brain [ brein] n.脑，脑髓；脑力
brain [brein] n. 脑(子)
人才流失 brain drain
有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain
智囊团、思想库 the brain trust；think tank
brain drain 人才外流
beat one's brains (out) 伤透了脑筋
brain storm 心血来潮
爱情就象一个砂漏，当脑子倒空的时候心就被填满了。
Love is like an hourglass, with the heart filling up as the brain empties.
有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain
智力密集型 concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive
智力密集型 concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive
智力密集型 concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive
The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.
大脑需要连续不断地供血。
She's got the brains and the looks.
她秀外慧中。
The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.大脑需要连续不断地供血。
With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
在东京国立大学的同事们的帮助下，他开始对一千来自不同职业的人群进行了大脑体积的测量。
Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect （智能）and emotion, and determine the human character.
计算机技术帮助研究人员获得人脑前部和侧部的准确体积，这是与人的智能和情绪有关的部分，而且也决定人的性格特点。
The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.
研究结果表明在农村的人大脑收缩基本上比城市里的人要早。
White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
在政府部门从事简单重复工作的白领也像农场工人、公共汽车司机和商店职员一样大脑细胞容易收缩。
Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.
使用计算机来拷贝大脑工作方式的数学家们发现即使使用最先进的电子设备，他们也要建造一台超过10，000公斤的计算机。
According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.
根据这一理论，不是由感觉神经脉冲的质量来决定他们产生的各种神经感觉的，而是由他们被发射到大脑的哪一部位来决定的，对这一观点是有证据的。
But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.
但是这些对于肽激素的信仿，被一个又一个的实验室质疑，他们发现抗血清被注入大脑后，并不在下丘脑那里才凝固，显示出肽激素和与抗血清反作用的物质都不存在。
Why should I beat my brains out for the salary I'm getting?
我拿这么一点薪水，犯不着伤脑筋。
= I'm only getting a small salary, so I don't need to work too hard.
他已绞尽了脑汁。
He had racked his brain.
他可是个有头脑的人。
He‘s a brain.
Bean brain 蠢材；没脑筋
An idle brain is the devil's workshop.
游手好闲是万恶之源。
Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain.
智力投资，决非虚掷。
How differences between men and women might be used for our mu-tual benefit in everything from our relation with one another to a better undrestanding of how our brains work.
Delia M.Rios .American writer
男女间的差异在各方面——从人际关系到加深对脑力工作方式的理解——使双方都受益。
美国作家里奥斯.D.M.
Men and women use their brains differently, but that their brains may actually be designed differently.
Delia M. Rios American writer
男女不仅用脑方式不同，而且脑结构实际上也可能不相同。
美国作家里奥.D.M
Thinking is , or ought to be, a coolness and a calmness; and our poor hearts throb, and our poor brains beat too much for that.
H, Melville, American writer and poet
思考是或者应该是冷静沉着的；而我们可怜的心怦怦跳，可怜的脑子总是兴奋，使我们不能思考。
美国作家、诗人梅尔维尔.H.
Turn off the TV and read great books ,They open doors in your brain.
Wolkomir Bichard, American writer
关掉电视，阅读伟大的著作，它会启开你的智慧之门。
美国作家理查德,W.
A man should keep his little brain attic stocked with all the furniture that he is likely to use, and the rest he can put away in the lumber room of his library, where he can get it if he wants it.
Doyle Arthur Conan British writer
一个人的大脑里应该有一个小阁楼，用来储存他平时要用的知识；他可以把余下的知识储存在他的图书贮藏室里，以备需要时备用。
英国作家柯南道尔
pick someone's brains请教某人
I don't understand any of this medical terminology. Do you mind if I pick your brains since you're so knowledgeable in this area?
我对医学术语一无所知。你在这方面如此在行，我能不能请教你一下？
beat one's brains (out) 伤透了脑筋
brain storm 心血来潮
- One's brain child 某人的主意，某人想出来的
等同于one's original idea
one' brain children （复数）
The new ways of teaching which have been proved very effective are brain children of all teaching staff of our department.
才外流 [cái wài liú] /brain drain/
大脑 [dà nǎo] /brain/cerebrum/
大脑死亡 [dà nǎo sǐ wáng] /brain dead/
绞尽脑汁 [jiǎo jìn nǎo zhī] /to wrack one's brains/
脑 [nǎo] /brain/
脑袋 [nǎo dài] /(n) person's head/(n) mental capability; brains/
脑筋 [nǎo jīn] /brains/mind/head/way of thinking/
脑膜 [nǎo mó] /meninx/meninges/membranes lining the brain/
脑炎 [nǎo yán] /brain fever/encephalitis/meningitis/
脑子 [nǎo zi ] /brains/mind/
头脑 [tóu nǎo] /brains/mind/
智囊机构 [zhì náng jī gòu] /Think tank/brain trust/
And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。
Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使他们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年。
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined.
在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。
{adj: addled, befuddled, muddled, muzzy, woolly, wooly, woolly-headed, wooly-minded} confused and vague; used especially of thinking
"muddleheaded ideas"
"your addled little brain"
"woolly thinking"
"woolly-headed ideas"
{adj: analogous, correspondent} similar or equivalent in some respects though otherwise dissimilar
"brains and computers are often considered analogous"
"salmon roe is marketed as analogous to caviar"
{adj: anencephalic, anencephalous} characterized by partial or total absence of a brain
{adj: aphasic} unable to speak because of a brain lesion
{adj: brain dead} having irreversible loss of brain function as indicated by a persistent flat electroencephalogram
"was declared brain dead"
{adj: cerebral} of or relating to the cerebrum or brain
"cerebral hemisphere"
"cerebral activity"
{adj: cerebrospinal} of or relating to the brain and spinal cord
"cerebrospinal fluid"
{adj: cerebrovascular} of or relating to the brain and the blood vessels that supply it
"a cerebrovascular accident"
{adj: clastic} capable of being taken apart
"the professor had a clastic model of the human brain"
{adj: cranial} of or relating to the cranium which encloses the brain
"cranial pressure"
{adj: formidable} extremely impressive in strength or excellence
"a formidable opponent"
"the challenge was formidable"
"had a formidable array of compositions to his credit"
"the formidable army of brains at the Prime Minister's disposal"
{adj: gyral} relating to or associated with or comprising a convolution of the brain
"the gyral sulcus"
{adj: intracerebral} within the brain
{adj: intraventricular} within the system of ventricles in the brain
"intraventricular pressure"
{adj: long} having or being more than normal or necessary:"long on brains"
"in long supply"
{adj: macrencephalic, macrencephalous} having a large brain case
{adj: macrocephalic, macrocephalous} having an exceptionally large head and brain
{adj: metagrobolized, metagrobolised, metagrabolized, metagrabolised, mystified} totally perplexed and mixed up
"all this duncical nonsense has my brains metagrobolized"- Wall Street Journal
{adj: microcephalic, microcephalous, nanocephalic} having an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain
"a nanocephalic dwarf"
{adj: permanent} not capable of being reversed or returned to the original condition
"permanent brain damage"
{adj: seething} in constant agitation
"a seething flag-waving crowd filled the streets"
"a seething mass of maggots"
"lovers and madmen have such seething brains"- Shakespeare
{adj: ventricular} of or relating to a ventricle (of the heart or brain)
{adv: cerebrally} in the brain
"bleeding cerebrally"
{adv: phylogenetically} with regard to phylogeny
"a phylogenetically primitive part of the brain"
{n: Arnold-Chiari deformity} deformity in which part of the brain protrudes through the skull
{n: Babinski, Babinski reflex, Babinski sign} extension upward of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front; normal in infants under the age of two years but a sign of brain or spinal cord injury in older persons
{n: Broca's area, Broca's center, Broca's gyrus, Broca's convolution, convolution of Broca} the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people
{n: Broca, Pierre-Paul Broca} French anthropologist who studied the craniums and brains of different races of people; remembered for his discovery that articulate speech depends on an area of the brain now known as Broca's area (1824-1880)
{n: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, CJD, Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease} rare (usually fatal) brain disease (usually in middle age) caused by an unidentified slow virus; characterized by progressive dementia and gradual loss of muscle control
{n: Cushing, Harvey Cushing, Harvery Williams Cushing} United States neurologist noted for his study of the brain and pituitary gland and who identified Cushing's syndrome (1869-1939)
{n: Gyromitra esculenta, brain mushroom, beefsteak morel} a poisonous gyromitra; the surface of the fertile body is smooth at first and becomes progressively undulating and wrinkled (but never truly pitted); color varies from dull yellow to brown
{n: Hess, Walter Hess, Walter Rudolf Hess} Swiss physiologist noted for studies of the brain (1881-1973)
{n: Homo erectus} extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain
"Homo erectus was formerly called Pithecanthropus erectus"
{n: Homo sapiens} the only surviving hominid; species to which modern man belongs; bipedal primate having language and ability to make and use complex tools; brain volume at least 1400 cc
{n: Maeandra, genus Maeandra} brain corals
{n: Reye's syndrome} acquired brain disorder following acute viral infections (especially influenza or chicken pox) in young children
{n: Tremella, genus Tremella} fungi with yellowish gelatinous sporophores having convolutions resembling those of the brain
{n: Werdnig-Hoffman disease} autosomal recessive disease in which the degeneration of spinal nerve cells and brain nerve cells leads to atrophy of skeletal muscles and flaccid paralysis; death usually occurs in early childhood
{n: Wernicke's encephalopathy} inflammatory degenerative disease of the brain caused by thiamine deficiency that is usually associated with alcoholism
{n: Willis, Thomas Willis} English physician who was a pioneer in the study of the brain (1621-1675)
{n: acute brain disorder, acute organic brain syndrome} any disorder (as sudden confusion or disorientation) in an otherwise normal person that is due to reversible (temporary) impairment of brain tissues (as by head injuries or drugs or infection)
{n: affective disorder, major affective disorder, emotional disorder, emotional disturbance} any mental disorder not caused by detectable organic abnormalities of the brain and in which a major disturbance of emotions is predominant
{n: agraphia, anorthography, logagraphia} a loss of the ability to write or to express thoughts in writing because of a brain lesion
{n: amaurosis} partial or total loss of sight without pathology of the eye; caused by disease of optic nerve or retina or brain
{n: analogy} drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect
"the operation of a computer presents and interesting analogy to the working of the brain"
"the models show by analogy how matter is built up"
{n: anastomotic vein, vena anastomotica} either of two communicating veins serving the brain
