ancient [ 'einʃənt] a.古代的，古老的
ancient ['einʃənt] a. 古代的,古老的
中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature
中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History
The world owes all its onward impulses to men ill at ease. The happy man inevitably confines himself within ancient limits.
世界的全部前进动力都归功于对现状不满的人们，感到愉快的人必然把自己限制在旧框架之内。
In Brazil, many ancient forests are very well preserves.
在巴西，古老的森林保存十分完好。
“The biggest construction project of this century”, explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them.
1986年1月，法国总统弗兰西斯· 密特朗解释说：“这是本世纪最大的建设项目。”当时，他和英国首相玛格丽特·撒切尔一起宣布两国将克服一直以来的争论和偏见，铺设一条横穿分隔两国的狭长海峡的地下隧道。
Each time the dream was a promise out of our ancient articles of faith, phrases from the constitution, lines from the great anthem of the nation, guarantees from the Bill of Rights, all ending with a vision that they might one day all come true。
每一次梦想都是来自于古老的忠诚的承诺，宪法中的词句，国歌中的歌词，人权法案所保证，都是以希望有一天它能成为现实的期望来结束的。
We will all have a course in ancient history this term.
这个学期我们都有一门古代史课程。
This set of ancient china is invaluable.
这套古瓷器非常珍贵。
The beauty of Venice consists largely in the style of its ancient buildings.
威尼斯的美很大程度上在于它那古代建筑的风格。
She loved me once, but that's all ancient history now.
她曾经爱过我，但现在已成往事。
Custom without reason is but ancient error.
习俗没有道理，古代谬误而已。
A What do you think of Beijing?
A 你认为北京怎么样？
B It’s an amazing city. So much history, and at the same time, so modern.
B 北京是个迷人的城市。既有如此悠久的历史，同时又非常现代。
A Yes, it’s changing fast.
A 是的，它正发生着快速的变化。
B It’s got a lot of character. I love the mix of old and new.
B 它很有特色。我喜欢这种古老与现代的结合。
A Yes, you can get the ancient and the modern side-by-side in Beijing.
A 是的，在北京你可以看到古老与现代同时并存。
What do you think of Beijing?
你认为北京怎么样？
It’s an amazing city. So much history, and at the same time, so modern.
北京是个迷人的城市。既有如此悠久的历史，同时又非常现代。
Yes, it’s changing fast.
是的，它正发生着快速的变化。
It’s got a lot of character. I love the mix of old and new.
它很有特色。我喜欢这种古老与现代的结合。
Yes, you can get the ancient and the modern side-by-side in Beijing.
是的，在北京你可以看到古老与现代同时并存。
Along with success comes a reputation for wisdom.
Euripides, Ancient Greek ramatist
伴随成功的是智慧的闻名遐迩。
古希腊剧作家欧晨庇德斯
A healthy mind is in a healthy body.
Juvenal, ancient Roman satirist
健康的思想寓于健康的身体之中。
古罗马讽剌家朱文诺尔
Diseases of the soul are more dangerous than those of the body.
M. T Cicero.Ancient Roman orator and statesman
心灵上的疾病比身体上的疾病更危险。
古罗马演说家、政治家西塞罗.M.T.
Apply yourself to true riches; it is shameful to depend upon silver and gold for a happy life.
Lrcius Annaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher
要争取真正的财富，靠金银谋取幸福是不光彩的。
古罗马哲学家西尼加.L.A.
Economy is in itself a source of great revenue.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher
节约本身就是最大的收入.
罗马哲学家西尼加，L.A.
Call no man happy till he dies, he is at best but fortunate.
Solon, ancient Athenian statesman
人不进棺材，谁也称不上幸福，而至多不过是幸运。
古雅典政治家梭伦
For in all adversity of fortune the worst sort of misery is to have been happy.
A.M S. Boethius, Ancient Roman statesman
在所有不幸中，最不幸的事是曾经幸福过。
古罗马政治家伯修斯.A.M.S.
Only when a man's life comes to its end in prosperity dare we pro-nounce him happy.
Aeschylus.Ancient Greek dramatist
只能当一个人的生命在辉煌中结束时，我们才敢说他是幸福的。
古希腊剧作家埃斯库罗斯
Let bygones be bygones.
Homer ancient Greek poet
过去的事就让它过去吧。
古希腊诗人荷马
Today's today. Tomorrow, we may be ourselves gone down the drain of eternity.
Euripides ancient Creek playwright
今天就是今天，明天我们就消失于永恒之中。
The foundation of true happiness is in the conscience.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, ancient Roman Philosopher
真正的愉快之根本在于良心。
古罗马哲学家西尼加.L.A.
Nothing is easier than to deceive one's self.
Demothenes, Ancient Greek statesman
再没有什么比欺骗自己更容易的了。
古然希腊政治家德摩西尼
We know the good, we apprehend it clearly, but we can't bring it to achievement . To persevere, trusting in what hopes he has, is courage in a man.
Euripides , ancient Creek dramatist.
我们懂得善，我们理解善，但是我们无法实现善。人的勇气就是坚信自己的希望能够实现，并为之进行不屈不挠的努力。。
法国作家赖奇特J. P
Envy is blind and kows nothing except how to depreciate the excellence of others.
Titus Livins Livy, Ancient Rooman historian
嫉妒是瞎子，除了贬低别人的优点之外，什么也不知。
古罗马历史学家李维.T.L.
Cultivation to the mind is as necessary as food for the body.
Cicero, Ancient Roman state4sman and orator
学习对于头脑，如同食物对于身体一样不可缺少。
古罗马政治家、演说家西塞罗
It is not shame for a man to learn that which he knows not, whatever his age.
Soctates, Ancient Greek Philosopher
一个人不论年龄多大，都要学习自己不懂的东西。这不是羞耻。
古腊哲学家苏格拉底
A friend is , as it were, a second self.
Cicero, Ancient Roman statesman
可以说，朋友是另一个自我。
古罗马政治家西塞罗
Don't try to win a friend by presenting gifts. You should instead contribute your sincere love and learn how to win others 'heart through appropriate ways.
Socrates, Ancient Greek philosopher
不要靠馈赠去获得朋友，你必须奉献你诚挚的爱，学会怎样用正当的方法来赢得别人的心。
古希腊哲学家苏格拉底
He that will not allow his friend to share the prize must not expect him to share the danger.
Aesop, Ancient Greek fable writer
不肯让朋友共享果实的人，不要指望朋友与他共患难。
古希腊寓言作家伊索
Every man is a poet when he is in love Plato.
ancient Creek philosopher
每个恋爱中的人都是诗人。
古希腊哲学家柏拉图
God is a circle whose centre is everywhere and whose circumference is nowhere.
Empedocles, Ancient Greek Philosopher
上帝是个圆，圆心到处可见，圆周无处可寻。
古希腊哲学家恩培多克勒
Whom the gods wish to destroy, they first made mad.
Euripiedes, Ancient Greek dramatist
上帝要谁灭亡，必先让他疯狂。
古希腊剧作家欧里庇德斯
When you want knowledge like you want air under water then you will get it.
Scrates.Ancient Greet philosopher Ancien Philosopher
当你需要知识就像你在水底需要空气时，你准能得到它。
古希腊哲学家苏格拉底
Treat other people as you hope they will treat you.
Aesop, Ancient Greek fable writer
你希望别人如何对待你，你就如何对待别人。
古希腊寓言家伊索
Adversity reveals genius; fortune conceals it.
Horace, ancient Roman poet
苦难显才华，好运隐天资。
古罗马诗人贺拉斯
Almost any situation---good or bad ---is affected by the attitude we bring to .
Lucius Annaus Seneca, Ancient Roman philosopher
差不多任何一种处境——无论是好是坏——都受到我们对待处境的态度的影响。
古罗马哲学家西尼加L A
If you want to live your whole life free from pain,
You must become either a god or else a coupes.
Consider other men's troubles,
That will comfort yours.
Menander, Ancient Athenian playwriter
如果你想一生摆脱苦难，
你就得是神或者是死尸。
想想他人的不幸，
你就能坦然面对人生。
古雅典剧作家米南德
Light troubles speak; great troubles keep silent.
Lucius Annaeus Seneneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher
小困难，大声叫嚷；大困难，闷声不响。
古罗马哲学家尼加L A
Optimists always picture themselves accomplishing their goals.
Lucius Anaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman philosopher
乐观主义者总是想象自己实现了目标的情景。
古罗马哲学家西尼加L A
Tough--minded optimists approach problems with a can-do philosophy and emerge stronger from tragedies.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher
意志坚强的乐观主义者用“世上无难事”人生观来思考问题，越是遭受悲剧打击，越是表现得坚强。
古罗马哲学家西尼加L A
As empty vessels make the loudest sound, so they that have least wit are the greatest babblers.
Plato , Ancient Greek Philosopher
正像空容器发出的声音最大，智力最低者最善于唠叨不休。
古希腊哲学家柏拉图
No man can be brave who considers pain the greatest evil of life; or temperate , who regards pleasure as the highest good.
Cicero , ancient Roman statsman
把痛苦视为生活中最大的祸害的人不可能勇敢；把欢乐视为生活中最美妙的人不会自我节制。
古罗马政治家西塞罗
Anger begins with folly, and ends in repentance.
