the time of the last part of something
"the fag end of this crisis-ridden century"
"the tail of the storm"
{n: falun gong} a spiritual movement that began in China in the latter half of the 20th century and is based on Buddhist and Taoist teachings and practices
{n: farthingale} a hoop worn beneath a skirt to extend it horizontally; worn by European women in the 16th and 17th centuries
{n: feudalism, feudal system} the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war
{n: fraise} a ruff for the neck worn in the 16th century
{n: franklin} a landowner (14th and 15th centuries) who was free but not of noble birth
{n: frigate} a medium size square-rigged warship of the 18th and 19th centuries
{n: frock coat} a man's coat having knee-length skirts front and back; worn in the 19th century
{n: galleon} a large square-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts; used by the Spanish for commerce and war from the 15th to 18th centuries
{n: grand tour} an extended cultural tour of Europe taken by wealthy young Englishmen (especially in the 18th century) as part of their education
{n: half-century} a period of 50 years
{n: hangover, holdover} something that has survived from the past
"a holdover from the sixties"
"hangovers from the 19th century"
{n: historical school} a school of 19th century German economists and legal philosophers who tried to explain modern economic systems in evolutionary or historical terms
{n: hose} man's close-fitting garment of the 16th and 17th centuries covering the legs and reaching up to the waist; worn with a doublet
{n: humic acid} a dark brown humic substance that is soluble in water only at pH values greater than 2
"the half-life of humic acid is measured in centuries"
{n: hundred, 100, C, century, one C, centred} ten 10s
{n: ijtihad} the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars; by the end of the 10th century theologians decided that debate on such matters would be closed and Muslim theology and law were frozen
"some reform-minded Islamic scholars believe that reopening ijtihad is a prerequisite for the survival of Islam"
{n: imagism} a movement by American and English poets early in the 20th century in reaction to Victorian sentimentality; used common speech in free verse with clear concrete imagery
{n: information age} a period beginning in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became easily accessible through publications and through the manipulation of information by computers and computer networks
{n: ironclad} a wooden warship of the 19th century that is plated with iron or steel armor
{n: lake poets} English poets at the beginning of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District and were inspired by it
{n: lied} a German art song of the 19th century for voice and piano
{n: macaroni} a British dandy in the 18th century who affected Continental mannerisms
"Yankee Doodle stuck a feather in his cap and called it macaroni"
{n: mantua} loose gown of the 17th and 18th centuries
{n: mercantilism, mercantile system} an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
{n: mescal} a colorless Mexican liquor distilled from fermented juices of certain desert plants of the genus Agavaceae (especially the century plant)
{n: minuet} a stately court dance in the 17th century
{n: minuscule} a small cursive script developed from uncial between the 7th and 9th centuries and used in medieval manuscripts
{n: modern, modern font, Bodoni, Bodoni font} a typeface (based on an 18th century design by Gianbattista Bodoni) distinguished by regular shape and hairline serifs and heavy downstrokes
<-> old style
{n: morality play} an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries; characters personified virtues and vices
{n: morion, cabasset} a metal helmet worn by common soldiers in the 16th century
{n: motet} an unaccompanied choral composition with sacred lyrics; intended to be sung as part of a church service; originated in the 13th century
{n: motley} a multicolored woolen fabric woven of mixed threads in 14th to 17th century England
{n: naturalism, realism} an artistic movement in 19th century France; artists and writers strove for detailed realistic and factual description
{n: newmarket} a long close-fitting coat worn for riding in the 19th century
{n: ninja} a class of 14th century Japanese who were trained in martial arts and were hired for espionage and assassinations
{n: oeil de boeuf} a circular or oval window; 17th or 18th century French architecture
{n: old master} a great European painter prior to 19th century
{n: old style, old style font} a typeface (based on an 18th century design) distinguished by irregularity and slanted ascender serifs and little contrast between light and heavy strokes
<-> modern
{n: one-half, half} one of two equal parts of a divisible whole
"half a loaf"
"half an hour"
"a century and one half"
{n: orthoepist} a practitioner of orthoepy (especially one of the 17th or 18th century scholars who proposed to reform English spelling so it would reflect pronunciation more closely)
{n: pall-mall} a 17th century game; a wooden ball was driven along an alley with a mallet
{n: partisan, partizan} a pike with a long tapering double-edged blade with lateral projections; 16th and 17th centuries
{n: partitia} (music) an instrumental suite common in the 18th century
{n: pavane, pavan} a stately court dance of the 16th and 17th centuries
{n: pendulum watch} (18th century) a watch with a balance wheel having a fake pendulum attached to it
{n: periwig, peruke} a wig for men that was fashionable in the 17th and 18th centuries
{n: perpendicular, perpendicular style, English-Gothic, English-Gothic architecture} a Gothic style in 14th and 15th century England; characterized by vertical lines and a four-centered (Tudor) arch and fan vaulting
{n: picket, piquet} a form of military punishment used by the British in the late 17th century in which a soldier was forced to stand on one foot on a pointed stake
{n: picture, scene} a situation treated as an observable object
"the political picture is favorable"
"the religious scene in England has changed in the last century"
{n: pointilism} a genre of painting characterized by the application of paint in dots and small strokes; developed by Georges Seurat and his followers in late 19th century France
{n: pointillism} a school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye; developed by Georges Seurat and his followers late in 19th century France