{n: anencephaly, anencephalia} a defect in brain development resulting in small or missing brain hemispheres
{n: aphasia} inability to use or understand language (spoken or written) because of a brain lesion
{n: asynchronism, asynchrony, desynchronization, desynchronisation, desynchronizing} the relation that exists when things occur at unrelated times
"the stimulus produced a desynchronizing of the brain waves"
<-> synchronism, synchronization, synchronizing
{n: attention deficit disorder, ADD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, hyperkinetic syndrome, minimal brain dysfunction, minimal brain damage, MBD} a condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders
{n: auditory center} the part of the brain (in a fold of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain) that receives impulses from the ear by way of the auditory nerve
{n: australopithecine} any of several extinct humanlike bipedal primates with relatively small brains of the genus Australopithecus; from 1 to 4 million years ago
{n: backroom boy, brain truster} an expert adviser involved in making important decisions but usually lacking official status
{n: blood-brain barrier} a mechanism that creates a barrier between brain tissues and circulating blood; serves to protect the central nervous system
"the brain was protected from the large molecules of the virus by the blood-brain barrier"
{n: brain cell} a nerve cell in the brain
{n: brain coral} massive reef-building coral having a convoluted and furrowed surface
{n: brain death, cerebral death} death when respiration and other reflexes are absent; consciousness is gone; organs can be removed for transplantation before the heartbeat stops
{n: brain disorder, encephalopathy, brain disease} any disorder or disease of the brain
{n: brain drain} depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel
{n: brain science} the branch of neuroscience concerned with the brain
{n: brain surgery} any surgical procedure involving the brain
{n: brain tumor, brain tumour} a tumor in the brain
{n: brain, brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit} mental ability
"he's got plenty of brains but no common sense"
{n: brain, encephalon} that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord
{n: brainstem, brain-stem, brain stem} the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus
{n: brainwave, brain wave, cortical potential} (neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph
{n: brainworker, brain-worker} someone whose profession involves using his head to solve problems
{n: brain} the brain of certain animals used as meat
{n: bulimia} pathologically insatiable hunger (especially when caused by brain lesions)
{n: calf's brain} the brain of a calf eaten as meat
{n: cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR, cardiac resuscitation, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, kiss of life} an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen
{n: carina fornicis} ridge on the lower surface of the fornix of the brain
{n: caudate nucleus, caudate} a tail-shaped basal ganglion located in a lateral ventricle of the brain
{n: central nervous system, CNS, systema nervosum centrale} the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
{n: cerebellum} a major division of the vertebrate brain; situated above the medulla oblongata and beneath the cerebrum in humans
{n: cerebral hemorrhage} bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain
{n: cerebral palsy, spastic paralysis} a loss or deficiency of motor control with involuntary spasms caused by permanent brain damage present at birth
{n: cerebral vein, vena cerebri} any of several veins serving the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
{n: cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemic meningitis, brain fever, cerebrospinal fever} meningitis caused by bacteria and often fatal
{n: cerebrum} anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres; dominant part of the brain in humans
{n: circle of Willis} a ring of arteries at the base of the brain
{n: claustrum} a layer of grey matter in the brain adjacent to the lenticular nucleus
{n: commissure} a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the brain or spinal cord
{n: communicating artery, arteria communicans} any of three arteries in the brain that make up the circle of Willis
{n: concussion} injury to the brain caused by a blow; usually resulting in loss of consciousness
{n: conduction aphasia, associative aphasia} aphasia in which the lesion is assumed to be in the association tracts connecting the various language centers in the brain; patient's have difficulty repeating a sentence just heard
{n: cranial nerve} any of the 12 paired nerves that originate in the brain stem
{n: cranium, braincase, brainpan} the part of the skull that encloses the brain
{n: dopa, dihydroxyphenylalanine} amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain
{n: dopamine, Dopastat, Intropin} a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system; as a drug (trade names Dopastat and Intropin) it is used to treat shock and hypotension
{n: dysphasia} an impairment of language (especially speech production) that is usually due to brain damage
{n: echoencephalogram} a graphical image of the brain produced by an echoencephalograph
{n: echoencephalography} a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study the anatomy of the brain
{n: echoencephalograph} a sonograph that creates an image of the brain and its abnormalities
{n: electroconvulsive therapy, electroshock, electroshock therapy, ECT} the administration of a strong electric current that passes through the brain to induce convulsions and coma
{n: electroencephalogram, encephalogram, EEG} a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph
{n: electroencephalograph} medical instrument that records electric currents generated by the brain
{n: electrosleep} unconsciousness brought about by the passage of a low voltage electric current through the brain
{n: encephalitis, cephalitis, phrenitis} inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis' is no longer in scientific use)
{n: encephalocele} protrusion of brain tissue through a congenital fissure in the skull
{n: encephalogram, pneumoencephalogram} an X ray of the brain made by replacing spinal fluid with a gas (usually oxygen) to improve contrast
{n: encephalography} roentgenography of the brain after spinal fluid has been replaced by a gas (usually oxygen); produces an encephalogram
{n: encephalomyelitis} inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
{n: endorphin} a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties
{n: enkephalin} an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere
{n: ependyma} thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord canal
{n: faint, swoon, syncope, deliquium} a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain
{n: fibrous astrocyte} star-shaped cells with long processes; found in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
{n: fissure of Rolando, Rolando's fissure, central sulcus, sulcus centralis} a brain fissure extending upward on the lateral surface of both hemispheres; separates the frontal and parietal lobes
{n: forebrain, prosencephalon} the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube
{n: fornix, trigonum cerebrale} an arched bundle of white fibers at the base of the brain by which the hippocampus of each hemisphere projects to the contralateral hippocampus and to the thalamus and mamillary bodies
{n: frontal lobe} that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead
{n: frontier} an undeveloped field of study; a topic inviting research and development
"he worked at the frontier of brain science"
{n: functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI} a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain
{n: galactose, brain sugar} a simple sugar found in lactose
{n: genius, mastermind, brain, brainiac, Einstein} someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality
"Mozart was a child genius"
"he's smart but he's no Einstein"
{n: glioblastoma, spongioblastoma} a fast-growing malignant brain tumor composed of spongioblasts; nearly always fatal
{n: glioma} a tumor of the brain consisting of neuroglia
{n: gyrus, convolution} a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain
{n: head, caput} the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains
"he stuck his head out the window"
{n: hemorrhagic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke} stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
{n: hepatolenticular degeneration, Wilson's disease} a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism; copper accumulates in the liver and then in the red blood cells and brain
{n: hindbrain, rhombencephalon} the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem
{n: hydrocephalus, hydrocephaly} an abnormal condition in which cerebrospinal fluid collects in the ventricles of the brain; in infants it can cause abnormally rapid growth of the head and bulging fontanelles and a small face; in adults the symptoms are primarily neurological
{n: hyperemesis gravidarum} hyperemesis during pregnancy; if severe it can result in damage to the brain and liver and kidney
{n: internal carotid artery} the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain and eyes and internal parts of the head
{n: ischemic stroke, ischaemic stroke} the most common kind of stroke; caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain (as from a clot blocking a blood vessel)
{n: kernicterus} an abnormal accumulation of bile pigment in the brain and other nerve tissue; causes yellow staining and tissue damage
{n: kuru} a progressive disease of the central nervous system marked by increasing lack of coordination and advancing to paralysis and death within a year of the appearance of symptoms; thought to have been transmitted by cannibalistic consumption of diseased brain tissue since the disease virtually disappeared when cannibalism was abandoned
{n: lateralization, lateralisation, laterality} localization of function on either the right or left sides of the brain
{n: left hemisphere, left brain} the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body
{n: leukoencephalitis} inflammation of the white matter of the brain
{n: limbic system, visceral brain, limbic brain} a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior
{n: lobectomy} surgical removal of a lobe from any organ of the body (as the lung or brain)