Pythagoras, Ancient Greek mathematician
愤怒以愚蠢开始，以后悔告终。
古希腊数学家毕达哥拉斯
To flee vice is the begnning of virtue, and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom.
Horatirs, ancient Roman poet
远离罪恶是美德之始；摆脱愚蠢乃智慧之源。
古罗马诗人贺拉斯
Law can nerver be enforced unless fear supports it.
Sophocles, Ancient Greek dramatist
如果法律没有恐惧支撑，它绝不能生效。
古希腊剧作家索福克勒斯
Law is order , and good law is good order.
Aristole, Ancient Greek philosopher
法律就是秩序，有好的法律才有好的秩序。
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德
Better be unboun than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune.
Plato ,Ancient Greek phiosopher
与其不受教育，不知不生，因为无知是不幸的根源。
古希腊哲学家柏拉图
Let early education be a sort of a musement; you will then be bette able to find out the natural bent.
Plato, ancient Greek Philosophe
初期教育应是一种娱乐，这样才更容易发现一个人天生的爱好。
古希腊哲学家柏拉图
Only the educated are free.
Epictetus, Ancient Greek philosopher
只有受过教育的人才是自由的。
古希腊哲学家爱比克泰德
Plato is dear to me , but dearer still is truth.
Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher
吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德
The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.
Aristtle, Ancient Greek Philosopher
教育的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德
A picture is a poem without words .
Horace, ancient Roman poet
一幅画是一首没有文字的诗歌。
古罗马诗人贺拉斯
A poet is born, not made.
L.A.Florus, Ancient Roman poet
诗人靠天分，不是靠培养。
古罗马诗人弗洛鲁L A
Painting is silent poetry , and poetry is a apeaking picture.
Simonides, ancient Greek writer
画是无言之诗，诗是有声之画。
古希腊作家西蒙尼特斯
Some people pretend to despise the things they cannot have.
Aesop, ancient Greek fable writer
吃不到葡萄的人说葡萄酸。
古希腊寓言作家伊索
ancient a. 远古的,旧的
ancient a. 远古的,旧的
匕 [bī] /an ancient type of spoon/
豳 [bīn] /name of an ancient city/
兵家 [bīng jiā] /military strategist in ancient China/military commander/soldier/
邴 [bǐng] /(surname)/ancient city name/happy/
郗 [chī] /(surname)/name of an ancient city/
楚 [chǔ] /(surname)/ancient place name/distinct/clear/orderly/pain/suffering/(a surname)/
大禹 [dà yǔ] /Da Yu, name of an ancient hero who successfully controlled floods/
氐 [dī] /name of an ancient tribe/
铎 [duó] /large ancient bell/
酆 [fēng] /(surname)/name of an ancient city/
古 [gǔ] /ancient/old/
古代 [gǔ dài] /ancient times/olden times/
古老 [gǔ lǎo] /ancient/old/age-old/
古罗马 [gǔ luó mǎ] /ancient Rome/
古人 [gǔ rén] /(n) people from ancient times/
古希腊 [gǔ xī là] /ancient Greece/
古希腊语 [gǔ xī là yǔ] /ancient Greek (language)/
虢 [guó] /name of an ancient state/
邗 [hán] /name of an ancient river/
郝 [hǎo] /(surname)/ancient place name/
虎蹲炮 [hǔ dūn pào] /a short-barreled mortar/an ancient catapult/
锾 [huán] /(ancient measure)/money/
鉴 [jiàn] /example/mirror/to view/reflection/to reflect/to inspect/to warn/(ancient bronze mirror)/
今音 [jīn yīn] /modern (i.e. not ancient) pronunciation of a Chinese character/
井田 [jǐng tián] /the well-field system of ancient China/
久远 [jiǔ yuǎn] /old/ancient/far away/
爵 [jué] /nobility/(ancient wine holder with 3 legs and loop handle)/
郦 [lì] /(surname)/ancient place name/
历史久远 [lì shǐ jiǔ yuǎn] /ancient history/
锊 [lüè] /(ancient unit of weight)/
摩揭陀 [mó jiē tuó] /Magadha (in ancient India)/
尚书 [shàng shū] /high official in ancient China/
召 [shào] /(surname)/name of an ancient state/
郯 [tán] /(surname)/name of an ancient city/
头巾 [tóu jīn] /head-covering (for men in ancient clothes)/kerchief/scarf/turban/
吐蕃 [tǔ fān] /ancient name for Tibet/
伪托 [wěi tuō] /faking a modern object as an ancient one/
邬 [wū] /(surname)/ancient place name/
仙草 [xiān cǎo] /a kind of plant used as a medicinal herb in ancient times/
埙 [xūn] /ancient porcelain wind-instrument/
邺 [yè] /(surname)/name of ancient district/
遗址 [yí zhǐ] /(n) ancient ruins/
郢 [yǐng] /name of an ancient city/
远古 [yuǎn gǔ] /antiquity/ancient times/
龠 [yuè] /(ancient measure)/flute/
璋 [zhāng] /ancient stone ornament/
锺 [zhōng] /(ancient measure)/(surname)/
锱 [zī] /ancient weight/one-eighth of a tael/
自古 [zì gǔ] /(since) ancient times/(from) time immemorial/
{adj: Aramaic} of or relating to the ancient Aramaic languages
{adj: Argive} of or relating to the ancient Greek city of Argos or its people
{adj: Boeotian} of or relating to ancient Boeotia or its people or to the dialect spoken there in classical times
"Boeotian dialects"
{adj: Byzantine} of or relating to or characteristic of the Byzantine Empire or the ancient city of Byzantium
{adj: Carthaginian, Punic} of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Carthage or its people or their language
"the Punic Wars"
"Carthaginian peace"
{adj: Chaldean, Chaldaean, Chaldee} of or relating to ancient Chaldea or its people or language or culture
{adj: Dipylon} of or relating to a gateway on the west of ancient Athens
{adj: Ephesan} of or relating to ancient Ephesus or its people or language or culture
{adj: Gallic} of or pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls
"Ancient Gallic dialects"
"Gallic migrations"
"the Gallic Wars"
{adj: Gothic} of or relating to the language of the ancient Goths
"the Gothic Bible translation"
{adj: Greco-Roman, Graeco-Roman, Hellenic} characteristic of the ancient Greek and Roman cultures
{adj: Italic} of or relating to the Italic languages
"ancient Italic dialects"
{adj: Latin} of or relating to the ancient Latins or the Latin language
"Latin verb conjugations"
{adj: Latin} of or relating to the ancient region of Latium
"Latin towns"
{adj: Mycenaean} of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Mycenae or its inhabitants
"Mycenaean bronzes"
{adj: Nicaean, Nicene} of or relating to the ancient city of Nicaea in Asia Minor
{adj: Numidian} of or relating to ancient Numidia or its people or culture
{adj: Olympian} of or pertaining to the greater gods of ancient Greece whose abode was Mount Olympus
"Olympian deities"
{adj: Pharaonic} of or relating to the ancient Egyptian kings
{adj: Philistine} of or relating to ancient Philistia or the culture of the Philistines
{adj: Roman, Romanic} of or relating to or derived from Rome (especially ancient Rome)
"Roman architecture"
"the old Roman wall"
{adj: Roman} characteristic of the modern type that most directly represents the type used in ancient Roman inscriptions
{adj: Scythian} of or relating to the ancient Scythians or their culture or language
{adj: Sumerian} of or relating to ancient Sumer or its inhabitants
{adj: Teutonic, Germanic} of or pertaining to the ancient Teutons or their languages
"Teutonic peoples such as Germans and Scandinavians and British"
"Germanic mythology"
{adj: Trojan} of or relating to the ancient city of Troy or its inhabitants
"Trojan cities"
{adj: Vedic} of or relating to the Vedas or to the ancient Sanskrit in which they were written
"the Vedic literature"
{adj: agonistic} of or relating to the athletic contests held in ancient Greece
{adj: ancient} belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire
"ancient history"
"ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians"
"ancient Greece"
{adj: ancient} very old
"an ancient mariner"
{adj: cautionary, preventive, prophylactic} tending to ward off
"the swastika...a very ancient prophylactic symbol occurring among all peoples"- Victor Schultze
{adj: cisalpine, ultramontane} on the Italian or Roman side of the Alps
"ancient cisalpine Gaul included an area south and east of the Alps"
{adj: colossal, prodigious, stupendous} so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe
"colossal crumbling ruins of an ancient temple"
"has a colossal nerve"
"a prodigious storm"
"a stupendous field of grass"
"stupendous demand"
{adj: cosmopolitan} composed of people from or at home in many parts of the world; especially not provincial in attitudes or interests
"his cosmopolitan benevolence impartially extended to all races and to all creeds"- T.B. Macaulay
"the ancient and cosmopolitan societies of Syria and Egypt"
"that queer, cosmopolitan, rather sinister crowd found around the Marseilles docks"
<-> provincial
{adj: cyprian} resembling the ancient orgiastic worship of Aphrodite on Cyprus
{adj: dual} a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural)
"ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek"
{adj: durable, indestructible, perdurable, undestroyable} very long lasting
"less durable rocks were gradually worn away to form valleys"
"the perdurable granite of the ancient Appalachian spine of the continent"
{adj: hieratic} written or belonging to a cursive form of ancient Egyptian writing
"hieratic Egyptian script"
{adj: hoary, rusty} ancient
"hoary jokes"
{adj: hypnotic, mesmeric, mesmerizing, spellbinding} attracting and holding interest as if by a spell
"read the bedtime story in a hypnotic voice"
"she had a warm mesmeric charm"
"the sheer force of his presence was mesmerizing"
"a spellbinding description of life in ancient Rome"
{adj: implicative, suggestive} tending to suggest or imply
"artifacts suggestive of an ancient society"
"an implicative statement"
{adj: mysterious, mystic, mystical, occult, secret, orphic} having an import not apparent to the senses nor obvious to the intelligence; beyond ordinary understanding
"mysterious symbols"
"the mystical style of Blake"
"occult lore"
"the secret learning of the ancients"
{adj: patrician} of the hereditary aristocracy or ruling class of ancient Rome or medieval Europe; of honorary nobility in the Byzantine empire
<-> plebeian, proletarian
{adj: plebeian} of the common people of ancient Rome
"a plebeian magistrate"
<-> proletarian, patrician
{adj: proletarian, propertyless} the lowest class of citizens of ancient Rome who had no property
<-> patrician, plebeian
{adj: pyrrhic} of or relating to a war dance of ancient Greece
"pyrrhic dance movements"
{adj: singular, unique} the single one of its kind
"a singular example"
"the unique existing example of Donne's handwriting"
"a unique copy of an ancient manuscript"
"certain types of problems have unique solutions"
{adj: traceable, trackable} capable of being traced or tracked
"a traceable riverbed"
"the traceable course of an ancient wall"
<-> untraceable
{adj: transalpine, ultramontane} on or relating to or characteristic of the region or peoples beyond the Alps from Italy (or north of the Alps)
"ancient transalpine Gaul was an area northwest of the Alps and included modern France and Belgium"
"Cracow was a transalpine university"
{adj: unwritten} based on custom rather than documentation
"an unwritten law"
"rites...so ancient that they well might have had their unwritten origins in Aurignacian times"- J.L.T.C.Spence
<-> written