{n: post horn} wind instrument used by postilions of the 18th and 19th centuries
{n: preformation, theory of preformation} a theory (popular in the 18th century and now discredited) that an individual develops by simple enlargement of a tiny fully formed organism (a homunculus) that exists in the germ cell
{n: proprietary colony} a colony given to a proprietor to govern (in 17th century)
{n: quagga, Equus quagga} mammal of South Africa that resembled a zebra; extinct since late 19th century
{n: quarter-century} a period of 25 years
{n: quattrocento} the 15th century in Italian art and literature
{n: rabato, rebato} a wired or starched collar of intricate lace; worn in 17th century
{n: reticule} a woman's drawstring handbag; usually made of net or beading or brocade; used in 18th and 19th centuries
{n: rococo} fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century
{n: rune, runic letter} any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages
"each rune had its own magical significance"
{n: saga} a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally (12th to 14th centuries) a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants but now any prose narrative that resembles such an account
{n: saraband} a stately court dance of the 17th and 18th centuries; in slow time
{n: serialism, serial music} 20th century music that uses a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition
{n: silverpoint} a drawing made with on specially prepared paper with an instrument having a silver tip (15th and 16th centuries)
{n: slave trade, slave traffic} traffic in slaves; especially in Black Africans transported to America in the 16th to 19th centuries
{n: standing operating procedure, standard operating procedure, SOP, standard procedure} a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely
"rote memorization has been the educator's standard operating procedure for centuries"
{n: stomacher} garment consisting of a V-shaped panel of stiff material worn over the chest and stomach in the 16th century
{n: suffragette} a woman advocate of women's right to vote (especially a militant advocate in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century)
{n: surrealism} a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams
{n: sweating sickness, miliary fever} epidemic in the 15th and 16th centuries and characterized by profuse sweating and high mortality
{n: symbolism} an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images
{n: tarpan, Equus caballus gomelini} European wild horse extinct since the early 20th century
{n: thinker, creative thinker, mind} an important intellectual
"the great minds of the 17th century"
{n: thought} the organized beliefs of a period or group or individual
"19th century thought"
"Darwinian thought"
{n: tole} enameled or lacquered metalware (usually gilded and elaborately painted); popular in the 18th century
"the Pennsylvania Dutch tole watering can might be a reproduction but it looks convincing"
{n: trainband} a company of militia in England or America from the 16th century to the 18th century
{n: treasure ship} a 16th-century ship loaded with treasure
{n: trunk hose} puffed breeches of the 16th and 17th centuries usually worn over hose
{n: turn of the century} the period from about ten years before to ten years after a new century
{n: turnpike} (from 16th to 19th centuries) gates set across a road to prevent passage until a toll had been paid
{n: uncial} a style of orthography characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; found especially in Greek and Latin manuscripts of the 4th to 8th centuries
{n: virginal, pair of virginals} a legless rectangular harpsichord; played (usually by women) in the 16th and 17th centuries
{n: visible speech} a phonetic alphabet invented by Melville Bell in the 19th century
{n: vouge} a kind of pike used by foot soldiers in the 14th century
{v: Islamize, Islamise} convert to Islam
"The Mughals Islamized much of Northern India in the 16th century"
{v: abolish, get rid of} do away with
"Slavery was abolished in the mid-19th century in America and in Russia"
<-> establish
{v: affranchise, enfranchise} grant freedom to ; as from slavery or servitude
"Slaves were enfranchised in the mid-19th century"
{v: calcify} turn into lime ; become calcified
"The rock calcified over the centuries"
{v: colonize, colonise} settle as a colony ; of countries in the developing world
"Europeans colonized Africa in the 17th century"
<-> decolonise, decolonize
{v: constitutionalize} provide with a constitution, as of a country
"The United States were constitutionalized in the late 18th century"
{v: cover, extend} span an interval of distance, space or time
"The war extended over five years"
"The period covered the turn of the century"
"My land extends over the hills on the horizon"
"This farm covers some 200 acres"
{v: cross, traverse, span, sweep} to cover or extend over an area or time period
"Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"
"The novel spans three centuries"
{v: discourse, dissertate} talk or hold forth formally about a topic
"The speaker dissertated about the social politics in 18th century England"
{v: duel} fight a duel, as over one's honor or a woman
"In the 19th century, men often dueled over small matters"
{v: immigrate} come into a new country and change residency
"Many people immigrated at the beginning of the 20th century"
<-> emigrate
{v: migrate, transmigrate} move from one country or region to another and settle there
"Many Germans migrated to South America in the mid-19th century"
"This tribe transmigrated many times over the centuries"
{v: produce, make, create} create or manufacture a man-made product
"We produce more cars than we can sell"
"The company has been making toys for two centuries"
{v: represent} describe or present, usually with respect to a particular quality
"He represented this book as an example of the Russian 19th century novel"
We are determined that this 2lst century shall be the African century.
我们决心要使 21世纪成为非洲的世纪。
Our feeling was that under no circumstances shall we sit down with the apartheid regime who have subjected us for centuries to some of the most painful experiences you can think of.
在感情上，我们决不愿意和种族隔离当局坐在一起，他们几个世纪以来强令我们忍受了难以想像的痛苦经历。
It will take you forward into the 21st century without having to check your tacks in a rearview mirror. My grandparents taught me that.