{n: lobotomy, leukotomy, leucotomy, prefrontal lobotomy, prefrontal leukotomy, prefrontal leucotomy, frontal lobotomy} surgical interruption of nerve tracts to and from the frontal lobe of the brain; often results in marked cognitive and personality changes
{n: lomustine} an antineoplastic drug often used to treat brain tumors or Hodgkin's disease
{n: malignant hypertension} severe hypertension that runs a rapid course and damages the inner linings of the blood vessels and the heart and spleen and kidneys and brain
"malignant hypertension is the most lethal form of hypertension"
{n: mamillary body, mammillary body, corpus mamillare} one of two small round structures on the undersurface of the brain that form the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix
{n: marlin} large long-jawed oceanic sport fishes; related to sailfishes and spearfishes; not completely cold-blooded i.e. able to warm their brains and eyes
{n: mass-action principle, mass action} (neruology) the principle that the cortex of the brain operates as a coordinated system with large masses of neural tissue involved in all complex functioning
{n: medulla oblongata, medulla, bulb} lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata)
"the medulla oblongata is the most vital part of the brain because it contains centers controlling breathing and heart functioning"
{n: meningeal artery, arteria meningea} any of three arteries supplying the meninges of the brain and neighboring structures
{n: meningioma} a tumor arising in the meninges which surround the brain and spinal cord; usually slow growing and sometimes malignant
{n: meningitis} infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection; symptoms include headache and stiff neck and fever and nausea
{n: meningocele} a congenital anomaly of the central nervous system in which a sac protruding from the brain or the spinal meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid (but no nerve tissue)
{n: meningoencephalitis, cerebromeningitis, encephalomeningitis} inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and their meninges
{n: meninx, meninges} a membrane (one of 3) that envelops the brain and spinal cord
{n: mental exhaustion, brain-fag} exhaustion that affects mental keenness
{n: microcephaly, microcephalus, nanocephaly} an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain
{n: midbrain, mesencephalon} the middle portion of the brain
{n: mind, head, brain, psyche, nous} that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason
"his mind wandered"
"I couldn't get his words out of my head"
{n: monoamine oxidase inhibitor, MAOI} any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate
{n: motor neuron, efferent neuron, motor nerve fiber, motoneuron} a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord
{n: neencephalon, neoencephalon} the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin; the cerebral cortex and related parts
{n: nerve pathway, tract, nerve tract, pathway} a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain
{n: neural tube} a tube of ectodermal tissue in the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord develop
{n: neurolinguist} someone trained in neuroscience and linguistics who studies brain processes during language production and reception
{n: neurologist, brain doctor} a medical specialist in the nervous system and the disorders affecting it
{n: neuroscientist} a neurobiologist who specializes in the study of the brain
{n: neurosurgeon, brain surgeon} someone who does surgery on the nervous system (especially the brain)
{n: neurosurgery} any surgery that involves the nervous system (brain or spinal cord or peripheral nerves)
{n: nucleus} any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
{n: occipital lobe} that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head
{n: olfactory bulb} one of two enlargements at the terminus of the olfactory nerve at the base of the brain just above the nasal cavities
{n: optic chiasma, optic chiasm, chiasma opticum} the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain
{n: organic brain syndrome} mental abnormality resulting from disturbance of the structure or function of the brain
{n: ornithomimid} lightly built medium-sized dinosaur having extremely long limbs and necks with small heads and big brains and large eyes
{n: overdrive} the state of high or excessive activity or productivity or concentration
"Troops are ready to go into overdrive as soon as the signal is given"
"Melissa's brain was in overdrive"
{n: paleencephalon, paleoencephalon, palaeencephalon} the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex
{n: panencephalitis} diffuse inflammation of the entire brain
{n: parasympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic} originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels
{n: parietal lobe} that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head
{n: peduncle, cerebral peduncle} a bundle of myelinated neurons joining different parts of the brain
{n: peripheral nervous system, systema nervosum periphericum} the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord
{n: pineal gland, pineal body, epiphysis cerebri, epiphysis} a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin
{n: pituitary, pituitary gland, pituitary body, hypophysis} the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain
{n: poliomyelitis, polio, infantile paralysis, acute anterior poliomyelitis} an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord
{n: positron emission tomography, PET} using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain)
{n: psammoma, sand tumor} a tumor derived from fibrous tissue of the meninges or choroid plexus or certain other structures associated with the brain; characterized by sandlike particles
{n: psychosurgery} brain surgery on human patients intended to relieve severe and otherwise intractable mental or behavioral problems
{n: pyriform area, piriform area, pyriform lobe, piriform lobe} pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon
{n: rabies, hydrophobia, lyssa, madness} an acute viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals (usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal); rabies is fatal if the virus reaches the brain
{n: radiation} a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
{n: rhinencephalon, olfactory brain} a center in the cerebral hemispheres that governs the sense of smell in lower animals; in humans it seems to mediate complex emotional behavior
{n: riddle, conundrum, enigma, brain-teaser} a difficult problem
{n: right hemisphere, right brain} the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body
{n: scan, CAT scan} an image produced by scanning
"he analyzed the brain scan"
"you could see the tumor in the CAT scan"
{n: secretase} a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)
{n: selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor, SSRI} an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of serotonin so that more serotonin is available to act on receptors in the brain
{n: senile dementia, senile psychosis} dementia of the aged; results from degeneration of the brain in the absence of cerebrovascular disease
{n: sensorium} the areas of the brain that process and register incoming sensory information and make possible the conscious awareness of the world
{n: sensory neuron, afferent neuron} a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord
{n: side} a family line of descent
"he gets his brains from his father's side"
{n: spinal cord, medulla spinalis} a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region
{n: spinal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid} clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord
{n: split-brain technique} brain surgery on animals in which the corpus callosum (and sometimes the optic chiasm) is severed so that communication between the cerebral hemispheres is interrupted
{n: status epilepticus} a condition in which there are continuing attacks of epilepsy without intervals of consciousness; can lead to brain damage and death
{n: stroke, apoplexy, cerebrovascular accident, CVA} a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain
{n: sulcus} (anatomy) any of the narrow grooves in an organ or tissue especially those that mark the convolutions on the surface of the brain
{n: swordfish, Xiphias gladius} large toothless marine food fish with a long swordlike upper jaw; not completely cold-blooded i.e. they are able to warm their brains and eyes: worldwide in warm waters but feed on cold ocean floor coming to surface at night
{n: synchronism, synchrony, synchronicity, synchroneity, synchronization, synchronisation, synchronizing} the relation that exists when things occur at the same time
"the drug produces an increased synchrony of the brain waves"
<-> asynchronism, desynchronization, desynchronizing
{n: temporal artery} any of the three arteries on either side of the brain supplying the cortex of the temporal lobe
{n: temporal lobe} that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head
{n: tertiary syphilis} the third stage; characterized by involvement of internal organs especially the brain and spinal cord as well as the heart and liver
{n: transient ischemic attack, TIA} brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply; symptoms depend on the site of the blockage
{n: transorbital lobotomy} a method of performing prefrontal lobotomy in which the surgical knife is inserted above the eyeball and moved to cut brain fibers
{n: tricyclic, tricyclic antidepressant, tricyclic antidepressant drug} an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and thus making more of those substances available to act on receptors in the brain
{n: unit} a single undivided whole
"an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another"
{n: ventricle} one of four connected cavities in the brain; is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid
{n: vertebrate, craniate} animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium
{v: brain} hit on the head
{v: brain} kill by smashing someone's skull
{v: check, retard, delay} slow the growth or development of
"The brain damage will retard the child's language development"
{v: concuss} injure the brain ; sustain a concussion
{v: faint, conk, swoon, pass out} pass out from weakness, physical or emotional distress due to a loss of blood supply to the brain
{v: rack} stretch to the limits
"rack one's brains"
But our brains said if you don't sit down with these people, your country will go up in smoke, and innocent civilians will be slaughtered.