{adj: volumed} furnished with volumes
"a large room volumed with ancient books"
{adj: wooden} made or consisting of (entirely or in part) or employing wood
"a wooden box"
"an ancient cart with wooden wheels"
{adj: wrinkled, wrinkly} marked with wrinkles or furrows
"her ancient wrinkled cheeks"
{adv: anciently} in ancient times; long ago
"a concern with what may have happened anciently"
{n: Abydos} an ancient Greek colony on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles; scene of the legend of Hero and Leander
{n: Actium} an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece
{n: Aden} an important port of Yemen; located on the Gulf of Aden; its strategic location have made it a major trading center of southern Arabia since ancient times
{n: Aegean, Aegean Sea} an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey; a main trade route for the ancient civilizations of Crete and Greece and Rome and Persia
{n: Aegospotami, Aegospotamos} a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC)
{n: Aeolic, Eolic} the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
{n: Aeolis, Aeolia} ancient name for the coastal region of northwestern Asia Minor (including Lesbos)
{n: Aeolus} god of the winds in ancient mythology
{n: Agni} (Sanskrit) god of fire in ancient and traditional India; one of the three chief deities of the Vedas
{n: Akkadian} an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
{n: Alcibiades} ancient Athenian statesman and general in the Peloponnesian War (circa 450-404 BC)
{n: Alexandria, El Iskandriyah} the chief port of Egypt; located on the western edge of the Nile delta on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Alexander the Great; the capital of ancient Egypt
{n: Algiers, Algerian capital} an ancient port on the Mediterranean; the capital and largest city of Algeria
{n: Amaethon} the farmer god; ancient god of agriculture
{n: Ana} mother of the ancient Irish gods; sometimes identified with Danu
{n: Ancient Greek} the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
{n: Antioch, Antakya, Antakiya} a town in southern Turkey; ancient commercial center and capital of Syria; an early center of Christianity
{n: Aphrodite, Cytherea} goddess of love and beauty and daughter of Zeus in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Venus
{n: Appian Way} an ancient Roman road in Italy extending south from Rome to Brindisi; begun in 312 BC
{n: Aramaic} a Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia
{n: Aram} the biblical name for ancient Syria
{n: Aras, Araxes} a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes
{n: Arcadic} the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
{n: Areopagus} a hill to the west of the Athenian acropolis where met the highest governmental council of ancient Athens and later a judicial court
{n: Areopagus} the highest governmental assembly in ancient Athens (later a judicial court)
{n: Arequipa} a city in southern Peru founded in 1540 on the site of an ancient Inca city
{n: Argos} an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC
{n: Aristarchus of Samos} an ancient Greek astronomer who was one of the first to propose a heliocentric theory of the universe (circa 270 BC)
{n: Aristarchus} an ancient Greek grammarian remembered for his commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey (circa 217-145 BC)
{n: Aristophanes} an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)
{n: Aristotle} one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)
{n: Ark, Ark of the Covenant} (Judaism) sacred chest where the ancient Hebrews kept the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments
{n: Armenia, Republic of Armenia, Hayastan} a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet; modern Armenia is but a fragment of ancient Armenia which was one of the world's oldest civilizations; throughout 2500 years the Armenian people have been invaded and oppressed by their neighbors
{n: Assur, Asur, Ashur} an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris and traditional capital of Assyria; just south of the modern city of Mosul in Iraq
{n: Assyrian} an inhabitant of ancient Assyria
{n: Assyria} an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present-day Iraq
{n: Assyriology} archeology of the ancient Assyrians
{n: Astarte, Ashtoreth} an ancient Phoenician goddess of love and fertility; the Phoenician counterpart to Ishtar
{n: Aswan, Assuan, Assouan} an ancient city on the Nile in Egypt; site of the Aswan High Dam
{n: Athens, Athinai, capital of Greece, Greek capital} the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)
"in the 5th century BC ancient Athens was the world's most powerful and civilized city"
{n: Attic, Classical Greek} the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
{n: Attica} the territory of Athens in ancient Greece
{n: Avestan, Zend} an ancient Iranian language
{n: Avestan} the script in which the ancient Persian language of the Avesta is written
{n: Ayurveda} (Sanskrit) an ancient medical treatise summarizing the Hindu art of healing and prolonging life; sometimes regarded as a 5th Veda
{n: Baal} any of numerous local fertility and nature deities worshipped by ancient Semitic peoples; the Hebrews considered Baal a false god
{n: Babylonia, Chaldaea, Chaldea} an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where Daniel became a counselor to the king)
{n: Babylonian} an inhabitant of ancient Babylon
{n: Babylonian} the ideographic and syllabic writing system in which the ancient Babylonian language was written
{n: Babylon} the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia
{n: Bam} an ancient city in southeastern Iran; destroyed by an earthquake in 2003
{n: Bithynia} an ancient country in northwestern Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; was absorbed into the Roman Empire by the end of the 1st century BC
{n: Boeotia} a district of ancient Greece northwest of Athens
{n: Book of Mormon} a sacred text revealed to Joseph Smith in 1830 by an ancient prophet Mormon; supposedly a record of ancient peoples of America translated by Joseph Smith
{n: Braga} an ancient city in northern Portugal
{n: Brahmanism, Brahminism} the religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads
{n: Brescia} an ancient Italian city in central Lombardy
{n: Brutus, Marcus Junius Brutus} statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC)
{n: Byblos} an ancient Mediterranean seaport that was a thriving city state in Phoenicia during the second millennium BC; was the chief port for the export of papyrus; located in Lebanon north of Beirut; now partially excavated
{n: Byzantium} an ancient city on the Bosporus founded by the Greeks; site of modern Istanbul; in 330 Constantine I rebuilt the city and called it Constantinople and made it his capital
{n: Cadiz} an ancient port city in southwestern Spain
{n: Caesarea} an ancient seaport in northwestern Israel; an important Roman city in ancient Palestine
{n: Canaanite} a member of an ancient Semitic people who occupied Canaan before it was conquered by the Israelites
{n: Cannae} ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC
{n: Canyonlands National Park} a national park in Utah having rock formations and ancient cliff dwellings; canyons of the Green River and the Colorado River
{n: Cappadocia} an ancient country is eastern Asia Minor
{n: Carthage} an ancient city state on the north African coast near modern Tunis; founded by Phoenicians; destroyed and rebuilt by Romans; razed by Arabs in 697
{n: Carthaginian} a native or inhabitant of ancient Carthage
{n: Chaldea, Chaldaea} an ancient region of Mesopotamia lying between the Euphrates delta and the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert; settled in 1000 BC and destroyed by the Persians in 539 BC; reached the height of its power under Nebuchadnezzar II
{n: Chaldean, Chaldaean, Chaldee} an inhabitant of ancient Chaldea
{n: Chaos} (Greek mythology) the most ancient of gods; the personification of the infinity of space preceding creation of the universe
{n: Chinese deity} a deity worshipped by the ancient Chinese
{n: City of London, the City} the part of London situated within the ancient boundaries; the commercial and financial center of London
{n: Cleanthes} ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC)
{n: Colchis} (Greek mythology) a region on the Black Sea south of the Caucasus that was the site of an ancient country where (according to Greek mythology) Jason sought the Golden Fleece
{n: Colossae} an ancient city in south western Phrygia in Asia Minor; site of an early Christian Church
{n: Colossian} a native or inhabitant of the city of Colossae in ancient Phrygia
{n: Coptic Church} the ancient Christian church of Egypt
{n: Copt} an Egyptian descended from the ancient Egyptians
{n: Corinth, Korinthos} the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens
{n: Cronus} (Greek mythology) the supreme god until Zeus dethroned him; son of Uranus and Gaea in ancient Greek mythology; identified with Roman Saturn
{n: Cybele, Dindymene, Great Mother, Magna Mater, Mater Turrita} great nature goddess of ancient Phrygia in Asia Minor; counterpart of Greek Rhea and Roman Ops
{n: Cycadaceae, family Cycadaceae, cycad family} ancient palmlike plants closely related to ferns in that fertilization is by means of spermatozoids
{n: Cynic} a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control
{n: Delphi} an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the oracle of Delphi
{n: Demeter} (Greek mythology) goddess of fertility and protector of marriage in ancient mythology; counterpart of Roman Ceres
{n: Demotic, Demotic script} a simplified cursive form of the ancient hieratic script
"Demotic script was eventually replaced by Greek"
{n: Dharma} basic principles of the cosmos; also: an ancient sage in Hindu mythology worshipped as a god by some lower castes;
{n: Dimash, Damascus, capital of Syria} an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus
{n: Diogenes} an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC)
{n: Dionysia, Bacchanalia} an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus (= Bacchus)
{n: Dipylon gate, Dipylon} a gateway on the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found
{n: Doric} the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
{n: Druid} a pre-Christian priest among the Celts of ancient Gaul and Britain and Ireland