这种生活将带你迈进 21世纪，而你无需从后视镜里检查你留下的轨迹。这是我爷爷和奶奶给我的教导。
In the opening scene of The Graduate, Benjamin Braddock( played by a young Dustin Hoffman) is awkwardly working an affluent Southern California crowd at a graduation party arranged for him by his parents when a family friend offers one of the century's most famous pieces of cinematic advice: " I just want to say one word to you. Just one word: plastics. "
在电影《毕业生》的片头场景中，本杰明·布拉多克（由年轻的达斯廷·霍夫曼扮演）在父母为他安排的毕业晚会上，很不习惯地周旋在一群富裕的南加州人中，此时，一位友人说出了本世纪最著名的一条电影对白： "我只想跟你们说一个词，就一个词：塑料。 "
For centuries, the resinous secretions that Laccifer lacca beetles de-posited on trees had provided a cottage industry in southern Asia, where peasants heated and filtered it to produce a varnish for coating and preserving wood products.
几个世纪以来，紫胶虫积存在树上的树脂状分泌物为南亚的家庭小工业提供了原料，该地区农民把树脂分泌物加热过滤，生产一种用作涂料和保护木制品的清漆。
When electrification began in earnest in the first years of the century, demand for shellac soon outstripped supply.
当电气化在本世纪初真正开始发展时，紫胶很快就变得供不应求。
The presence of inauthentic Bakelite out there led to an early 20th century version of the " Intel Inside " logo.
从那儿开始的假冒酚醛塑料的出现引出了 20世纪早期的 " Intel Inside "商标形式。
Now at the beginning of the new century, the three-door old one.
现正值新世纪来临之际，这种三开门的新甲虫车继承了老式三门车的特色。
The great 18th-century viewpainter created a host of' paintings to please wealthy visitors making the Grand Tour of Europe.
这位 18世纪伟大的风景画家创作了许多油画，以取悦进行 "欧洲大旅行 "的富有的贵族子弟们。
Eighteenth-century Venice was the international meeting place of the rich and famous from all over Europe, and nobody could beat the Venetians when it came to putting on colourful and exuberant diversions. 18世纪的威尼斯是来自欧洲各国的有钱人和著名人士的国际集会地，而且说到提供丰富多彩和充满活力的娱乐时，没有人能胜过威尼斯人。
By the eighteenth century the steady flow of visitors had become a flood.
到了 18世纪时，固定流量的游客已如洪水般大量涌进。
While it takes a much shorter period now for the world to add another billion people than in previous centuries, the rate of growth is slowing and this slowing down is predicted to continue.
虽然世界人口现在每增加 10亿所用的时间比以前的世纪大幅度缩短，但增长率却变得缓慢，并且这种缓慢下降预计还将持续。
The world's population should hit ten billion midway through the 21st century in the year 2054.
在对世纪中期的 2054年，世界人口会达到 100亿。
Michael Manheim, editor of the The Cambridge Companion to Eugene O'Neill, who considers O'Neill to be the leading American playwright of the 20th century, says his neurological condition is why O'Neill stopped writing plays in the 1940s.
《尤金·奥尼尔剑桥爱好者杂志》的编辑迈克尔·曼海姆认为奥尼尔是美国 20世纪最杰出的戏剧作家。他说是奥尼尔的神经病症状使得他在 20世纪 40年代就停止了写作。
More than a year after the birth of Dolly, the first cloned sheep, one of the scientists who was involved discusses human cloning and concludes that it would he unethical, unsafe and could produce 21st-century freaks.
第一头克隆羊多利出生一年多以后，曾参与该项研究的一个科学家讨论了人的克隆，最后得出结论：人的克隆不但不道德．而且不安全，还有可能制造出 21世纪的畸形人。
A child so " manufactured " could be a 21st-century circus act.
如此 "制造 "出来的孩子可能会是一个 21世纪的杂耍演员，样子奇怪令人恶心。
Many Chinese returned to their homeland, and their numbers declined sharply in the early part of this century.
许多中国人回了国，他们的人数在本世纪初期迅速减少。
One of the most revered spiritual men of the 20th century has taken his first big step on the road to sainthood. 20世纪精神上最受崇敬的人之一已经朝着通往圣徒的道路迈出了第一大步。
The debate seemed to point to a genuine need for spiritual role models in the cynical late--20th century.
这场辩论似乎要指出：在愤世嫉俗的 20世纪末叶人们对精神方面的角色典范真正有所需要。
Pope John Paul has canonised or beatified times more people than all of his 20th-century predecessors put together: well over 1,000, compared with 56 under Pope Paul VI and just 69 in the 60 years before that.
教皇约翰·保罗册封的圣徒或施予宣福礼的人数比 20世纪他所有的前任所册封或施予的总和多出数倍，较诸教皇保罗六世时期的 56人和此前 60年中仅有的四人，他已远远超过一千人。
Of the hundreds of self-change techniques that have been suggested over the centuries, perhaps only a dozen are distinctly different.
在几个世纪以来人们提出的几百种改变自我的方法中，也许仅有十来种与其他方法截然不同。
It is hard to imagine a large city without policemen, but such was the situation in London in the early part of the eighteenth century.
很难想象一个大城市竟会没有警察，但 18世纪早期伦敦的情况确实如此。
But the broader and more controversial use of IQ testing has its roots in a theory of intelligence--part science, part sociology--that developed in the late 19th century, before Binet's work and entirely separate from it.