但是我们的大脑说，如果你们不和这些人坐在一起，国家就会烧成灰，无辜平民就会被屠杀。
Education May Protect against Effects of Shrinking Brain
接受教育能保护智力免受大脑萎缩的影响
Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brains physical deterioration.
调查大脑体积和智力的研究人员称，他们的研究提供的证据表明，接受教育能保护智力免受大脑自然衰退的影响。
It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person.
大脑随着年龄的增长而萎缩是众所周知的事实，但是这对智力方面的影响却因人而异。
Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.
有趣的是，一项有关老年人的研究表明，实际上是接受过较多教育的人大脑萎缩得较多。
However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.
然而，他解释说，这项研究成果表明的是，接受过教育的人在大脑功能开始崩溃之前更能经受得住大脑组织的丧失。
In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive4 reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare.
近年来，调查人员确立了这种假说，即接受过较多教育的人在大脑衰老时拥有更大的认识上的储备可以利用；实际上这部分人的大脑中有更多的脑组织处于闲置状态。
Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women ages 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex.
研究人员对 320名年龄在 66岁到 90岁的身体健康的男子和女子的脑部扫描 X光片研究后发现，受试者的受教育经历每多一年，其大脑外层叫做脑皮层的部位就多一份萎缩。
" Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage, " Coffey said. " People lose( on average) 25 percent per decade starting in adulthood. "
科菲说： "每个人都有某种程度的大脑萎缩。人成年后，每十年平均萎缩 2.5％。 "
Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size.
他说，整体的健康水平说明大脑体积存在着某些差别。
Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain-tissue loss throughout adulthood.
嗜酒或吸毒，以及像糖尿病和高血压之类的疾病都影响到整个成年期大脑组织的丧失。
In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly.
科菲称，排除掉这类疾病方面的因素，教育水平的高低有助于解释在智力健康的老年人中出现的大脑萎缩的程度。
Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain.
科菲和同事们通过测量大脑周围脑脊液的体积而测算出脑皮层萎缩的程度。
Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage.
研究人员发现，在对引起大脑损伤的健康因素加以控制的前提下，接受教育的程度与大脑萎缩的严重程度有关。
For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.
从一年级起，受试者大脑周围的脑脊液每年平均增加 1.77毫升。
But Coffey said that his team's findings suggest that like the body, the brain benefits from exercise.
但是，科菲又说，他领导的研究小组的发现表明，就像身体一样，大脑也能从体育活动中受益。
" The question is whether by continuing to exercise the brain we can forestall the effects of( brain shrinkage), " he said. " My hunch is that we can. "
"问题在于能否通过持续不断地锻炼大脑来防范大脑萎缩。我的直觉是我们能够做到这一点。 "
According to Coffey, people should strive throughout life to keep their brains alert by exposing themselves to new experiences.
据科菲说，人的一生应该不断地努力，通过新的生活体验使大脑处于警觉状态。
Travelling is one way to stim-ulate the brain, he said; a less adventuresome way is to do crossword puzzles.
旅游是激活大脑的一种方法，较少冒险性的方法是玩拼字游戏。
Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown.
教育是怎样影响脑细胞的尚不清楚。
In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.
研究人员在报告中推测，接受过较多教育的人大脑的某些比脑皮层更深层次的结构可能完好无损，从而弥补了脑皮层萎缩带来的损失。
A variety of g-forces now come into play----your tries to tell your brain that something isn't quite right here, and moments later the ground suddenly appears from an entirely unexpected angle.
这时各种引力开始产生作用－你的身体试图告诉大脑有些不妥，瞬间之后，地面突然出现在一个完全意料之外的角度。
But while admitting to the fullest extent the wonderful achievements of labour, and recognising the fact that men of the most distinguished genius have invariably been found the most indefatigable workers, it must nevertheless be sufficiently obvious that, without the original endowment of heart and brain, no amount of labour, however well applied, could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton, a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
但是，在最大程度上承认劳动的了不起的成就，承认最出类拔革的天才人物永远是最不知疲倦的工作者这一事实的同时，无论怎样都必然十分明显的是，假如没有心灵和头脑固有的天赋，不论多么大量的劳动，应用得多么恰当也创造不出一位莎士比亚、牛顿、贝多芬或者米开朗琪罗。
Price says the disease afflicts roughly one in a million people and occurs when certain brain cells that regulate muscle tone and coordinate movement die.
普赖斯说，大约每 100万人里有一人患有此症，而且这种疾病在某些调节肌肉紧张程度和协调运动的脑细胞死亡时发生。
Price says O'Neill had a personal fear that he had caused his own brain disease by excess drinking and that this myth has haunted both him and his family.
普赖斯说，奥尼尔个人曾担心他过量饮酒已导致自己患有大脑疾病，而这种错误的想法已成为奥尼尔及其家人挥之不去的阴影。
Does it work? I need to know.
这药有效吗？我需要知道。
The drug itself may not have come from the lab in California, but still it is my mother's legacy: that bit of diseased tissue from her brain, which tormented and killed her, is helping to save lives.
这种药本身不一定是来自加州的实验室，但它毕竟是母亲的遗产：那块取自母亲脑部的病变组织过去折磨和杀死了她，现在正帮助拯救他人的生命。
In the past decade Piaget has been vigorously challenged by the current fashion of viewing knowledge as intrinsic property of the brain.
在过去的十年里，皮雅杰的理论受到了现在流行的一种观点的极大挑战，后者把知识看作是头脑的固有特征。
" When a woman gives birth she needs to lose herself in the primitive or limbic part of her brain, " Dr Odent said.
奥登特医生说： "当一位女性生产时，她需要自我迷失于她大脑原始的或边缘部分之中。
By constantly asking 'rational' questions and asking his partner whether she is all right, the man inadvertently stimulates the intellectual part of her brain and interferes with the natural birthing process.
由于不停地问些 '的思维活动。理性 '地问些 '的思维活动。问题和问其妻子是否良好，男人只会在无意之中刺激他妻子大脑的理智部分，从而干扰自然的分娩过程。 "
Until Fred Gage came along, brain scientists accepted the idea that the neurons, or brain cells, you were born with were all the brain cells you would ever have.
在弗雷德·盖奇出现之前，研究大脑的科学家一直认为，与生俱来的神经元，即脑细胞，将在人的一生中永不改变。
Gage's discovery forced scientists to rethink some of their most basic ideas about how the brain works.
盖奇的发现促使科学家们开始对大脑如何工作的一些最基本的概念进行反思。
Even more exciting was the fact that the source of these new cells was neural-stem cells, master cells with the ability to morph into any type of brain cell.
更令人兴奋的是，生成这些新细胞的竟是神经干细胞，这种母细胞可以转化为各种脑细胞。
Gage showed that a part of the hippocampus contains actively developing neural-stem cells; he further speculated that this regeneration may eventually be controlled by the addition or subtraction of a few key growth factors in the brain.
盖奇的研究显示，部分海马状突起含有一些活跃的神经干细胞。他进一步推断，通过增加或减少大脑中几种主要生长因子的数量，可以最终控制脑细胞再生。
Today neurobiologists no longer argue about whether or not the brain can grow new cells.
现在，神经生物学家不再就大脑能否生成新细胞的问题进行争论。
Some have observed that during stress, neurogenesis in the learning center of the brain in several animal species slows considerably - which may help explain depressive episodes that accompany stress.
一些科学家观察到，在紧张状态下，一些动物的大脑学习区内的神经形成速度明显放慢。这可以帮助我们解释抑郁为什么总是伴随紧张而来。
Gage now believes that changes in behavior can affect neurogenesis and alter the brain's wiring.
盖奇现在深信，行为的变化会影响到大脑神经的形成，改变大脑的构造。
Could what we do change the structure of our brains?
我们的行为能否改变我们大脑的结构？
You could say that Nurse Betty is a road picture, or a meditation on how the media scramble easily impressionable brains. Or a study in obsession, since Charlie, working his last job before retirement as a criminal, develops a passion for Betty that fully matches hers for David - and is another product of a simmering imagination.
你可以说《护士贝蒂》是关于媒体轻易主宰那些头脑简单、易受影响的人们的一个摹本或者是对这种现象的一种反思，或者说《护士贝蒂》是关于对痴迷的研究。片中决定做完最后一次犯罪生意就洗手不干的查利，逐渐对贝蒂产生了好感，这种好感的强烈程度丝毫不亚于贝蒂对医生戴维的痴迷程度──这是沸腾的想象力的又一产物。
Apparently the olfactory pathway, and probably the area in the brain responsible for awareness of the ability to smell, is damaged early in Alzheimer's.