{n: Egypt, Arab Republic of Egypt, United Arab Republic} a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC
{n: Egyptian Empire, Egypt} an ancient empire west of Israel; centered on the Nile River and ruled by a Pharaoh; figured in many events described in the Old Testament
{n: Egyptian deity} a deity worshipped by the ancient Egyptians
{n: Egyptian} the ancient and now extinct language of Egypt under the Pharaohs; written records date back to 3000 BC
{n: Egyptology} archeology of ancient Egyptian artifacts
{n: Elam, Susiana} an ancient country in southwestern Asia east of the Tigris River (in what is modern Iran); was known for its warlike people
{n: Elamite} a member of an ancient warlike people living in Elam east of Babylonia as early as 3000 BC
{n: Elamitic, Elamite, Susian} an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites
{n: Eos} (Greek mythology) the winged goddess of the dawn in ancient mythology; daughter of Hyperion; identified with Roman Aurora
{n: Ephesian} a resident of the ancient Greek city of Ephesus
{n: Ephesus} an ancient Greek city on the western shore of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the Temple of Artemis; was a major trading center and played an important role in early Christianity
{n: Epirus} an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwestern Greece and southern Albania
{n: Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians, Epistle to the Colossians, Colossians} a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia
{n: Etruria} an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC
{n: Etruscan} a native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria; the Etruscans influenced the Romans (who had suppressed them by about 200 BC)
{n: Euphrates, Euphrates River} a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia
{n: Euripides} one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece (480-406 BC)
{n: Faunus} (Roman mythology) ancient rural deity; later considered a counterpart of Greek Pan
{n: Flaminian Way} an ancient Roman road in Italy built by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BC; extends north from Rome to cisalpine Gaul
{n: Frank} a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century
{n: Friesland} the western part of the ancient region of Frisia in northern Europe on the North Sea between the Scheldt river and the Weser river; part of this region is now a province in the Netherlands
{n: Frisia} an ancient region of northwestern Europe including the Frisian Islands
{n: Gaea, Gaia, Ge} (Greek mythology) goddess of the earth and mother of Cronus and the Titans in ancient mythology
{n: Galatia} an ancient country in central Asia Minor
{n: Galilee} an area of northern Israel; formerly the northern part of Palestine and the ancient kingdom of Israel; the scene of Jesus's ministry
{n: Gathic} an ancient Iranian language
{n: Gaul, Gallia} an ancient region of western Europe that included what is now northern Italy and France and Belgium and part of Germany and the Netherlands
{n: Gaul} a Celt of ancient Gaul
{n: Giza, El Giza, Gizeh} an ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile opposite Cairo; site of three Great Pyramids and the Sphinx
{n: Gomorrah, Gomorrha} (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Sodom) was destroyed by God for the vice and depravity of its inhabitants
{n: Gordius} legendary king of ancient Phrygia who was said to be responsible for the Gordian knot
{n: Gothic} extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
{n: Greek alphabet} the alphabet used by ancient Greeks
{n: Greek architecture} the architecture of ancient Greece
{n: Greek deity} a deity worshipped by the ancient Greeks
{n: Greek mythology} the mythology of the ancient Greeks
{n: Guadalupe Mountains National Park} a national park in Texas that has the highest point in Texas; includes desert wilderness and the ancient Apache hunting grounds
{n: Hadrian's Wall} an ancient Roman wall built by Hadrian in the 2nd century; marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Britain
{n: Halicarnassus} an ancient Greek city on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the mausoleum at Halicarnassus
{n: Hebrew} the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
{n: Helios} (Greek mythology) ancient god of the sun; drove his chariot across the sky each day; identified with Roman Sol
{n: Hephaestus, Hephaistos} (Greek mythology) the lame god of fire and metalworking in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Vulcan
{n: Hera, Here} queen of the Olympian gods in ancient Greek mythology; sister and wife of Zeus remembered for her jealously of the many mortal women Zeus fell in love with; identified with Roman Juno
{n: Herat} a city in northwestern Afghanistan on the site of several ancient cities
{n: Herculaneum} ancient city; now destroyed
{n: Herodotus} the ancient Greek known as the father of history; his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing (485-425 BC)
{n: Hestia} (Greek mythology) the goddess of the hearth and its fire in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Vesta
{n: Hippo, Hippo Regius} an ancient Numidian town in northwestern Africa adjoining present-day Annaba in northeastern Algeria
{n: Hittite} a member of an ancient people who inhabited Anatolia and northern Syria about 2000 to 1200 BC
{n: Homer} ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)
{n: Hot Springs National Park} a national park in Arkansas featuring ancient hot springs; bathing is said to have therapeutic effects
{n: Hyperborean} (Greek mythology) one of a people that the ancient Greeks believed lived in a warm and sunny land north of the source of the north wind
{n: Hyperion} (Greek mythology) a Titan who was the son of Gaea and Uranus and the father of Helios and Selene and Eos in ancient mythology
{n: Iapetus} (Greek mythology) the Titan who was father of Atlas and Epimetheus and Prometheus in ancient mythology
{n: Iberian} a native or inhabitant of the Iberian Peninsula (especially in ancient times)
{n: Iberia} an ancient geographical region south of the Caucasus Mountains that corresponded approximately to the present-day Georgia
{n: Ibizan hound, Ibizan Podenco} breed of slender agile medium-sized hound found chiefly in the Balearic Islands; said to have been bred originally by the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt
{n: Illyria} an uncertain region on the east shore of the Adriatic where an ancient Indo-European people once lived
{n: Ionia} region of western Asia Minor colonized by Ancient Greeks
{n: Ionic} the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
{n: Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran, Persia} a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil
{n: Iraq, Republic of Iraq, Al-Iraq, Irak} a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq
{n: Israelite} a native or inhabitant of the ancient kingdom of Israel
{n: Israel} an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Saul around 1025 BC and destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC
{n: Istanbul, Stambul, Stamboul, Constantinople} the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church
{n: Isthmian Games} the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially on the Isthmus of Corinth in the first and third years of each Olympiad
{n: Jerusalem, capital of Israel} capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom
{n: Judah, Juda} an ancient kingdom of southern Palestine with Jerusalem as its center
{n: Judea, Judaea} the southern part of ancient Palestine succeeding the kingdom of Judah; a Roman province at the time of Christ
{n: Kamasutra} (Hinduism) an ancient Sanskrit text giving rules for sensuous and sensual pleasure and love and marriage in accordance with Hindu law
{n: Kandy} a city of central Sri Lanka that was the last capital of the ancient kings of Ceylon; a resort and religious center
{n: Kassite, Cassite} a member of an ancient people who ruled Babylonia between 1600 and 1200 BC
{n: Kassite, Cassite} an ancient language spoken by the Kassites
{n: Kenai Fjords National Park} a national park in Alaska having mountains and whale watching and ancient Indian copper mines
{n: Knossos, Cnossos, Cnossus} an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC
{n: Laconia} an ancient region of southern Greece in the southeastern Peloponnesus; dominated by Sparta
{n: Latin} an inhabitant of ancient Latium
{n: Latin} any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
{n: Latium, Lazio} an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea
{n: Leto, Latona} wife or mistress of Zeus and mother of Apollo and Artemis in ancient mythology; called Latona in Roman mythology
{n: Lilith} in ancient Semitic folklore: a female demon who attacks children
{n: Ludi Saeculares, secular games} the centennial rites and games of ancient Rome that marked the commencement of a new generation (100 years representing the longest life in a generation); observances may have begun as early as the 5th century BC and lasted well into the Christian era
{n: Lug, Lugh} ancient Celtic god
{n: Luoyang, Loyang} a city in east central China; the capital of ancient China during several dynasties
{n: Lusitania} ancient region and Roman province on the Iberian Peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain
{n: Lycia} an ancient region on the coast of southwest Asia Minor
{n: Lydia} an ancient region on the coast of western Asia Minor; a powerful kingdom until conquered by the Persians in 546 BC
{n: Macedon, Macedonia, Makedonija} the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria
{n: Memphis} an ancient city of Egypt on the Nile (south of Cairo)
{n: Menander} comic dramatist of ancient Greece (342-292 BC)
{n: Mesopotamia} the land between the Tigris and Euphrates; site of several ancient civilizations; part of what is now known as Iraq
{n: Middle East, Mideast, Near East} the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century
"the Middle East is the cradle of Western civilization"
{n: Midrash} (Judaism) an ancient commentary on part of the Hebrew scriptures that is based on Jewish methods of interpretation and attached to the biblical text
{n: Minos} son of Zeus and Europa; king of ancient Crete; ordered Daedalus to build the labyrinth; after death Minos became a judge in the underworld
{n: Mithraism, Mithraicism} ancient Persian religion; popular among Romans during first three centuries a.d.