但是智商测试更广泛也更具争议的使用源于人们有关智力的一种既有科学也有社会学内容的理论，这个理论是在 19世纪末发展起来的，先于比奈的研究，而且与其毫不相干。
It was the use of IQ tests to limit the opportunities of most other people that led to the anti-IQ rebellion that broke out in the last third of the century.
使用智商测试限制了大部分其他人的机遇，正因为如此，在 20世纪最后 13的时间里爆发了一场反智商测试运动。
The displays, which have been used in programmes like the 21st Century Land Warrior, can interface with C4TSR systems such as Forward Battle Command Brigade and Below( FBCB2), a key piece of the battlefield digitisation programme.
这种显示器已应用于像 " 21世纪地面勇士 "这样的计划中，它能与 C4ISR 系统－诸如旅及旅以下前方战斗指挥系统（ FBCB2）这样的战场数字化计划的关键系统－相连接。
The first regular Saturday matinee was a Christmas Day, 1931, performance of Humperdinck's 19th-century opera Hansel and Gretel, based on the fairy tale of the same name.
第一个固定的星期六日场演出是在 1931年的圣诞节，上演的是胡佩尔丁克的 19世纪的歌剧，出自一个同名神话故事的《汉泽尔与格蕾泰尔》。
Among the highlights of the Year 2000 season was to be the massive four-opera Ring Cycle, by 19th-century German romantic composer Richard Wagner, to be conducted by James Levine. 2000年演出季节的集锦中，还有詹姆斯·勒凡恩指挥的 19世纪德国浪漫主义作曲家理查德·瓦格纳的四大歌剧全集。
Most other observers have long accepted that Puccini's work takes place in that hazy, mythic Orient that has for centuries existed only in the mind of the West.
其他多数观察者形成了一种先入之见，就是说普契尼的作品只发生在西方人眼里的东方，模模糊糊，颇具神话色彩。
Some worry that the production could spark a fire at the 15th century temple, whose pillars are made of eaglewood and whose floor is paved with shiny, gold-colored bricks.
有的人则担心，演出万一引发火灾，会将这座始建于 15世纪的庙宇毁于一旦。其支柱是香木的，铺地的材料是一色铮亮的金黄色砖块。
When you say " the tenor ", people ask which of the 20th-century giants of the opera stage you mean.
当你说 "男高音 "时，人们会问你是指 20世纪歌剧舞台上的哪位巨人。
But say " The Three Tenors " and everyone knows exactly to whom you are referring: Luciano Pavarotti, Placido Domingo, and Jose Carreras.
但当你说 "三大男高音 "时，每个人都准知道你是在指：努西亚诺·帕瓦罗蒂，普莱西多·多明戈，还有乔斯·卡雷拉斯。
The 19th-century Frenchman appeals to his modem audience for one overwhelming reason.
一个压倒一切的原因使这位 19世纪的法国人深深吸引着现代观众：
Among the millions who now attend carefully to what he has to say is the faculty of the University of Arizona College of Medicine where a radical and innovative programme of his design, to " train a new type of physician for the next century " begins next month.
现在正谨慎关注韦尔一定会说的话的上百万人中，包括亚利桑那大学医学院的全体成员。该学院下月开始实施他所设计的一个激进且创新的项目，以 "为下一世纪训练新型医生。 "
" That idea became popular in the 19th century and just took off. "
"那种说法在 19世纪为多数人所认可，而且很快就广为流传。 "
It is no surprise that virtually every list that appeared of the most influential people of the 20th century included James Watson and Francis Crick, right up there alongside Churchill, Gandhi and Einstein.
在几乎所有罗列 20世纪最有影响力的人士的名单中，都有詹姆斯·华生和弗朗西斯·科利克，这并不令人惊奇，他们理应和丘吉尔、甘地和爱因斯坦并肩而立。
a man was said to have been imprisoned in a mask in the Bastille in Paris in the 17th century, although there was never any record of who he was.
传说 17世纪中有一个人戴着面具被囚禁在巴黎的巴士底监狱，尽管没有任何关于这个人是谁的记录。
As Louis, he had to cope with long flowing wigs, lace bibs and 17th-century etiquette.
扮演路易时，他还得应付长长的飘来飘去的假发、装饰有花边的围嘴和 17世纪的礼节。
But he says the whole experience was fascinating, especially the research that went on beforehand.
但他说整个经历太令人着迷了，特别是事先所做的研究工作。
Inevitably, the bridge has reopened the four-century-old wounds left when Sweden annexed Scania.
这座大桥的兴建不可避免地揭开了四个世纪前瑞典强行占领斯堪尼亚的旧伤口。
Thanks to a $4 billion, 16.38- km-long engineering marvel, combining a tunnel, an artificial island and a bridge, Denmark and southern Sweden have been joined at the waist, fulfilling a century-old urban planner's dream and reuniting two pieces of Scandinavia that were cleaved apart 350 years ago.
这个耗资 40亿美元、长达 16.38公里的工程奇迹，由一条隧道、一座人工岛和一座桥梁组成，它将丹麦和瑞典南部连接起来，实现了城市设计者们长达一个世纪的梦想，将 350年以前斯堪的纳维亚半岛被分开的两部分重新连接在一起。
By the second half of the 21st century, drawing such distinctions will become irrelevant.
到了 21世纪下半叶，把两者清楚区分将变得毫无意义。
By the third decade of the 21st century, we will understand the construction and function of the mind in minute detail and be able to re-create these designs in suitably advanced neural computers.