显然，他们的嗅觉通道──可能是在负责嗅觉的脑部某区域──在早老性痴呆病的早期发病期间受到了损害。
Our brains today are relatively fixed in design.
今天，我们的大脑设计方式相对固定。
Although we do add patterns of interneuronal connections and neurotransmitter concentrations when we learn, the current overall capacity of the human brain is highly constrained, restricted to a mere 100 trillion connections.
当我们学习的时候，尽管我们的增加了神经元间连接和神经递质集中的架，目前的人脑总能力却高度受限，限于仅 100万亿个连接。
Brain implants based on distributed intelligent nanobots will massively expand our memory and otherwise vastly improve all our sensory, pattern-recognition and cognitive abilities.
基于分布式毫微自动仪的大脑移植片将大地扩展我们的记忆，从而大大改善我们所有的感官、模式识别以及认知能力。
They will be programmable, in that they will be able to provide virtual reality one minute and a variety of brain extensions the next.
它们还将具有可编程性，因此它们能够一会儿提供虚拟现实，一会儿又作为一系列大脑的伸展。
Perhaps most important, they will be massively distributed and therefore take up billions or trillions of positions throughout the brain.
也许最重要的是，它们将大量分布整个大脑，占数十亿或者是数万亿个位置。
On the one hand, we will have biological brains greatly expanded through nanobot technology.
一方面，我们将拥有经过毫微自动仪技术大扩展了的生物大脑。
On the other, we will have fully non-biological brains that are greatly enhanced copies of human brains.
另一方面，我们将拥有纯粹的非生物大脑它们是大大增强了性能的人类大脑的制品。
Undoubtedly with our improved brains we will create myriad ways to fuse with technology.
毫无疑问，有了经过改善的大脑，我们将创造出大量技术融合的方式。
Once we learn how to map the brain and make computers fast enough to simulate it, all bets are off For starters, you should realize that as soon as a computer achieves a level of intelligence comparable to human intelligence, it will necessarily eclipse it.
一旦我们学会如何描绘我们的大脑，并且使电脑快到能模仿它，那么它将聪明到怎么说都不为过作为初学者，你应该认识到，一旦一台电脑达到能人的智力相比的水平，那么它必定将超过人脑。
One cubic inch of nanotube circuitry would be 1 million times more powerful than the human brain, at least in raw processing power.
一立方英寸的毫微管电路将比人脑强大 100万倍，至少是在原始数处理能力方面。
There is no reason why we can not reverse-engineer the human brain and copy its design.
没有理由说，我们不能揭开人类大脑之谜，仿制它的设计方式。
Today, we can map the brain with noninvasive scanners.
今天，我们可以用非切开式扫描仪来探测大脑。
Even more salient information may come from an interior view of the brain.
从大脑内部观测可能获得更显著的信息。
By 2030, we may scan the brain using " nanobot " technology.
到 2030年，我们可能采用毫微自动仪技术来对人脑进行扫描。
Using high-speed wireless connections, the nanobots would communicate with one another and with other computers that are compiling the brain-scan database.
使用高速无线连接，这些毫微自动仪能相互联络，以及编制大脑扫描数库的电脑沟通。
Armed with this information, we can design biologically inspired re-creations of the methods used by the human brain.
掌握了这一信息，我们就能够设计出人脑使用的生物刺激再造法。
To lick the challenge, scientists can utilize systems that make computations 10 million times faster then that of our old-fashioned electrochemical brain.
为战这一挑战，科学家们可以利用比旧式的电化学大脑快 1, 000万倍的计算系统。
By that time, computers will greatly exceed the basic computational power of the human brain.
到那个时候，计算将大大超过人脑的基本计算能力。
The same nanobots that will scan our brains will also be able to expand our thinking and our experiences.
那些对我们大脑进行扫描的毫微自动仪将同样能够扩展我们的思维和经验。
The speech processor used today in cochlear implants for the hearing impaired could easily be connected to the Internet; listening to Internet radio could soon be a direct computer-to-brain experience !
今天为帮助听力损伤者而在他们的耳蜗移植片里使用的语音处理器可以轻易地连接上互联网；收听互联网广播可能不久将变成一直接从电脑到大脑的验！
Adams is, however, something of a multimedia guru: he is working on an e-book with the working title Brain Box and a film version of another of his books, Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency.
尽管如此，亚当斯仍算得上是多媒行业大师级的人物：他正在创作一本名为《智慧之盒》的电子书，并把另一本名为《德克·金特利全能侦探公司》的小说改编成电影。
German neurosurgeon Ralf Kockro and his Barcelona-born colleague Luis Serra came to krdl to develop software that can enable virtual brain surgery.
德国神经外科医生拉尔夫·科克罗和他那出生于巴塞罗纳的同事卢斯·塞拉到这里参加工作，从事开发能够进行虚拟脑部手术的软件。
Intriguingly, the patients brains were riddled with tangles, but not amyloid plaques.
有趣的是，患者的大脑中充满了各缠结，但并没有粉斑。
Even if scientists figure out precisely how Alzheimer's destroys brains, it is not clear that they will be able to stop it.
即使科学家弄清了阿耳茨海默氏病毁坏大脑的过程，他们能否阻止这一过程也不得而知。
Since 1906, when German physician Alois Alzheimer described the degenerative brain disorder bearing his name, doctors have argued about what exactly causes the disease.
自德国医生阿洛斯·阿耳茨海默 1906年描述那后来以他的名字命名的早老性痴呆症以来，医生们一直未能就该病的起因达成一致意见。
Dr. Alzheimer carefully noted two main features of the autopsied brains of his patients: the dense clumps, or plaques of protein that showed up where nerve cells should have been and the tangles that many of the neurons had become.
经过对病人大脑进行解剖，阿耳茨海默医生发现它们具有两大特征：第一，神经元区出现了浓度很高的凝块或蛋白质斑；第二，神经元转变为缠结。
Initial results of a small safety trial were reported at the Alzheimer's Conference, and Elan's further studies will determine any positive effects the potential treatment might have on the brain.
在阿耳茨海默氏病研讨会报告中提出了小型安全性试验获得的初步结果，埃兰医药公司的进一步研究将定这治疗方案对人脑有哪些积影响。
However, everyone makes beta amyloid throughout his brain and body.
贝它粉遍布人及大脑各个角落。
But they were defeated at least in part by a pathologist who carried off his brain in hopes of learning the secrets of his genius.
不过，他们的这努力在一定程度上还是被一位病理学家挫败了。后者拿走了爱因斯坦的大脑，希望弄清这位天才的秘密。
Like the weather, we are a complex amalgam of feedback systems: genes in our brains switch on in response to our behavior as well as vice versa.
我们就像天一样，是一个由各反应系统成的杂混合：我们头脑里的基因对我们的行为举止做出反应，反过来也是如此。
Significantly, researchers found that all the children with ADHD had developed lesions in the same area, deep in the right side of the brain.
值得注意的是，研究人员发现所有出现注意力紊乱的小孩有一个共同点：他们右脑深处的同一部位都受到了损伤。
As new technologies add brains to nearly everything we use, these super-intelligent Japanese gizmos promise to help shape our not-too-distant future Japan may have lagged behind in the technology of the moment, the Internet.
由于新技术为我们使用的各种东西增添了头脑，这些日本制造的超级智能小玩艺儿看来会影响我们并不遥远的未来世界。在当前盛行的互联网技术方面，日本可能已经落后了。
The ailment clutters the brain with tiny bits of protein, slowly robbing victims of their mental power until they are no longer able to do even the simplest chores or recognize their closest friends and kin.
患者大脑中随处都是微小的蛋白质碎片。这些碎片一点一点地侵蚀着受害者的智力，最终使他们无法从事最简单的活动，辨认不出自己最亲的朋友和家人。
It had long been postulated to act as a chemical scissors that helps snip away pieces of excess protein protruding from brain cells, thereby creating the debris that gathers into the toxic plaques called amyloid.
长期以来，这种分泌一直被认为是一把化学剪刀，协助剪断脑细胞上突出的蛋白质，形成许多蛋白质碎片。这些碎片聚集成被称为淀粉体的毒源。
The accumulation of these fibrous clumps in the brain of Alzheimer's patients is the likeliest reason for their inexorable decline.
早老性痴呆症患者大脑中聚积的这些纤维块是他们智力不断衰弱的最可能的原因。
For Alzheimer's has something in common with other brain disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's.
早老性痴呆病与帕金森并亨廷顿舞蹈病等脑部神经系统的疾病有相似之处。
It hasn't been proven in humans, but a blow to the head of a pig may trigger lesions in its brain that are remarkably similar to those in human Alzheimer's patients.