{n: Mithras, Mithra} ancient Persian god of light and truth; sun god
{n: Mithridates, Mithridates VI, Mithridates the Great} ancient king of Pontus who expanded his kingdom by defeating the Romans but was later driven out by Pompey (132-63 BC)
{n: Modern Hebrew} Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
{n: Mormon} the ancient prophet whose writings were revealed to Joseph Smith who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
{n: Muse} in ancient Greek mythology any of 9 daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne; protector of an art or science
{n: Mycenaen} a native or inhabitant of ancient Mycenae
{n: Mycenae} an ancient city is southern Greece; center of the Mycenaean civilization during the late Bronze Age
{n: Nablus} an ancient city in the West Bank north of Jerusalem; the home of Jacob in biblical times
{n: Nag Hammadi, Nag Hammadi Library} a collection of 13 ancient papyrus codices translated from Greek into Coptic that were discovered by farmers near the town of Nag Hammadi in 1945; the codices contain 45 distinct works including the chief sources of firsthand knowledge of Gnosticism
{n: Nemean Games} the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially at Nemea in the second and fourth years of each Olympiad
{n: Nicaea} an ancient city in Bithynia; founded in the 4th century BC and flourished under the Romans; the Nicene Creed was adopted there in 325
{n: Nineveh} an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris across from the modern city of Mosul in the northern part of what is now known as Iraq
{n: Norse deity} a deity worshipped by the ancient Norsemen
{n: Nubia} an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile; much of Nubia is now under Lake Nasser
{n: Numidian} an inhabitant of ancient Numidia
{n: Numidia} an ancient kingdom (later a Roman province) North Africa in an area corresponding roughly to present-day Algeria
{n: Oceanus} (Greek mythology) god of the stream that flowed around the earth in ancient mythology
{n: Old Frisian} the Frisian language until the 16th century; the Germanic language of ancient Frisia
{n: Olympiad} one of the four-year intervals between Olympic Games; used to reckon time in ancient Greece for twelve centuries beginning in 776 BC
{n: Olympian Games, Olympic Games} the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Olympia in honor of Zeus; held every 4 years beginning in 776 BC
{n: Olympian Zeus} a seated statue of the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology created for the temple at Olympia; the statue was 40 feet tall and rested on a base that was 12 feet high
{n: Olympic Games, Olympics, Olympiad} the modern revival of the ancient games held once every 4 years in a selected country
{n: Olympus, Mount Olympus, Mt. Olympus, Olimbos} a mountain peak in northeast Greece near the Aegean coast; believed by ancient Greeks to be the dwelling place of the gods (9,570 feet high)
{n: Ops} (Roman mythology) goddess of abundance and fertility; wife of Saturn; counterpart of Greek Rhea and Cybele of ancient Asia Minor
{n: Oscan} an Oscan-speaking member of an ancient people of Campania
{n: Oscan} an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
{n: Osco-Umbrian} a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
{n: Ouranos, Uranus} (Greek mythology) god of the heavens; son and husband of Gaea and father of the Titans in ancient mythology
{n: Oxbridge} general term for an ancient and prestigious and privileged university (especially Oxford University or Cambridge University)
{n: Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Pakistan, West Pakistan} a Muslim republic that occupies the heartland of ancient south Asian civilization in the Indus River valley; formerly part of India; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947
{n: Palestine, Canaan, Holy Land, Promised Land} an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism
{n: Pali} an ancient Prakrit language (derived from Sanskrit) that is the scriptural and liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism
{n: Parthia} an ancient country in Asia on the Caspian Sea; dominated southwestern Asia from about 100 BC to 200 AD
{n: Pergamum} an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey; the technique of preparing sheepskins as parchment was developed here
{n: Persephone, Despoina, Kore, Cora} (Greek mythology) daughter of Zeus and Demeter; made queen of the underworld by Pluto in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Proserpina
{n: Persepolis} an ancient city that was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire; now in ruins
{n: Persian deity} a deity worshiped by the ancient Persians
{n: Persian, Farsi} the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
{n: Pharaoh, Pharaoh of Egypt} the title of the ancient Egyptian kings
{n: Pharisee} a member of an ancient Jewish sect noted for strict obedience to Jewish traditions
{n: Phidias, Pheidias} ancient Greek sculptor (circa 500-432 BC)
{n: Philip II, Philip II of Macedon} king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC)
{n: Philip V} king of ancient Macedonia whose confrontations with the Romans led to his defeat and his loss of control over Greece
{n: Philippian} a native or inhabitant of Philippi in ancient Macedonia
{n: Philippi} a city in ancient Macedonia that was important in early Christianity
{n: Philistia} an ancient region on the coast of southwestern Palestine that was strategically located on a trade route between Syria and Egypt; important in biblical times
{n: Philistine} a member of an Aegean people who settled ancient Philistia around the 12th century BC
{n: Phoenicia, Phenicia} an ancient maritime country (a collection of city states) at eastern end of the Mediterranean
{n: Phoenician} a member of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the first millennium B.C.
{n: Phoenician} the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
{n: Phrygian deity} deity of the ancient Phrygians of west central Asia Minor
{n: Phrygian} a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
{n: Phrygia} an ancient country in western and central Asia Minor
{n: Plato's Academy} a school established by Plato in ancient Athens
"Plato's Academy continued for several hundred years after Plato died"
{n: Plato} ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)
{n: Plautus, Titus Maccius Plautus} comic dramatist of ancient Rome (253?-184 BC)
{n: Plovdiv, Philippopolis} an ancient city in southern Bulgaria; commercial center of an agricultural region
{n: Pluto, Hades, Aides, Aidoneus} (Greek mythology) the god of the underworld in ancient mythology; brother of Zeus and husband of Persephone
{n: Pompeii} ancient city southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius
{n: Pontus, Pontos} (Greek mythology) ancient personification of the sea; father of Nereus
{n: Pontus} an ancient region of northern Asia Minor on the Black Sea; it reached its height under Mithridates VI but was later incorporated into the Roman Empire
{n: Poseidon} (Greek mythology) the god of the sea and earthquakes in ancient mythology; brother of Zeus and Hades and Hera; identified with Roman Neptune
{n: Praetorian Guard} the elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor in ancient Rome
{n: Praxiteles} ancient Greek sculptor (circa 370-330 BC)
{n: Ptolemy, Ptolemaic dynasty} an ancient dynasty of Macedonian kings who ruled Egypt from 323 BC to 30 BC; founded by Ptolemy I and ended with Cleopatra
{n: Punic} the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
{n: Pydna, Battle of Pydna} a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom
{n: Pyramid, Great Pyramid, Pyramids of Egypt} a massive monument with a square base and four triangular sides; begun by Cheops around 2700 BC as royal tombs in ancient Egypt
{n: Pythian Games} the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Delphi held every four years in the third year of the Olympiad in honor of Apollo
{n: Ra, Re} ancient Egyptian sun god with the head of a hawk; a universal creator; he merged with the god Amen as Amen-Ra to become the king of the gods
{n: Rameses, Ramesses, Ramses} any of 12 kings of ancient Egypt between 1315 and 1090 BC
{n: Rawalpindi} an ancient city in northeastern Pakistan; served as capital of Pakistan while Islamabad was being built
{n: Rhea} fertility goddess in ancient Greek mythology; wife of Cronus and mother of Zeus; identified with Roman Ops and Cybele of ancient Asia Minor
{n: Roman Empire} an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the eastern or Byzantine Empire; at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome
{n: Roman Republic} the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar
{n: Roman alphabet, Latin alphabet} the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe
{n: Roman architecture} the architecture of ancient Rome
{n: Roman building} a building constructed by the ancient Romans
{n: Roman calendar} the lunar calender in use in ancient Rome; replaced by the Julian calendar in 46 BC
{n: Roman deity} a deity worshipped by the ancient Romans
{n: Roman law, Justinian code, civil law, jus civile} the legal code of ancient Rome; codified under Justinian; the basis for many modern systems of civil law
{n: Roman mythology} the mythology of the ancient Romans
{n: Roman pace} an ancient Roman unit of length (4.85 English feet) measured as the distance from the heel of one foot to the heel of the same foot when next it touches the ground
{n: Roman} an inhabitant of the ancient Roman Empire
{n: Rubicon} the boundary in ancient times between Italy and Gaul; Caesar's crossing it with his army in 49 BC was an act of war
{n: Sabellian} an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
{n: Sabine} a member of an ancient Oscan-speaking people of the central Apennines north of Rome who were conquered and assimilated into the Roman state in 290 BC
{n: Sadducee} a member of an ancient Jewish sect around the time of Jesus; opposed to the Pharisees
{n: Samaria} an ancient city in central Palestine founded in the 9th century BC as the capital of the northern Hebrew kingdom of Israel; the site is in present-day northwestern Jordan
{n: Samnite} an Oscan-speaking member of an ancient people of Campania who clashed repeatedly with the early Romans
{n: Sanhedrin} the supreme judicial and ecclesiastical council of ancient Jerusalem
{n: Sanskrit, Sanskritic language} (Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
{n: Sardis} an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey; as the capital of Lydia it was the cultural center of Asia Minor; destroyed by Tamerlane in 1402
{n: Saturnalia} an orgiastic festival in ancient Rome in honor of Saturn
{n: Sayda, Saida, Sidon} the main city of ancient Phoenicia
{n: Scythian} a member of the ancient nomadic people inhabiting Scythia
{n: Scythian} the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
{n: Scythia} an ancient area of Eurasia extending from the Black Sea to the Aral Sea that was populated by Scythians from the eighth to the fourth century BC