到 21世纪 30年代，我们将能够了解大脑中超细微细节部分的造和功能，也能够在相当先进的神经计算中再造这些设计。
Invited to imagine the future, designers at GM, Ford, Chrysler and Nissan produced these 21st century dream machines Big and Tall Rather than stretching its cars, GM is experimenting with higher rooflines and flat, ultracompact engines to give its basic sedans, like the one above, extra space to haul cargo and people.
通用汽车、福特、克莱斯勒和日产的设计人员应邀想象一下未来，本文是他们设想的 21世纪的梦幻汽车车身高而大通用汽车没有拉长车身，而是正在试验更高的车顶和扁平、特别紧凑的引擎，以便为上图的基本型轿车增加空间以装载货物和人。
Future Coupes The 2+2 Nissan study, left above, is extremely low and wide call it the road hugger of the 21st Century.
未来双门车左上图的 2+2日产实验车型，车身低而且宽，可称之为 21世纪的道路拥抱者。
" I didn't foresee the Internet, " he says.
他说：我没有预见到互联网的出现。
" But then neither did the computer industry.
不过当时连电脑业界的人士也料想不到。
Not that that tells us very much, of course the computer industry didn't even foresee that the century was going to end. "
当然，这并不能说明多大的问题──电脑业甚至连二十世纪的终结都没有考虑到。
I see no reason why, within the next quarter-century, the industry can't at last conquer a driving menace as old as the automobile itself.
在今后的 25年里，我想没有理由认为这个行业不可能最终征服想汽车本身一样古老的晕车症。
As a result, major hotel chains from Beijing to Manila are beginning to offer 21st century-style rooms to keep business travelers in touch with their work back home.
因此，从北京到马尼拉，主要的连锁饭店都已开始向商务人员提供 21世纪式的客房，让他们在饭店中也能始终与总部的办公室保持密切的联系。
Rather it seems to him that Einstein's humane and democratic instincts are n ideal political model for the 21st century, representing the very best of this century as well as our highest hopes for the next.
相反，他觉得爱因斯坦的人道及民主本能是 21世纪的理想政治模范，代表了本世纪的思想精华，也代表了我们对下个世纪的美好憧憬。
He was the pre-eminent scientist in a century dominated by science.
他是那个科学独领风骚的世纪的著名科学家。
And for many advanced thinkers of the 1920s, from Dadaists to Cubists to Freudians, that was a fitting credo, reflecting what science historian David Cassidy calls he incomprehensiveness of the contemporary scene the fall of monarchies, the upheaval of the social order, indeed, all the turbulence of the 20th century.
然而，对 20世纪 20年代的许多先进思想家从达达主义艺术家到立派画家到弗洛伊德学派来说，相对论为他们提供了一非常宜的信条，反映了科学历史学家戴维·卡西迪所谓的当代世界的不可知性君主政的崩溃，社会秩序的混乱，可以说囊括了 20世纪所有的动荡。
But one of Legend's most ambitious tie-ups is with Pacific Century Cyberworks, the much ballyhooed Internet company run by Hong Kong's Richard Li, founder of Star TV.
不过，联想最具魄力的合作项目是盈科数码动力达成的。这家备受媒关注的互联网公司由卫星电视有限公司创始人李泽楷所经营。
To help accomplish all of that, the company has entered partnerships with Microsoft and Hong Kong's Pacific Century Cyberworks.
为实现上述目标，该公司微软和香港盈科数码动力达成伙伴关系。
In other words, the quintessential 20th century dystopia owes nothing to nature and everything to nurture n environmental, not a genetic, hell.
也就是说，这个 20世纪的反面乌托邦典范完全建立在人工培养的基础之上，自然界没有任何关系──一个基因无关的、受外部环境控制的地狱。
After Vladimir Horowitz, he was the 20th century's most famous classical pianist as well as a world-renown bon vivant.
他是 20世纪继弗拉基米尔·霍罗威茨之后的最著名的古典钢琴家，也是一位世界闻名的享乐主义者。
Many Japanese wonder if the country can transform its affection for machinery into a new economy for the 21st century.
许多日本人不知道，他们的国家能否在 21世纪将这种对机械的热恋转化为一种新经济。
For half a century, the Japanese have made it a cultural mission to turn out a succession of cool, elegant and increasingly human machines.
半个世纪以来，日本人一直将研制一系列外形酷雅、人性化极强的人工智能机器视为一种文化使命。
The story could be true, though no one has done it in a century of film-making.
这可能是真的，尽管在长达一个世纪的电影史上从未有人这样做过。
People say that for two centuries she has lured children to her home, making some of them face the wall while she killed the others.
人们说，两个世纪以来，她经常把一些小孩诱骗到家中，让其中一些孩子面壁而立，然后把其他孩子杀掉。
The mobile phone is set to become one of the central technologies of the 21st century.
移动电话正在成为二十一世纪一个主要的技术领域。
If that scenario occurs, it will mean an end to ways of doing business that date back to the early part of the 20th century.
如果出现这种情况，那将意味着一种可以追溯到 20世纪早期的商业模式的终结。
We may not completely win the 21st century microbe war, but I am confident that we won't lose it.
我们也许难以在 21世纪的病菌大战中取得完全的胜利，但我相信我们也不会输。
As we make progress against the old diseases, the threat in the next century will be the new microbes, natural and man-made.