头部的撞击会使猪的大脑受到损伤。这种损伤与人类早老性痴呆症患者大脑中的损伤有惊人的相似之处。
But so far only three gene defects that actually cause obesity have been isolated-two of which involve leptin, a hormone that acts as a sort of fat brake in the brain-and those mutations have been discovered among only a handful of people.
但是到目前为止，科学家们只确认了三种导致肥胖的基因缺陷，其中两种与 Leptin 有关（ Leptin 是一种激素，可作用于大脑防止脂肪的形成）而且只在少数几个人身上发现了这些基因突变。
" I don't have to reserve a portion of my brain to monitor technical mechanics-lighting rigs, camera tracks, field of focus.
我不必再分心去监督一些技术细节──灯光设备、摄影机轨道、集中拍摄区域。
Using imaging techniques that measure blood flow to various parts of the brain, the Harvard team hopes to predict how consumers will react to particular products and to discover the most effective ways to present information.
哈佛大学的研究组运用数字图象技术测量大脑各部位的血流量，他们希望用这个方法预测出消费者对某种商品的反应，从而发现最有效的信息表达方式。
The Harvard group use positron emission tomography( PET) scans to monitor the brain activity.
哈佛大学的研究组运用正电子发射Ｘ射线层析照相术（ PET ）监测大脑的活动。
These PET scans, along with other non-invasive imaging techniques, enable researchers to see which parts of the brain are active during specific tasks( such as remembering a word).
有了这些 PET 扫描图，同时又运用其它的非侵害性射线照相术，研究员们便可以看到在做具体的一件事情时（比如说记一个单词），大脑的哪一部位最活跃。
They will explore how people remember advertisements as part of an effort to predict how they will react to a product after having seen an ad. The researchers believe that once key areas of the brain are identified, scans on about two dozen volunteers will be enough to draw conclusions about the reactions of specific segments of the population.
他们将研究人们记住广告的过程，这个研究可以协助他们预测在看过广告之后，人们会对广告中的商品有何反应。研究员们认为，与之有关的大脑关键部位一旦被确定，大约 24个志愿者的大脑扫描图象便足以代表某一种人群的反应。
These neighboring chunks, when combined in the insect's brain, produce an exceptionally clear image.
把这些相邻的可视地段组合在昆虫的脑中，就会形成一幅非常清晰的图象。
Meanwhile, a dozen brain-boosting therapies ranging from estrogen replacement( which may promote the growth of some neurons) to entirely new drugs are at various stages of development.
与此同时，从服用代用雌性激素（它可以促进一些神经细胞的生长）到全新的药物，十多种健脑疗法正处在开发的各个阶段。
In health-food stores, you'll find dozens of products that claim to do wonders for your brain.
在保健食品商店里，你可以找到几十种声称对补脑有奇效的商品。
Even old-line pharmaceutical houses are offering their versions of brain boosters.
就连老字号的药店也开始推出自制的健脑产品。
They say it somehow improves memory by increasing the flow of blood tot he brain.
他们宣称银杏可以增加脑部的血流量，提高记忆力。
Leading memory experts, however, are skeptical about ginkgo and other brain boosters.
然而，有影响的记忆专家们对银杏和其它的健脑制剂表示怀疑。
We know, though, that memory involves chemicals called neurotransmitters-one of which is acetylcholine-and the signals they carry through the brain.
不过我们知道记忆牵涉到名叫神经传递素的化学物──乙胆硷便是其中一种──和它们在大脑内传递的信号。
As people learn, the synapses-interconnections between brain cells - are reinforced, creating a complex network of associations.
人们学习的时候，神经元突触──大脑细胞的互相连接──进一步加强，形成一个复杂的关联网。
In 1994 the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences warned that DTP, a combination vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis( whooping cough), was responsible for cases of brain inflammation and permanent brain damage. 1994年，医学研究院和美国国家科学院警告， DTP--
一种用于预防白喉、破伤风和百日咳的合成疫苗，可造成大脑炎和永久性脑损伤。
There may never be a single cure, one drug that will bring every cancer patient back to good health, in part because every type of cancer, from brain to breast to bowel, is different.
也许永远不会有一种单独的疗法，即一种药能够使所有的癌症患者康复。其部分原因是每一种癌，从脑癌、乳腺癌到肠癌都是不同的。
The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.
食肉动物（predator）和被捕食动物（prey，指食草动物）之间的差异所引起的那种交互作用，导致了大脑功能的普遍提高；然则，智力的某些组成部分要远比其它的组成部分得到更多的提高。
The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem.
贯穿所有这些状态的范围以觉醒系统（arousal system）为中介，而所谓觉醒系统，是指由神经束（tract）构成的一个网线路结构，从诸感觉系统（sensory system）汇聚到位于脑干（brain stem）中的整合中心（integrating center）。
Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled.
觉醒过程起初甚为笼统，因为神经冲击汹涌而来；随后，激活过程（activation）逐渐地被疏导传输出去。
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging.
至1950年，试图将大脑过程（brain process）和心理体验（mental exprience）联系起来的研究努力，其结果令人甚是灰心丧气。
According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view.
按此理论，并非是感觉的神经冲动的性质在决定着它们所产生的不尽相同的有意识感觉，而是神经冲动所释放入其中的不同的大脑区域在起着决定性作用。
What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts.
所剩下的似乎是某种性质的大脑兴奋的不同组合排列效果：正是神经冲动中心分布这方面的差异才起着举足轻重的作用。
In short, brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogeneous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue.
简而言之，大脑理论暗示出在心理体验与相对同质的神经—细胞单位的活动之间存在着某种联系，而这些相对同质的神经—细胞单位则又通过同质的大脑组织传输着根本上同质的冲动。
Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain's memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object.
由眼睛触发的神经活动在大脑的记忆系统形成一形象，该形象对于被目睹之物构成一种内心再现图像。
In all flatfish the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain's left side and vice versa.
在所有比目鱼身上，两根神经相互交叉，因此，右视觉神经与大脑的左侧相连接，而反之亦然。
Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding.
大概就在五年之前，肽激素（peptide hormone）或许能在大脑内的下丘脑（hypothalamus）以外的任何地方得以制造出来，这一想法本身足以令人惊愕不已。
Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and the hypothalamus was thought to be the brains' only endocrine gland.
科学家们认为，肽激素是由内分泌腺（endocrine gland）制造出来的，而下丘脑则被认为是大脑中唯一的内分泌腺。
What is more, because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brain barrier,researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brain other than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then released into the bloodstream.
此外，由于肽激素无法穿越血脑屏障（blood-brain barrier），研究者们相信，它们从不曾到达过下丘脑以外的大脑的任何部位。
这些肽激素仅仅是在下丘脑内被制造出来，然后被释放入血流中。
But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.
然则，有关肽激素的这些信念已遭到人们的质疑，随着一个接一个的实验室发现，针对肽激素的抗血清（antiserum），一旦被注射入大脑，就会在下丘脑以外的其它地方粘结起来，从而表明要么是肽激素本身，要么是和抗血清发生交叉反应的物质在此存在。
If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will contain these Mrna'S.
如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA's。
If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA's should still bind to these mRNA's, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones.
假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA's应仍然和这些信使mDNA's粘结的程度。
If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormones really are made in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must be developed that explains their function in the brain.
假若正如对cDNA探子所作的最初测试所表明的那样，肽激素真的是在大脑中下丘脑以外的别处被制造出来的话，那么就必须建立一种理论，以解释它们在大脑中的功能。
Some have suggested that the hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosen's work on rat brains indicates that this cannot be true.
某些研究者提出，肽激素均是生长调节剂（growth regulator），但罗森（Rosen）对老鼠的大脑所作的研究表明并非如此。
A number of other researchers propose that they might be used for intercellular communication in the brain.
其它许多研究者指出，它们或许是被用于大脑内细胞与细胞之间的信息传输。
The parents of brain-damaged Terri Schiavo have ended their appeals in the federal court system following another ruling against them by a three-judge panel in Atlanta, Georgia. The Florida Circuit Court Judge who ruled to disconnect their daughter's feeding tube more than a week ago also ruled against another appeal from Terri Schiavo's parents on Saturday.
大脑受损的美国佛罗里达州女子特丽·夏沃的父母结束了他们在联邦法院系统为维持她的生命而进行的上诉。在此之前，位于乔治亚州亚特兰大的联邦法院的三名法官再次做出了对她的父母不利的裁决。一个多星期前裁决拔掉特丽·夏沃进食管的佛罗里达州巡回法院法官星期六也驳回了夏沃父母的又一次上诉。
Terri Schiavo's husband Michael, who is her legal guardian, has been locked in a legal struggle with the Schindlers for more than a decade. Mr. Schiavo says his wife told him and others that she did not want to be kept alive by artificial means. Terri Schiavo slipped into what medical experts call a persistent vegetative state after suffering massive brain damage brought on by a heart attack in 1990.