{n: Selene} (Greek mythology) goddess of the moon in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Luna
{n: Semitic deity} a deity worshipped by the ancient Semites
{n: Seven Hills of Rome} the hills on which the ancient city of Rome was built
{n: Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Seven Wonders of the World} impressive monuments created in the ancient world that were regarded with awe
{n: Sherwood Forest} an ancient forest in central England; formerly a royal hunting ground; said to be the home of Robin Hood and his merry band
{n: Shinto, Shintoism} the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma; characterized by a veneration of nature spirits and of ancestors
{n: Shiraz} a city in central southwestern Iran; ruins of ancient Persepolis are nearby
{n: Silk Road} an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles); followed by Marco Polo in the 13th century to reach Cathay
{n: Sisyphus} (Greek legend) a king in ancient Greece who offended Zeus and whose punishment was to roll a huge boulder to the top of a steep hill; each time the boulder neared the top it rolled back down and Sisyphus was forced to start again
{n: Socrates} ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)
{n: Sodom} (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Gomorrah) was destroyed by God for the wickedness of its inhabitants
{n: Sol} (Roman mythology) ancient Roman god; personification of the sun; counterpart of Greek Helios
{n: Sophocles} one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC)
{n: Sparta} an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC
{n: Stagira, Stagirus} an ancient town of Greece where Aristotle was born
{n: Stoicism} (philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno
{n: Stoic} a member of the ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno
"a Stoic achieves happiness by submission to destiny"
{n: Stonehenge} an ancient megalithic monument in southern England; probably used for ritual purposes
{n: Sumerian} a member of a people who inhabited ancient Sumer
{n: Sumerology} the archeology of ancient Sumerians
{n: Syria, Syrian Arab Republic} an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization
{n: Tabriz} an ancient city in northwestern Iran; known for hot springs
{n: Taiyuan} an ancient city in northeastern China noted for coal mining and steel production
{n: Talmudic literature} (Judaism) ancient rabbinical writings
{n: Talmud} the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism
{n: Te Deum} an ancient liturgical hymn
{n: Temple of Artemis} a large temple at Ephesus that was said to be one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
{n: Terence, Publius Terentius Afer} dramatist of ancient Rome (born in Greece) whose comedies were based on works by Menander (190?-159 BC)
{n: Teutonic deity} (German mythology) a deity worshipped by the ancient Teutons
{n: Teuton} a member of the ancient Germanic people who migrated from Jutland to southern Gaul and were annihilated by the Romans
{n: Thea, Theia} (Greek mythology) the Titaness who was mother of Helios and Selene and Eos in ancient mythology
{n: Theban} a Greek inhabitant of ancient Thebes
{n: Theban} an Egyptian inhabitant of ancient Thebes
{n: Thebes} an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC; today the archeological remains include many splendid temples and tombs
{n: Thebes} an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC
{n: Themis} (Greek mythology) the Titaness who was goddess of justice in ancient mythology
{n: Thessalia, Thessaly} a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece
{n: Thrace} a region and ancient country and wine producing region in the east of the Balkan Peninsula north of the Aegean Sea; colonized by ancient Greeks; later a Roman province; now divided between Bulgaria and Greece and Turkey
{n: Thracian} a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
{n: Thracian} an inhabitant of ancient Thrace
{n: Thucydides} ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)
{n: Thule, ultima Thule} the geographical region believed by ancient geographers to be the northernmost land in the inhabited world
{n: Timgad} an ancient town founded by the Romans; noted for extensive and well-preserved ruins
{n: Titaness} (Greek mythology) any of the primordial giant goddesses who were offspring of Uranus (heaven) and Gaea (earth) in ancient mythology
{n: Tivoli, Tibur} a town twenty miles east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls
{n: Tribes of Israel, Twelve Tribes of Israel} twelve kin groups of ancient Israel each traditionally descended from one of the twelve sons of Jacob
{n: Trojan, Dardan, Dardanian} a native of ancient Troy
{n: Troy, Ilion, Ilium} an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War
{n: Umbrian} an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
{n: Ur} an ancient city of Sumer located on a former channel of the Euphrates River
{n: Utica} an ancient city on the north coast of Africa (northwest of Carthage); destroyed by Arabs around 700 AD
{n: Vanir} (Norse mythology) race of ancient gods sometimes in conflict with the Aesir
{n: Vedic literature, Veda} (from the Sanskrit word for `knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit; traditionally believed to comprise the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads
{n: Voyageurs National Park} a national park in Minnesota having ancient rock outcroppings and evergreen forests
{n: Xian, Sian, Singan, Changan, Hsian} a city of central China; capital of ancient Chinese empire 221-206 BC
{n: Zaragoza, Saragossa} an ancient city on the Ebro River in northeastern Spain; formerly the capital of Aragon
{n: Zealot} a member of an ancient Jewish sect in Judea in the first century who fought to the death against the Romans and who killed or persecuted Jews who collaborated with the Romans
{n: Zeno, Zeno of Citium} ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Stoic school (circa 335-263 BC)
{n: Zeno, Zeno of Elea} ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC)
{n: Zeus} (Greek mythology) the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology; son of Rhea and Cronus whom he dethroned; husband and brother of Hera; brother of Poseidon and Hades; father of many gods; counterpart of Roman Jupiter
{n: acropolis} the citadel in ancient Greek towns
{n: agon} a festivity in ancient Greece at which competitors contended for prizes
{n: agora, public square} a place of assembly for the people in ancient Greece
{n: agora} the marketplace in ancient Greece
{n: amphictyony} an association of neighboring states or tribes in ancient Greece; established originally to defend a common religious center
{n: amphora} an ancient jar with two handles and a narrow neck; used to hold oil or wine
{n: ancient history} a history of the ancient world
{n: ancient history} knowledge of some recent fact or event that has become so commonly known that it has lost its original pertinence
{n: ancient pine, Pinus longaeva} small slow-growing pine of western United States similar to the bristlecone pine; chocolate brown bark in plates and short needles in bunches of 5; crown conic but becoming rough and twisted; oldest plant in the world growing to 5000 years in cold semidesert mountain tops
{n: ancient, antediluvian} a very old person
{n: ancients} people who lived in times long past (especially during the historical period before the fall of the Roman Empire in western Europe)
{n: ancient} a person who lived in ancient times
{n: apadana} the great hall in ancient Persian palaces
{n: archaebacteria, archaebacterium, archaeobacteria, archeobacteria} considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae
{n: arena} the central area of an ancient Roman amphitheater where contests and spectacles were held; especially an area that was strewn with sand
{n: assize} an ancient writ issued by a court of assize to the sheriff for the recovery of property
{n: atomism, atomic theory, atomist theory, atomistic theory} (chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles
"the ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Epicurus held atomic theories of the universe"
<-> holism
{n: augur, auspex} (ancient Rome) a religious official who interpreted omens to guide public policy
{n: basilisk} ancient brass cannon
{n: bath} an ancient Hebrew liquid measure equal to about 10 gallons
{n: battledore, battledore and shuttlecock} an ancient racket game
{n: berserker, berserk} one of the ancient Norse warriors legendary for working themselves into a frenzy before a battle and fighting with reckless savagery and insane fury
{n: blood} the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart
"blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries waste products away"
"the ancients believed that blood was the seat of the emotions"
{n: borrowing, adoption} the appropriation (of ideas or words etc) from another source
"the borrowing of ancient motifs was very apparent"
{n: boustrophedon} an ancient writing system: having alternate lines written in opposite directions; literally `as the ox ploughs'
{n: calceus} a shoe covering the ankle; worn by ancient Romans
{n: canopic jar, canopic vase} a jar used in ancient Egypt to contain entrails of an embalmed body
{n: catacomb} an underground tunnel with recesses where bodies were buried (as in ancient Rome)
{n: centurion} (ancient Rome) the leader of 100 soldiers
{n: chariot race} a race between ancient chariots
{n: chariot} a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle vehicle; used in war and races in ancient Egypt and Greece and Rome
{n: chiton} a woolen tunic worn by men and women in ancient Greece
{n: chlamys} a short mantle or cape fastened at the shoulder; worn by men in ancient Greece
{n: choragus} (ancient Greece) leader of a group or festival; leader of a chorus
{n: city, metropolis, urban center} a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts
"Ancient Troy was a great city"
{n: classical Latin} the language of educated people in ancient Rome
"Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
{n: classical architecture, Greco-Roman architecture} architecture influenced by the ancient Greeks or Romans
{n: classical style} the artistic style of ancient Greek art with its emphasis on proportion and harmony
{n: classicism, classicalism} a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms
"classicism often derived its models from the ancient Greeks and Romans"
<-> Romanticism
{n: classicist, classical scholar} a student of ancient Greek and Latin
{n: classics} study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome
{n: codex, leaf-book} an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)
{n: common mullein, great mullein, Aaron's rod, flannel mullein, woolly mullein, torch, Verbascum thapsus} tall-stalked very woolly mullein with densely packed yellow flowers; ancient Greeks and Romans dipped the stalks in tallow for funeral torches
{n: crucifixion} the act of executing by a method widespread in the ancient world; the victim's hands and feet are bound or nailed to a cross