随着我们在对抗已有疾病方面不断取得成就，下个世纪的威胁将来自那些新型病菌，不论是天然的或是人造的。
In the 21st century there's no doubt that frightening new infectious diseases will appear.
毫无疑问，在 21世纪还会出现可怕的新型传染玻
In the past century the earth's population quadrupled, from 1.5 billion people to about 6 billion people.
在过去的一个世纪里，地球人口翻了两番，从 15亿增至 60亿。
The 20th century saw the creation of great and terrible weapons based on the principles of nuclear physics. 20世纪所拥有的强大而可怕的武器是基于核物理原则而制造的。
The 21st century will see great and terrible weapons based on the knowledge of DNA and the genetic code.
而 21世纪将产生的强大而可怕的武器则建立在对 DNA 和基因密码的研究上。
Yet the 20th century survived despite the existence of the nuclear bomb.
然而，尽管有核弹的存在， 20世纪还是生存下来。
The same can be true in the next century.
下个世纪情况还会一样。
Will we still worry about Alzheimer's disease in the next century?
是不是到了下一个世纪，我们还得为早老性痴呆病发愁？
Kosik has a name for these drugs - " broad-spectrum anti-aggregates, " he calls them, after the broad-spectrum antibiotics that played such an important role in 20th century medicine.
科西克给这种药物取了一个名字──他把它们叫作广谱抗聚生素，这个名字来源于在 20世纪起过重要作用的药物广谱抗生素。
By mid-century the cold may well be ancient history.
到本世纪中叶的时候，感冒很可能会成为历史。
" We had to find a way ( to revitalize couture ) before the century is over, " says Grumbach.
我们必须在本世纪结束之前找到一种（振兴时装业的）办法，格鲁巴赫说。
Chiang Mai remains famous for its woodcraft, but demand for tourist souvenirs means that mass production techniques have supplanted centuries-old carving traditions.
清迈木雕自古有名，但是，因为旅游纪念品需求的增长非常迅速，大批量生产的技术已经替代了几百年的木刻传统。
Artisans and traders from nearby China, Burma and Laos, who for centuries settled in the northern mountains and lush river valleys, have contributed to Chiang Mai's rich artistic heritage.
从毗邻的中国、缅甸和老挝来的工匠及行商几个世纪以来一直生活在清迈北部的山区和丰茂的河谷地带，他们对清迈丰富的艺术遗产作出了贡献。
Why would any director toss away the tools of power and sorcery that the movies have spent a century developing?
为什么会有导演抛弃电影界一个世纪以来逐步开发的各种拍摄器具？
As U.S. filmmakers, locked in stasis, consider the next century, the Danish challenge might look appealing.
当陷入困境的美国制片人在思考下个世纪的电影发展状况时，丹麦人发起的挑战也许更具诱惑力。
Indeed, only two have hit the U.S. during this century.
的确，本世纪只有两次 5级飓风袭击美国。
Human memories are short, and even as Hurricane Floyd finally blew itself out over eastern Canada last September, it was easy to forget that it began the week as a meteorological giant-one of the century's largest and most powerful Atlantic storms.
人类的记忆是短暂的，正当去年 9月飓风弗洛伊德最终在加拿大东部平息了，人们很容易就忘记了那个星期开始时这个飓风引起的气象巨变：这是整个世纪最猛烈的大西洋大风暴。
In the next century, they say, we may see hurricanes that far exceed Floyd's top sustained winds and approach a hurricane's upper limit of 290 km/h.
他们说，我们在下个世纪会看到风力远远超出弗洛伊德最高持续速度的飓风，最高风力可达每小时 290公里。
An analysis of temperature records indicates that the world's average temperature has gone up about 0.5?? C( 1?? F) in the past century, with the 90s being the hottest decade in recent history.
一项气温记录分析表明，全球平均气温在过去的一个世纪里上升了 0.5° C 。（ 1° F ），而九十年代则是新近历史上最热的十年。
No, we probably won't cure all forms of cancer in the 21st century. But we may very well learn to live with them.
在 21世纪，我们可能不会治愈所有的癌病，但是我们可以很好的与它们共存。
Sooner rather than later for many malignancies What tuberculosis was to the 19th century, cancer is to the 20th.
对很多恶性肿瘤来说越早越好如果说结核病属于 19世纪，那麽癌症则是属于 20世纪的疾玻
This boom in cancer drugs owes its beginnings to one of this century's greatest scientific insights: that cancer is caused not by depression or miasmas or sexual repression, as people at various times have believed, but by faulty genes.
癌症药物的突飞进展，归功於本世纪最重要的科学见解之一：癌症并不是像人们以往想象的由于抑郁、空气污染或禁欲所造成的，而是错误的基因。
It was the knowledge of the ill-fated horse and bridge that five centuries later captivated the imaginations of two men and started the current Leonardo renaissance. 5个世纪过后，得知那件时运不济的骏马雕塑及桥梁的事情之后，有两个人突发奇想，开始了达·芬奇作品复兴计划。
And for the first time in 10 years, the old E. Street Band is touring with him Rock'n'roll, in its first half-century, has produced any number of middle-aged superstars - even a smattering of grandfathers - but precious few genuine adults.
过去 10年里头一回，布鲁斯．普林斯廷（绰号老板）和他过去的东街乐队一道巡回演出。摇滚乐最初的 50年里，产生了一大批中年巨星，甚至还有为数很少的一些祖父年龄的歌星，但很少几个是真正的成年人。
The frenzied reaction to his first tour with the E Street Band in more than a decade proves that the powerful bond Springsteen has forged with his fans during the past quarter-century has only intensified.