特丽·夏沃的丈夫兼法律监护人麦克尔·夏沃已经和辛德勒夫妇就是否人工维持特丽的生命打了十多年的官司。迈克尔·夏沃先生说，他的妻子曾经告诉过他，也告诉过别的人，她不希望以人工方式勉强维持自己的生命。特丽·夏沃1990年突发心脏病后大脑严重受损，进入专家们所说的“持续性植物人”状态。
spsc-85122106
Brain or spinal cord injury services
脑和脊髓损伤
Malignant Primary Brain Tumour
Malignant Primary Brain Tumour
Malignant Primary Brain Tumour
Malignant Primary Brain Tumour
A06.6+
Amoebic brain abscess (G07*)
Amoebic abscess of brain (and liver)(and lung)
阿米巴性脑脓疡 ( G07* )
阿米巴性脑 （ 和肝 ） （ 和肺 ） 脓疡
A17.8+
Other tuberculosis of nervous system
Tuberculoma of brain (G07*)
Tuberculosis of spinal cord (G07*)
Tuberculous:
．abscess of brain (G07*)
．meningoencephalitis (G05.0*)
．myelitis (G05.0*)
．polyneuropathy (G63.0*)
其他中枢神经系统结核病
脑的结核瘤 （ G07* ）
脊髓的结核病 （ G07* ）
结核性 ：
． 脑脓疡 （ G07* ）
． 脑膜脑炎 （ G05.0* ）
． 脊髓炎 （ G05.0* ）
． 多发神经病变 （ G63.0* ）
A54.8
Other gonococcal infections
Gonococcal:
．brain abscess+(G07*)
．endocarditis+(I39.8*)
．meningitis+(G01*)
．myocarditis+(I41.0*)
．pericarditis+(I32.0*)
．peritonitis+(K67.1*)
．pneumonia+(J17.0*)
．septicaemia
．skin lesions
Excludes：gonococcal pelviperitonitis (A54.2)
其他淋球菌传染
淋球菌性 :
． 脑脓疡+(G07*)
． 心内膜炎+(I39.8*)
． 脑膜炎+(G01.*)
． 心肌炎+(I41.0*)
． 心包膜炎+(I32.0*)
． 腹膜炎+(K67.1*)
． 肺炎+(J17.0*)
． 败血症
． 皮肤损害
不包含 ： 淋球菌性骨盆腔腹膜炎(A54.2)
B43.1
Phaeomycotic brain abscess
Cerebral chromomycosis
亲菌脑脓疡
产色菌脑疾病
MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF EYE, BRAIN AND
OTHER PARTS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (C69-C72)
眼、脑和中枢神经系统的其他部份之恶性肿瘤 ( C69-C72
)
C71
Malignant neoplasm of brain
Excludes: cranial nerves (C72.2-C72.5)
retrobulbar tissue (C69.6)
脑的恶性肿瘤
不包含 ： 脑神经 ( C72.2-C72.5 )
眼球後组织 ( C69.6 )
C71.7
Brain stem
Fourth ventricle
Infratentorial NOS
脑干
第四脑室
其他未明示的天幕下
C71.8
Overlapping lesion of brain [See note 5 on page 182]
脑的重叠性病灶〔请参考第 182 页第 5 注解〕
C71.9
Brain, unspecified
未明示的脑
C72.8
Overlapping lesion of brain and other parts of central nervous system
[See note 5 on page 182]
Malignant neoplasm of brain and other parts of central nervous system whose point of
origin cannot be classified to any one of the categories C70-C72.5
脑和中枢神经系统的其他部份之重叠性病灶〔请参
考第 182 页第 5 注解〕
脑和中枢神经系统的其他部份之恶性肿瘤 ， 其原发
点无法归类於 C70-C72.5
C79.3
Secondary malignant neoplasm of brain and cerebral meninges
脑和脑膜的续发性恶性肿瘤
D33
Benign neoplasm of brain and other parts of central nervous system
Excludes: angioma (D18.0)
meninges (D32.-)
Peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system (D36.1)
retro-ocular tissue (D31.6)
脑和中枢神经系统的其他部份之良性肿瘤
不包含 ： 血管瘤 (D18.0)
脑膜 (D32.-)
周边神经及自主神经系统 (D36.1)
眼後组织 (D31.6)
D33.0
Brain, supratentorial
Cerebral ventricle
Cerebrum
Frontal-lobe
Occipital-lobe
Parietal-lobe
Temporal-lobe
Excludes: fourth ventricle (D33.1)
天幕上的脑
脑室
大脑
额叶
枕叶
顶叶
颞叶
不包含 ： 第四脑室 (D33.1)
D33.1
Brain, infratentorial
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Fourth ventricle
天幕下的脑
脑干
小脑
第四脑室
D33.2
Brain, unspecified
未明示的脑
D43
Neoplasm of uncertain and unknown behaviour of brain and central nervous
system
Excludes: peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system (D48.2)
脑和中枢神经系统之未确定和不知性态的肿瘤
不包含 ： 周边神经及自主神经系统 (D48.2)
D43.0
Brain, supratentorial
Cerebral ventricle
Cerebrum
Frontal-lobe
Occipital-lobe
Parietal-lobe
Temporal-lobe
Excludes: fourth ventricle (D43.1)
天幕上的脑
脑室
大脑
额叶
枕叶
顶叶
颞叶
不包含 ： 第四脑室 (D43.1)
D43.1
Brain, infratentorial
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Fourth ventricle
天幕下的脑
脑干
小脑
第四脑室
D43.2
Brain, unspecified
未明示的脑
Organic, including symptomatic, mental
disorders (F00-F09)
This block comprises a range of mental disorders grouped together on the basis of their
having in common a demonstrable etiology in cerebral disease, brain injury, or other
insult leading to cerebral dysfunction. The dysfunction may be primary, as in diseases,
injuries, and insults that affect the brain directly and selectively; or secondary, as in
systemic diseases and disorders that attack the brain only as one of the multiple organs
or systems of the body that are involved.
Dementia (F00-F03) is a syndrome due to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic or
progressive nature, in which there is disturbance of multiple higher cortical functions,
including memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity,
language, and judgement. Consciousness isnot clouded. The impairments of cognitive
function are commonly accompanied, and occasionally preceded, by deterioration in
emotional control, social behaviour, or motivation. This syndrome occurs in Alzheimer's
disease, in cerebrovascular disease, and in other conditions primarily or secondarily
affecting the brain.
Use additional code, if desired, to identify the underlying disease.
器质性 （ 包含症状性 ） 精神疾病 (F00-F09)
本节所包含的这组精神疾患 ， 相同的是它们都能经
检查而发现有大脑疾病、脑伤、或其他伤害 ， 而导
致大脑功能失调 ， 因此置於同一组。此功能失调可
以是原发性的 ， 就如直接影响或作用於脑部的一些
疾病、伤害、与外伤 ； 也可以是续发性的 ， 如一些
系统性疾病与疾患 ， 其对脑部的侵袭仅仅是全身性
多重器官或系统影响的一部份。
痴呆 (F00-F03) 是由於脑部疾病造成的徵候群 ， 通常为慢
性或进行性之本质 ， 可造成多种高级皮质功能之障
碍 ， 包含记忆、思考、定向感、理解能力、计算、
学习能力、语言及判断能力。意识状态并没有混淆
。认知功能障碍常合并有情绪控制、社会行为或动
机等功能之退化 ， 这些功能之退化 ， 有时会比认知
功能障碍更早出现。此徵候群发生於阿兹海默症、
脑血管疾病、以及其他原发或续发性影响脑部的种
种状况。
如有需要 ， 使用附码以标示其基本疾病类别。
F01
Vascular dementia
Vascular dementia is the result of infarction of the brain due to vascular disease,
including hypertensive cerebrovascular disease. The infarcts are usually small but
cumulative in their effect. Onset is usually in later life.
Includes: arteriosclerotic dementia
血管性痴呆
这种痴呆通常是血管性疾病导致脑部之梗塞所造成
的 ， 包含高血压性脑血管疾病。这些梗塞通常很小
， 但它们的影响却是累加的。发作通常是在晚年。
包含 ： 动脉硬化性痴呆
F02.2*
Dementia in Huntington's disease (G10+)
A dementia occurring as part of a widespread degeneration of the brain. The disorder is
transmitted by a single autosomal dominant gene. Symptoms typically emerge in the third
and fourth decade. Progression is slow, leading to death usually within 10 to 15 years.