{n: cubit} an ancient unit of length based on the length of the forearm
{n: cul de lampe} a corbel resembling the conical bottom of ancient lamps
{n: cuneiform} an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia
{n: dithyramb} (ancient Greece) a passionate hymn (usually in honor of Dionysus)
{n: divinity} the quality of being divine
"ancient Egyptians believed in the divinity of the Pharaohs"
{n: element} one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe
"the alchemists believed that there were four elements"
{n: eparchy} a province in ancient Greece
{n: eparch} the governor or prefect of an eparchy in ancient Greece
{n: ephah, epha} an ancient Hebrew unit of dry measure equal to about a bushel
{n: epicureanism} a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers
{n: epigraphy} the study of ancient inscriptions
{n: exode} a farcical afterpiece in the ancient Roman theater
{n: fasces} bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade protruding; in ancient Rome it was a symbol of a magistrate's power; in modern Italy it is a symbol of fascism
{n: faun} ancient Italian deity in human shape, with horns, pointed ears and a goat's tail; equivalent to Greek satyr
{n: flamen} a priest who served a particular deity in ancient Rome
{n: genus Magnolia} shrubs or trees of North America or Asia having entire evergreen or deciduous leaves; among most ancient of angiosperm genera
{n: gladiator} (ancient Rome) a professional combatant or a captive who entertained the public by engaging in mortal combat
{n: gnosis} intuitive knowledge of spiritual truths; said to have been possessed by ancient Gnostics
{n: greyhound} a tall slender dog of an ancient breed noted for swiftness and keen sight; used as a racing dog
{n: hecatomb} a great sacrifice; an ancient Greek or Roman sacrifice of 100 oxen
{n: herm} a statue consisting of a squared stone pillar with a carved head (usually a bearded Hermes) on top; used in ancient Greece as a boundary marker or signpost
{n: hieroglyph, hieroglyphic} a writing system using picture symbols; used in ancient Egypt
{n: hin} ancient Hebrew unit of liquid measure = 1.5 gallons
{n: homer, kor} an ancient Hebrew unit of capacity equal to 10 baths or 10 ephahs
{n: honor killing} an ancient Muslim tradition still sometimes observed; a male member of the family kills a female relative for tarnishing the family image
{n: hornpipe, pibgorn, stockhorn} an ancient (now obsolete) single-reed woodwind; usually made of bone
{n: ichneumon, Herpestes ichneumon} northern African mongoose; in ancient times thought to devour crocodile eggs
{n: indiction} a 15-year cycle used as a chronological unit in ancient Rome and adopted in some medieval kingdoms
{n: kylix, cylix} a shallow drinking cup with two handles; used in ancient Greece
{n: laver} (Old Testament) large basin used by a priest in an ancient Jewish temple to perform ritual ablutions
{n: lingua franca, interlanguage, koine} a common language used by speakers of different languages
"Koine is a dialect of ancient Greek that was the lingua franca of the empire of Alexander the Great and was widely spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Roman times"
{n: lyre} a harp used by ancient Greeks for accompaniment
{n: magus} a magician or sorcerer of ancient times
{n: magus} a member of the Zoroastrian priesthood of the ancient Persians
{n: mare nostrum} (our sea) the Mediterranean to the ancient Romans
{n: mastaba, mastabah} an ancient Egyptian mud-brick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof
"the Egyptian pyramids developed from the mastaba"
{n: medallion} any of various large ancient Greek coins
{n: medina} the ancient quarter of many cities in northern Africa
{n: metic} an alien who paid a fee to reside in an ancient Greek city
{n: mile, Roman mile} an ancient Roman unit of length equivalent to 1620 yards
{n: mummy} a body embalmed and dried and wrapped for burial (as in ancient Egypt)
{n: naumachy, naumachia} a naval spectacle; a mock sea battle put on by the ancient Romans
{n: numen} a spirit believed to inhabit an object or preside over a place (especially in ancient Roman religion)
{n: nymph} (classical mythology) a minor nature goddess usually depicted as a beautiful maiden
"the ancient Greeks believed that nymphs inhabited forests and bodies of water"
{n: orgy} secret rite in the cults of ancient Greek or Roman deities involving singing and dancing and drinking and sexual activity
{n: pachisi} an ancient board game resembling backgammon; played on a cross-shaped board
{n: paean, pean} (ancient Greece) a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity)
{n: palatine} any of various important officials in ancient Rome
{n: paleoecology, palaeoecology} the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology
{n: paleogeography, palaeogeography} the study of the geography of ancient times or ancient epochs
{n: paleography} the study of ancient forms of writing (and the deciphering of them)
{n: paleomammalogy} the paleobiology of ancient mammals
{n: palestra, palaestra} a public place in ancient Greece or Rome devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes
{n: pallium} cloak or mantle worn by men in ancient Rome
{n: papyrus} paper made from the papyrus plant by cutting it in strips and pressing it flat; used by ancient Egyptians and Greeks and Romans
{n: pendragon} the supreme war chief of the ancient Britons
{n: peplos, peplus, peplum} a garment worn by women in ancient Greece; cloth caught at the shoulders and draped in folds to the waist
{n: phlegm, sputum} expectorated matter; saliva mixed with discharges from the respiratory passages; in ancient and medieval physiology it was believed to cause sluggishness
{n: phyle} a tribe of ancient Athenians
{n: pontifex} a member of the highest council of priests in ancient Rome
{n: praenomen} the first name of a citizen of ancient Rome
{n: praetor, pretor} an annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic
{n: praetorium, pretorium} the tent of an ancient Roman general
{n: procurator} (ancient Rome) someone employed by the Roman Emperor to manage finance and taxes
{n: psaltery} an ancient stringed instrument similar to the lyre or zither but having a trapezoidal sounding board under the strings
{n: pyrrhic} an ancient Greek dance imitating the motions of warfare
{n: pyxis} a small box used by ancient Greeks to hold medicines
{n: quaestor} any of several public officials of ancient Rome (usually in charge of finance and administration)
{n: quipu} calculator consisting of a cord with attached cords; used by ancient Peruvians for calculating and keeping records
{n: roman, roman type, roman letters, roman print} a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions
{n: royal tennis, real tennis, court tennis} an ancient form of tennis played in a four-walled court
{n: rune, runic letter} any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages
"each rune had its own magical significance"
{n: sacred ibis, Threskiornis aethiopica} African ibis venerated by ancient Egyptians
{n: satrap} a governor of a province in ancient Persia
{n: satyr play} an ancient Greek burlesque with a chorus of satyrs
{n: scarab, scarabaeus, Scarabaeus sacer} scarabaeid beetle considered divine by ancient Egyptians
{n: scholiast} a scholar who writes explanatory notes on an author (especially an ancient commentator on a classical author)
{n: scyphus} an ancient Greek drinking cup; two handles and footed base
{n: shofar, shophar} an ancient musical horn made from the horn of a ram; used in ancient times by the Israelites to sound a warning or a summons; used in synagogues today on solemn occasions
{n: sibyl} (ancient Rome) a woman who was regarded as an oracle or prophet
{n: sphinx} one of a number of large stone statues with the body of a lion and the head of a man that were built by the ancient Egyptians
{n: stater} any of the various silver or gold coins of ancient Greece
{n: stele, stela} an ancient upright stone slab bearing markings
{n: tea ceremony, chanoyu} an ancient ritual for preparing and serving and drinking tea
{n: tenure, land tenure} the right to hold property; part of an ancient hierarchical system of holding lands
{n: terminus, terminal figure, term} (architecture) a statue or a human bust or an animal carved out of the top of a square pillar; originally used as a boundary marker in ancient Rome
{n: toga virilis} (ancient Rome) a toga worn by a youth as a symbol of manhood and citizenship
{n: toga} a one-piece cloak worn by men in ancient Rome
{n: torch race} (ancient Greece) in which a torch is passed from one runner to the next
{n: tribune} (ancient Rome) an official elected by the plebeians to protect their interests
{n: triclinium} a dining table with couches along three sides in ancient Rome
{n: trigon} a triangular lyre of ancient Greece and Rome
{n: trireme} ancient Greek or Roman galley or warship having three tiers of oars on each side
{n: triumvir} one of a group of three sharing public administration or civil authority especially in ancient Rome
{n: true laurel, bay, bay laurel, bay tree, Laurus nobilis} small Mediterranean evergreen tree with small blackish berries and glossy aromatic leaves used for flavoring in cooking; also used by ancient Greeks to crown victors
{n: tyrant} in ancient Greece, a ruler who had seized power without legal right to it
{n: villa} country house in ancient Rome consisting of residential quarters and farm buildings around a courtyard
{n: ziggurat, zikkurat, zikurat} a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
{v: Christianize} adapt in the name of Christianity
"some people want to Christianize ancient pagan sites"
{v: conserve, preserve, maintain, keep up} keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction
"We preserve these archeological findings"
"The old lady could not keep up the building"
"children must be taught to conserve our national heritage"
"The museum curator conserved the ancient manuscripts"
{v: follow} adhere to or practice
"These people still follow the laws of their ancient religion"
{v: groan, moan, sough} indicate pain, discomfort, or displeasure
"The students groaned when the professor got out the exam booklets"
"The ancient door soughed when opened"
{v: invoke, appeal} cite as an authority ; resort to
"He invoked the law that would save him"
"I appealed to the law of 1900"
"She invoked an ancient law"
{v: mythicize, mythicise} interpret as a myth or in terms of mythology
"mythicize the ancient stories"
{v: reposit} put (something) in a place for storage
"the treasure found int he ancient tomb was reposited in the museum"
{v: transfer, transpose, transplant} transfer from one place or period to another
"The ancient Greek story was transplanted into Modern America"
{v: verse, versify, poetize, poetise} compose verses or put into verse
"He versified the ancient saga"
He thought nothing of combing existing Venetian buildings of his day with ancient Roman monuments and, as an ended touch, he often draped them with wreaths of ivy.