10多年前，斯普林斯廷和他的东街乐队第一次巡回演出所引发的狂热反应，证明过去 25年斯普林斯廷与他的歌迷们之间建立的强有力纽带关系现在只是变得更加牢固。
For over a century following their invention of a method to manufacture seamless steel pipes, the company founded by Max and Rheinhard Mannesmann in 1890 made its reputation and the lion's share of its revenues as one of the world's largest engineering firms.
自从马克斯和莱因哈德·曼内斯曼发明了无缝钢管生产方法，并于 1890年创建了曼内斯曼公司，一个多世纪之后，这家公司发展成为享誉世界、利润丰厚的全球大工程公司之一。
It is one of the new breed of telephone operators in Europe which are mounting serious challenges to century-old " legacy " phone companies saddled with old-fashioned networks.
它是欧洲新兴电话经营商之一，向那些历经百年、网络设备陈旧的传统电话公司发起了强有力的挑战。
It displays turn-of-the-century discoveries by the American archaeologist George A. Reisner, as well as very recent finds by experts still digging in Giza. The evolution of Old Kingdom art in a variety of styles, materials and skills is evident.
这次展览展示了美国考古学家乔治·莱斯纳跨世纪的发现，以及一直在吉扎不停挖掘着的专家们得到的最新成果，可以清楚地看到古王国艺术在风格、材料和技法上的多种演化。
In contrast, cedar sculptures at the end of the exhibition, dating from the Sixth Dynasty four centuries later, demonstrate a sophisticated rendering of the human form, with expressive eyes and muscular legs.
对比而言，在展览结束处，四个世纪之后第六王朝的松木雕塑，展现出对人体外形极细微的处理手段，有表情生动的眼睛和肌肉发达的双腿。
The place Eric Gullichsen calls home is a century-old ferryboat moored in California's San Francisco Bay.
埃里克·格利克森称之为家的地方，就在停泊于加利福尼亚州圣弗兰西斯科湾的一条百年渡船上。
The story of that survival, now recounted in more than a dozen narrative books and biographies, is one of the most gripping adventure tales of this century.
这份成功成了他的遗产，成了一个传奇故事。这个求存的故事，已经在十多本叙事书和传记中反复讲过，是本世纪最扣人心弦的探险故事之一。
Despite their concerns, 60% believe life will be better for seniors in the 21st century, and 57% think life expectancy will then hit 120.
人们虽然担心，但是， 60%的人相信，二十一世纪的生活对老年人会好一些， 57%的人认为，平均寿命会达到 120岁。
Although these observations are true, Pessen overestimates their importance by concluding from them that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even before industrialization.
尽管这些观察确凿无误，但佩森过高估计了它们的重要性，因为他从中得出以下两个结论：其一是十八世纪后期不容置疑的贫富分化在杰克逊时代仍在继续；其二是美国早在工业化之前已是一个充斥着阶级分化的、由富豪统治的社会。
Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure-which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century-provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.
古特曼以令人信服的证据证明，这种广泛悠久的亲缘结构——据他所称于十八世纪中期至后期发展起来——为奴隶之间所存在的那种强烈的集体意识提供了基础。
He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the early twentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people in California, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
如此看来，他忽略了（尽管无法令人置信地）资本主义兴起之前犹太人所面对的那种不宽容，以及二十世纪早期针对加利福尼亚州的东方人的歧视，而后者则是——不方便地——由工人所煽动引发的。
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy.
在十九世纪与二十世纪濒临交替转折之际，率先由赫林（Hering）提出，不同的感觉方式（mode of sensation），诸如痛若、味觉、以及色彩等，或许可与特异种类的神经能量（nervous energy）的释放联系起来。
Some support for his theory can be found in evidence such as that drawn from Herofotus, the Greek "historian" of the fifth century B. C.,who speaks of an Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women hunted and fought in wars.
他的理论的某些依据可从某一类证据中寻找到，如由希罗多德（Herodotus）那里获取的证据，而希罗多德，乃公元前五世纪的希腊“史学家”，也曾谈及某一亚马孙社会，即Sauromatae，在此社会内，女性进行狩猎并在战争中作战。
In eighteenth-century France and England, reformers rallied around egalitarian ideals, but few reformers advocated higher education for women.
在十八世纪的法国和英国，改革家们团聚在平等主义理想的周围，但几乎没有任何改革家提倡让女性获得高等教育。
The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.
无论是学者抑或是政治家，对美国边远地区的所谓消失予以强调，这便掩盖了十九世纪后半叶在国际贸易之条件和后果这些方面所发生的变化的巨大重要性。
But genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth-century France.
然则，风欲画，尤其是当它表现最卑微阶层的成员时，在十八世纪的法国从未受到人们的青睐。
This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.
这种克制在很大程度上足以解释她有生之年何以会缺乏普遍的成功，虽然她的艺术禀赋并没有遭到其十八世纪法国同代人的彻底漠视。
In this sense ragtime is more akin to folk music of the nineteenth century than to jazz.
从这层意义上而言，散拍乐更趋近于十九世纪的民间音乐，与爵士乐则相去甚远。
That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture.
路易丝·奈纳尔森（Louise Nevelson）被许多评论家相信为是二十世纪最伟大的雕塑家，这一点愈发令人瞩目，因为直到最近，对女艺术家最强烈的抵制一直存在于雕塑这一领域。
It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power.