Dementia in Huntington's chorea
发生於亨丁顿氏病之痴呆 (G10+)
痴呆之发生乃脑部广泛性退化的一部份。亨丁顿氏
病是藉单一之显性体染色基因来遗传。症状典型地
出现於 20 及 30 多岁时。进展缓慢 ， 通常在 10 到 15 年间
导致死亡。
发生於亨丁顿氏舞蹈病之痴呆
F05
Delirium, not induced by alcohol and other psychoactive substances
An etiologically nonspecific organic cerebral syndrome characterized by concurrent
disturbances of consciousness and attention, perception, thinking, memory, psychomotor
behaviour, emotion, and the sleep- wake schedule. The duration is variable and the degree
of severity ranges from mild to very severe.
Includes: acute or subacute:
. brain syndrome
. confusional state (nonalcoholic)
. infective psychosis
. organic reaction
. psycho-organic syndrome
Excludes: delirium tremens, alcohol-induced or unspecified (F10.4)
非因酒精及其他精神作用物质引起之谵妄
为在病因学上非特异性之徵候群 ， 其特徵为同时出
现意识与注意力、知觉、思考、记忆、精神运动行
为、情绪、以及睡醒循环之障碍。有着各种不同持
续期间且轻重程度不一的徵候群。
包含 ： 急性或亚急性 ：
． 脑徵候群
． 混乱状态〔非酒精性〕
． 发炎性精神病
． 器质性反应
． 精神器质性徵候群
不包含 ： 震颤性谵妄 ， 酒精引起或未明示的 (F10.4)
F06
Other mental disorders due to brain damage and dysfunction and to
physical disease
Includes miscellaneous conditions causally related to brain disorder due to primary
cerebral disease, to systemic disease affecting the brain secondarily, to exogenous toxic
substances or hormones, to endocrine disorders, or to other somatic illnesses.
Excludes: associated with:
. delirium (F05.-)
. dementia as classified in F00-F03
resulting from use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances (F10-F19)
其他由於脑部损伤与功能失调以及身体疾病所导致
之精神疾患
此分类包含肇因於下列种种原因引起脑功能障碍之
种种情况 ， 诸如原发性大脑疾病、续发性地影响脑
部之系统性疾病、诸如库欣氏徵候群之内分泌疾患
或其他身体性疾病、以及某些外因性毒性物质〔但
不包含分类於 F10-F19 中之酒精与药物〕、荷尔蒙或其
他身体疾病。
不包含 ：
． 伴随於谵妄之精神疾患 (F05.-)
． 伴随着分类於 F00-F03 之痴呆的精神疾患
因酒精或其他精神作用物质引起者
F06.8
Other specified mental disorders due to brain damage and dysfunction and
to physical disease
Epileptic psychosis NOS
其他器质性精神疾病
癫痫性精神病症 ， 其他未明示者
F06.9
Unspecified mental disorder due to brain damage and dysfunction and to
physical disease
Organic:
. brain syndrome NOS
. mental disorder NOS
未明示的器质性精神疾病
器质性 ：
． 脑徵候群 ， 其他未明示者
． 精神疾病 ， 其他未明示者
F07
Personality and behavioural disorders due to brain disease, damage and
dysfunction
Alteration of personality and behaviour can be a residual or concomitant disorder of brain
disease, damage or dysfunction.
器质性人格与行为障碍症
人格与行为的改变可以是脑部疾病、损伤、或功能
失调之残馀性或共存的疾患。
F07.2
Postconcussional syndrome
A syndrome that occurs following head trauma (usually sufficiently severe to result in
loss of consciousness) and includes a number of disparate symptoms such as headache,
dizziness, fatigue, irritability, difficulty in concentration and performing mental tasks,
impairment of memory, insomnia, and reduced tolerance to stress, emotional excitement, or
alcohol.
Postcontusional syndrome (encephalopathy)
Post-traumatic brain syndrome, nonpsychotic
脑震汤後徵候群
此徵候群发生於头部创伤 （ 通常严重到造成意识丧
失 ） 之後 ， 并包含一些不同的症状 ， 诸如头痛、头
晕 （ 通常缺乏真正眩晕的现象 ） ， 疲倦 ， 易激怒性
， 专心操作心智事务产生困难 ， 记忆缺损 ， 失眠 ，
以及对压力、情绪兴奋、或酒精之忍受力降低。
脑挫伤後徵候群 （ 脑病变 ）
创伤後脑徵候群 ， 非精神病性
F07.8
Other organic personality and behavioural disorders due to brain
disease, damage and dysfunction
Right hemispheric organic affective disorder
其他器质性人格与行为障碍症
右大脑半球器质性情感疾患
F07.9
Unspecified organic personality and behavioural disorder due to brain
disease, damage and dysfunction
Organic psychosyndrome
未明示的器质性人格与行为障碍症
器质性精神病性候群
.7
Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder
A disorder in which alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced changes of cognition,
affect, personality, or behaviour persist beyond the period during which a direct
psychoactive substance-related effect might reasonably be assumed to be operating. Onset
of the disorder should be directly related to the use of the psychoactive substance. Cases
in which initial onset of the state occurs later than episode(s) of such substance use
should be coded here only where clear and strong evidence is available to attribute the
state to the residual effect of the psychoactive substance. Flashbacks may be
distinguished from psychotic state partly by their episodic nature, frequently of very
short duration, and by their duplication of previous alcohol- or other psychoactive
substance-related experiences.
Alcoholic dementia NOS
Chronic alcoholic brain syndrome
Dementia and other milder forms of persisting impairment of cognitive functions
Flashbacks
Late-onset psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorder
Posthallucinogen perception disorder
Residual:
. affective disorder
. disorder of personality and behaviour
Excludes: alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced:
. Korsakov's syndrome (F10-F19 with common fourth char- acter .6)
. psychotic state (F10-F19 with common fourth character .5)
残馀及晚发精神病症
此病症是因酒精或精神作用物质引起认知、情感、
人格或行为的改变 ， 此变化会较原先精神作用质引
起的效果持续续得更久。此病症的发病必须和使用
酒精或精神作用物质直接相关。要有明确及强烈的
证据显示发病是因使用精神作用物质後的残馀效果
时才能归类於此诊断。重现现象 （F1x.70） 与精神病症
是不同的 ， 其区别之要点是其短暂性、阵发性、以
及其重覆先前酒精或其他精神作用物质相关之经验
。
酒精性痴呆症 ， 其他未明示者
慢性酒精性脑徵候群
痴呆症与其他轻型持久性认知功能障碍
重现现象
晚发性精神作用物质引起之精神病性疾病
幻觉剂使用後知觉障碍症
残馀性 ：
． 情感障碍症
． 人格与行为障碍症
不包含 ： 酒精或精神作用物质引起 ：
． 柯沙科夫徵候群 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.6 者 ）
． 精神病性状态 （F10-F19 与有第 ４ 码.5 者 ）
F20
Schizophrenia
The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in general by fundamental and characteristic
distortions of thinking and perception, and affects that are inappropriate or blunted.
Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually maintained although certain
cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of time. The most important psychopathological
phenomena include thought echo; thought insertion or withdrawal; thought broadcasting;
delusional perception and delusions of control; influence or passivity; hallucinatory
voices commenting or discussing the patient in the third person; thought disorders and
negative symptoms .
The course of schizophrenic disorders can be either continuous, or episodic with
progressive or stable deficit, or there can be one or more episodes with complete or
incomplete remission. The diagnosis of schizophrenia should not be made in the presence of
extensive depressive or manic symptoms unless it is clear that schizophrenic symptoms
antedate the affective disturbance. Nor should schizophrenia be diagnosed in the presence
of overt brain disease or during states of drug intoxication or withdrawal. Similar
disorders developing in the presence of epilepsy or other brain disease should be
classified under F06.2, and those induced by psychoactive substances under F10-F19 with
common fourth character .5.
Excludes: schizophrenia:
. acute (undifferentiated) (F23.2)
. cyclic (F25.2)
sehizophrenie reaction (F23.2)
schizotypal disorder (F21)
精神分裂症
精神分裂性疾病一般的特徵是思考及知觉的基本、
特有的歪曲 ， 以及不适当的或迟钝的情感。虽然一
些认知的缺陷在疾病的过程中呈现出来 ， 通常维持
清楚的意识及心智的能力。最重要的精神病理现象
包含思想回声、思想插入或剥夺、思想广播、妄想
性知觉、被控制、被影响或被动等妄想、以第叁人
称批评或讨论病人的听幻觉、思考流程障碍与负性
症状。
精神分裂症之病程 ， 有的是持续性、有的是阵发性
合并进行性或稳定性之退化、有的是一次或多次阵
发性 ， 且完全或不完全之康复。若同时有显着的忧
郁或躁症症状 ， 除非精神分裂的症状於情感障碍之
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