他并不在乎把他那个年代存在的威尼斯的建筑物和古罗马的遗迹结合在一起的画法，作为补充的手法，他常常用常春藤的花环装饰他的画。
At Kyongju Hilton, in the city which was the former ancient capital of the Shila dynasty in Korea local visitors turned out in droves for a weekend stay to take advantage of cheaper hotel rates, from as low as 76,000 won( $119) per night.
庆州希尔顿饭店坐落在朝鲜新罗王朝的古都庆州城内，现在，当地的游客都驱车前来度周末以享受一下比以前便宜了的旅店服务－每晚的价格最低为 7．6万（合 119美元）韩圆。
Chinese Americans retain many aspects of their ancient culture, even after having lived here for several generations.
美籍华人保留了他们古老文化的许多方面，甚至在美国生活了几代人之后也是如此。
Sugden, a geologist at the University of Edinburgh, was trying to date an ancient volcanic eruption in East Antarctica when he and his colleagues uncovered the old ice.
爱丁堡大学地质学家萨格登是在南极洲东部设法测定一次古老的火山爆发的年代时与其同事发现的那段古老的冰层。
Sugden's ancient ice suggests that Antarctica's climate has remained fairly stable for at least 8 million years.
萨格登所发现的古老的冰层表明南极洲至少保持了 800万年相当稳定的气候。
He is now studying the amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases in air bubbles in the ice, seeking to understand the ancient atmosphere.
他现在在研究冰的气泡中所含二氧化碳和其他气体的量，试图了解古代的大气状况。
K'vod ha-met: in Hebrew, respect for the dead. K'
：在希伯来语中，它的意思是：尊重死者。
For Jews, this ancient, principle ensures dignified treatment of the body.
对犹太人来说，这个古老的原则保证了死者的尸体得到有尊严的处理。
Even in liberal Judaism, only certain conditions can override it:
即使是在开明派犹太人的圈子里，也只有在某些特殊情况下才能推翻这个原则：
when civil law requires an autopsy, for example, to determine the cause of death; or when there is an opportunity to save a life.
例如，为了确定死亡原因，按民法规定有必要进行尸体解剖时；或者在有可能挽救一个生命时。
When he finally yielded to peer pressure and attended a 10-day course in the ancient Indian art of Vipassana meditation, he wanted to run away on the first night.
当他最后屈服于同事的压力，参加了一次为期十天的古印度维帕萨那沉思冥想术讲座时，在第一天的晚上他就想逃跑。
The backdrop this time is similarly opulent:
此次的背景之辉煌比之毫不逊色：
eight open-air performances will take place in Taimiao, the ancestral temple just outside the ancient city's Imperial Palace, where the last emperor, Pu Yi, was wed in 1924( and where the New Age musician Yanni performed in 1997).
八场露天演出将在太庙进行，那是古城是宫外的一个古代庙宇， 1924年末代皇帝博仪就是在那儿举行婚礼的（那里也是新时代音乐家雅尼 1997年来华演出的场地）。
The State Cultural Relics Administration, the institution responsible for protecting China's ancient monuments, denies having granted permission for the Turandot shows.
负责保护中国古迹的机构－国家文物管理局－否认曾批准此次《图兰多》一剧的演出。
What started as an intimate performance before 8,000 in the ancient Roman baths, grew to 80,000 in LA and to 800,000 in Paris.
一开始是在古罗马豪华浴场举办的小规模演出，观众只有 8000人，到洛杉矶时，观众达八万人；到了巴黎，观众则达到了 80万。
The curriculum includes, for example, modules on Zen Meditation, medicine and culture, legal issues, " energy medicine "( everything from X-rays to the highest technical aspects of the field) and ancient " energy " treatments like homeopathy, therapeutic touch and chi gong.
举例来说，课程包括禅宗入静、医药与文化、法律问题。 "能量医学 "（从 X 射线到该领域最高技术方面）以及古老的 "能量 "治疗法（像顺势疗法、按摩和气功）等单元。
Wisdom of the ancients always served civilisation well.
古人的智慧对文明总是大有裨益。
He explains that ancient peoples distrusted the spoken word alone, and they used the handclasp to signify that their promise was backed up by the power of their heart--i.e., their blood.
他解释说，古代人不仅仅相信口头上说的话，他们采用抓着对方的手来表明他们的许诺是由他们的心－即他们的血－的力量做保证的。
Bezos&; Co. has developed an entirely new way of thinking about the ancient art of selling products, managing employees and satisfying customers.
贝索斯及其公司开创了一种有关产品销售、雇员管理及满足客户需要这门古老艺术的全新思维。
By mid-century the cold may well be ancient history.
到本世纪中叶的时候，感冒很可能会成为历史。
Chiang Mai, a home of the healing arts, has several respected schools teaching the techniques of ancient Thai massage.
清迈长久以来就是治疗术的家园，很多值得尊敬的学校教授古代泰式按摩的技法。
A similar visual mechanism existed in an ancient species: the segmented trilobites, which became extinct 230 million years ago.
一种古老的物种也具有类似的视觉机能，那就是 2.3亿年前就已在地球上绝迹的分节三叶虫。
The greatest ancient pyramids, located in Giza, near modern Cairo, were constructed by the pharaohs of the Old Kingdom, between 2700 and 2200 B. C. The spectacular architecture of that golden age was so overwhelming that other aspects of Old Kingdom life, such as sculpture and jewelry, have long been neglected, even by Egyptologists.
在今天的开罗城外的吉扎，耸立着最伟大的古代金字塔，为公元前 2700年至公元前 2200年间的古王国法老们所建。那个黄金时代壮观的建筑如此惊心触目，就连埃及学学者们，也往往忽略了古老王国生活当中的其它方面，比如雕塑和珠宝。
This is a sharp contrast to the immobile imagery associated with ancient religious art.
这与古代宗教艺术中常见的呆立不动的图像形成鲜明对照。
An example is Johann Bachofen's 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece.
其中一个实例就是约翰·巴霍芬（Johann Bachofen）1861年论述亚马孙人（Amazons）的论文，而所谓亚马孙人，即那些由女性统治的社会，其难置可否的存在与古希腊时值同期。
Starting from the premise that mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen argued that women were dominant in many ancient societies.
从神话和传说至少保存了史实的核心这一前提出发，巴霍芬论辨道，女性在许多古代社会占据着统治地位。
His work was based on a comprehensive survey of references in the ancient sources to Amazonian and other societies with matrilineal customs—societies in which descent and property rights are traced through the female line.
他的研究所依据的是对古代史料来源中的参考材料进行的综合考虑，而这些参考材料则涉及到亚马孙和其他带有母系（matrilineal）习俗的社会——在这些社会内，亲缘关系和财产所有权均经由女性这条线来追溯。
Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have preserved facts is problematic.
虽然如此，然则，古代神话的最早记述者得以将史实保存下来这一假设是站不住脚的。
If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact—real Amazonian societies—but rather to offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society.
如果我们首先作一番审视，古人为何会提及亚马孙人，情况将会变得显而易见，即古希腊对这些社会所作的描述，与其说意欲再现亲眼目睹的历史事实——真正的亚马孙社会——还不如说是要针对女性在他们自己的社会中实行统治所可能产生的后果，提供“道德训导”（moral lesson）。
The sources that will probably tell contemporary historians most about women in the ancient world are such social documents as grave- stones, wills, and marriage contracts.
有关古代世界的妇女，对当代史学家可能最具价值的史料是这样一类社会性文献，诸如墓碑、遗嘱、和婚约。
Studies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken we are when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusively from literary sources, especially myths.
对这类文献资料的研究早已开始证明，当我们试图仅仅从文学来源，尤其是神话，来获取我们对古代世界的理解，这是多么的失误啊。
Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。
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