只有在二十世纪，女艺术家才被承认为主要艺术家，并且只有在美国，尤其是自从五十年代和六十年代以来，女雕塑家们才展现出了最非凡的独特性和创造力。
Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century.
奈维尔森就是第一个站出来承认她受到了所有这些的影响，并且还受到非洲雕塑，以及土著美洲人和前哥伦布艺术的影响，但她将所有这些影响予以吸收融合，依然得以创造出一种独特的艺术，表现都市风景以及二十世纪的审美旨趣。
According to Webb, England already had a military imperial policy for more than a century before the American Revolution.
据韦伯称，在美国独立战争之前的一个多世纪中，英国早就实施着一种军事专制政策。
He sees Charles II, the English monarch between 1660 and 1685, as the proper successor of the Tudor monarchs of the sixteenth century and of Oliver Cromwell, all of whom were bent on extending centralized executive power over England's possessions through the use of what of what Webb calls "garrison government."
他将1660年于1685年期间的英国君主查理二世（CharlesⅡ）视作十六世纪诸都铎君主（Tudor monarchs）和奥立维·克伦威尔（Oliver Cromwell）的一脉相承的继承者，所有这些人都殚心积虑要通过韦伯所谓的“军事集权政府”（garrison government）的运用，扩展英国对其属地的中央集权化的行政控制权。
Webb's study illuminates the political alignments that existed in the colonies in the century prior to the American Revolution, but his view of the crown's use of the military as an instrument of colonial policy is not entirely convincing.
韦伯的研究阐明了在美国独立战争之前的那个世纪中，在殖民地所存在的那些政治结盟，但他有关英王将武装部队利用殖民地政策的工具的观点并不全然令人置信。
England during the seventeenth century was not noted for its military achievements.
英国在十七世纪期间并不以其军事成就而著称。
Cromwell did mount England's most ambitious overseas military expedition in more than a century, but it proved to be an utter failure.
克伦威尔确实发动了英国一个多世纪中最为雄心勃勃的海外军事远征，但这次远征最终证明是一次彻底的失败。
While it may be true that the crown attempted to curtail the power of the colonial upper classes, it is hard to imagine how the English army during the seventeenth century could have provided significant military support for such a policy.
尽管韦伯的那种说法不无道理，即英王曾试图削弱殖民地上层阶级的力量，但实难想象十七世纪的英国军队如何能为这样一种政策提供重要的军事支持。
The case of Verdi is a different one: he took a popular genre—bourgeois melodrama set to music (an accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering its fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art.
威尔地（Verdi）的情形又另当别论：他借鉴一种通俗的体载——谱以音乐的资产阶级传奇剧（bourgeois melodrama，这不失为对十九世纪歌剧的一种精确的定义）——在并不改变其根本性质的情况下，将它转变成高雅艺术。
As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical political elements of nineteenth-century opera.
作为这种改变的一个实例，不妨考虑一下威尔地是如何处理十九世纪歌剧中典型的政治因素的。
The integrity of the character is achieved through the music: once he had become established, Verdi did not rewrite his music for different singers or countenance alterations or substitutions of somebody else's arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer had done.
人物性格的完整性是通过音乐来取得的：一旦威尔地确立了其稳固的地位，他并没有象十八世纪每一个作曲家所做的那样，为不同和歌唱家重新谱写音乐，或同意作出更改，或在其任何一部歌剧中代诸以他人的咏叹调。
Consequently, the cultural history of Britain's North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed.
因此，十七和十八世纪英国的北美殖民地帝国的文化史，对这方面的著述，几乎仿佛南方诸殖民地从不曾存在。
Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women.
研究美国历史的学者，在致力于辨别那些促成了女权主义运动崛起的状况时，早已充分地调查了美国十九世纪中叶影响着妇女的那些经济与社会条件。
Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.
因此，要想彻底全面地理解十九世纪美国女权主义运动发展的渊源，就必须将地域范围予以拓宽，将欧洲亦纳入其中；并且，对社会条件业已进行详尽研究应予扩充，要将女权主义运动的意识形态的发展包括在内。
"In this time of unprecedented dangers, we need you to take on two difficult missions at once. We need you to defeat the terrorists who want to destroy what we stand for and how we live, and at the same time we need you to transform our military for the 21st Century so we can deter and defeat the new adversaries who may threaten our people in the decades ahead," he said.
布什总统说：“面对前所未有的危险，我们需要你们同时肩负两个任务。一方面，我们需要你们打败恐怖主义者，因为他们想破坏我们的主张和我们的生活方式。同时，我们需要你们将我们的军队建设成21世纪的部队，使我们能威摄并打败我们新的敌人，这些敌人可能在几十年以后对我们构成威胁。”
As he stood by the president's side at the White House, Mr. Gutierrez spoke of new challenges ahead. "Mr. President, I believe passionately in your vision of a 21st century where America is the best country in the world with which to do business," said Mr. Guierrez.
古提雷兹在白宫，站在布什总统的身边，谈到了面临的新挑战。他说：“总统先生，我由衷地相信你关于二十一世纪的展望，那就是美国将是世界上最好的可以进行商业合作的国家。”
twentieth century cut 二十世纪
620 paragraphs, 917 lines displayed. Top
(Alt+Z : Reinput words.) (You can doubleclick on the English words you are searching for.)
